ii i lit Hl>| ii 111 l)i>! If 4m III Hiji IBIilHisiiPP iiihii!!i!l!!ii!r!iii!li!l!i::. IIP"' Hl!i ii! iiilJlflil!!!!!'! BllSNNr ilMllil!illitli)iitilili:lii:lijihii»itt»>il»jlijj OF 1'llK iUUliHHI>ltl»i>lfiti yi):) OF HOETIGULTUEl Oy TlIK iititiii. II llliiKllllU 1 s: Compliments of 0BE80N STATE BOAM Of 110RTICULTU8E. 6E0. H. LAMBERSON, Sec'y. "A LIS J'OLA T PROPR ITS." SEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE TO THE TWENTY-SECOND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF OREGON 1902 SAIiEM, OREGON ^V. H. JLEEDS, STATE PRINTER 1902 >^;9, and an act aniendatorj- thereof, entitled 'An act to amend an act entitled an act to create a .State Board of Horti- culture and appropriate mon(>y therefor,' approved February 25, ISH9, approved February Jl, l>s91, and to protect tlie horticultural industry in Oregon, and an act amendatory thereof, entitled an act to amend an act entitled 'An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor,' approved February 25, 18S9, and an act amendatory thereof, entitled an act to amend an act entitled 'An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor, ap- proved February 25, 1889,' approved February 21, 1891, and to protect the horticul- tural industry in Oregon," approved February 23, 1895. Be it enacted hy the Legislative Assemhhj of the State of Oregon : Section 1. Section 1 of an act entitled ''An act to amend an act entitled 'An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money there- for, ' approved February 25, 1889, and an act amendatory thereof, entitled an act to amend an act entitled 'An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor, approved February 25, 1889,' approved Feb- ruary 21, 1891, and to protect the horticultural industry in Oregon,'' be and the same is hereby amended so as to read as follows : 10 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Sec. 1. There is hereby created a Board of Horticulture, to consist of six members, who shall be appointed by a board, consisting of the Gov- ernor, Secretary of State, and State Treasurer. One member of the said Board of Horticulture shall represent the state at large and shall be the president and executive officer of the board, and one member shall be ap- pointed to represent each of the five districts as hereby created, to wit: (1) The first district, which shall comprise the counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, Yamhill, Washington, Columbia, Clatsop, and Tillamook; (2) the second district, which shall comprise the counties of Marion, Polk, Benton, Lincoln, Linn, and Lane ; (3) the third district, which shall comprise the counties of Douglas, Jackson, Klamath, Josephine, Coos, Curry, and Lake; (4) the fourth district, which shall comprise the counties of Wasco, Sher- man, Morrow, Gilliam, and Crook ; (5) the fifth district, which shall comprise the counties of Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Baker, Malheur, Harney, and Grant. Section 2. Section 2 of an act entitled "An act to amend an act entitled 'An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor, approved February 25, 1889,' and an act amendatory thereof, en- titled 'An act to amend an act entitled an act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor, approved February 25, 1889," approved February 21, 1891; and to protect the horticultural industry in Oregon, ' ' be and the same is hereby amended so as to read as follows : Sec. 2. The members shall reside in the distincts for which they are respectively appointed. They shall be selected with reference to their knowledge of and practical experience in horticulture and the industries connected therewith, and shall be engaged in practical horticulture during- their incumbency of the office of commissioner. They shall hold office for the term of four years, and until their successors are appointed and have qualified, unless removed by the appointing board for failure to perform their duties. It shall be the duty of the president to visit, at least once a year, every district, and examine the orchards, nurseries, and work of the district commissioners, and ascertain whether or not the law and regulations of the board are being properly executed. He must personally inspect most of the orchards during the fruit-growing season, see that the regulations of the board regarding spraying are being faithfully executed wherever insects, pests or disease injurious to tree or fruit are to be found. He must visit the principal fruit-shipping points during the shipping season, inspect the fruit shipped, and prevent the shipment of insect and pest-infested fruit. He shall give notice through the public press one week in advance of his visit to each county, giving the time and place of his visit, where he shall receive complaints of fruit growers and distribute to them printed and oral instructions regarding destruction of pests, and other information, including proper methods of handling, packing and shipping fruits. It shall also be his duty to visit, when possible, if requested by an association or a number of fruit growers, the meetings of such associations of fruit growers, and aid them in the organization of proper associations beneficial to the growing and marketing of fruits. The president shall preside at all the meetings of the board, and may call special meeting's whenever an emergency may re- Report of State Board of Horticulture. 11 quire it. He shall make an annual report to the appointing board of the general condition of the fruit interests of the state and success of the com- missioners in the work of exterminating pests and executing the law. Section 15 Inasmuch as the provisions of this act are of immediate importance to the horticultural interests of this state, this law shall take effect from and after its approval by the Governor. Approved February 17, 1899. AN ACT [H. B. 238.] To protect the fruit and hop Industry in the State of Oregon. Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon: Section 1. It shall hereafter be unlawful for any person, firm, or corpo- ration, owning or operating any nursery, fruit oi'chard of any kind, hop- yards, flowel" gardens, or ornamental trees, to throw any cuttings or prun- ings from any fruit trees, nursery stock, ornamental trees, or hop vines into any public road, highway, lane, field, or other inclosure, or into any water course of any kind; but shall destroy such cuttings or prunings with fire within thirty days from the time such cuttings or prunings are made. Section 2. It shall hereafter be the duty of any person, firm, or corpo- ration owning or operating any such nursery, fruit orchard, hopyard, flower garden, or ornamental trees, and knowing such to be infected with any kind of insects, pests, or disease, to immediately spray or destroy the same, in such manner as the fruit commissioner for his district may direct. Section 3. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation doing business in the State of Oregon to sell paris green, arsenic, london purple, sulphur, or any spray material or compound for spraying purposes, in quan- tities exceeding one pound without providing with each package sold a cer- tificate duly signed by the seller thereof, guaranteeing the quality and per cent of purity of said materials. Section -4. Any person, firm, or corporation selling any of the above materials which do not conform with the certificate furnished therewith shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be subject to a fine of not less than twenty-five ($25) dollars nor more than one hundred ($100) dollars. Section 5. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to import or sell any infested or diseased fruit of any kind in the State of Oregon. Section 6. Every person who packs or prepares for shipment to any point without the state, or who delivers or causes to be delivered to any ex- press agent, or railroad agent, or other person, or to any transportation com- pam' or corporation for shipment to any point without the state, any fruit or fruits, either fresh, cured, or dried, that is infected with insects, pests or dis- easies injurious to trees, shrubs, plants, fruits or vegetables, is guilty of a misdemeanor. 12 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Section 7. Any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provi- sions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon convic- tion thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five ($25) dol- lars nor more than one hundred ($100) dollars. Section 8. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of the State Board of Horticulture of the district in which a violation of this act occurs, to pre- sent the evidence of the case to the district attorney, whose duty it shall be to prosecute any person guilty of a violation of this act, which prosecution may be brought in any of the justice courts of this state. Section 9. Inasmuch as the horticultural interests of this state demand immediate attention, this act shall be in full force and efifect from and after its approval by the Governor. Approved by the Governor. QUARANTINE REGULATIONS. At a special meeting of the Oregon State Board of Horticulture, held in Portland April 2, 1895, all members present, the following regulations were adopted, in accordance with the laws regulating such matters, and are, therefore, binding upon all persons: — JRule 1 — All consignees, agents, or other persons, shall, within twenty- four hours, notify the quarantine officer of the State Board of Horticulture, or a duly commissioned quarantine guardian, of the arrival of any trees, plants, buds, or scions at the quarantine station in the district of final desti- nation. liule 2 — All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions imported or brought into the state from any foreign country, or from any of the states or territories, are hereby required to be inspected upon arrival at the quaran- tine station in the district of final destination; and if any such nursery stock, trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions are found to be free of insect pests and fungous diseases, the said quarantine officer or duly com- missioned quarantine guardian shall issue a certificate to that effect; and, furthermore, if any of said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions are found infested with insect pests, fungi, blight, or other diseases injurious to fruit or to fruit trees, or other trees or plants, they shall be disinfected and remain in quarantine until the quarantine officer of the State Board of Horticulture or the duly commissioned quarantine guardian can determine whether the said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions are free from live, injui'ious insect pests or their eggs, larvae or pupse or fungous diseases before they can be offered for sale, gift, distribution, or transporation. All persons or comjianies are hereby prohibited from carrying any trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions from without the state to any point within the state beyond the nearest point on its line or course to the quar- Report of State Board of Horticulture. 13 antine station in the district of ultimate destination; or from any point within the state to any other point thei'ein, until such trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions have been duly inspected, and, if required, disinfected as hereinbefore provided ; and all such shipments must be accompanied by the proper certificate of the inspecting officer; provided hoirever, that after such persons or company have given the proper officer four days' notice, he or they shall not be requii^ed to hold such shipments further, without directions from such officer. Bide 3 — All peach, nectarine, apricot, plum, or almond trees, and all other trees budded or grafted upon peach stocks or roots, all peach or other pits and all peach, nectarine, apricot, plum, or almond cuttings, buds, or scions, raised or grown in a district where the "peach yellows" or the "peach rosette" are known to exist, are hereby prohibited from being im- ported into or planted or offered for sale, gift, or distribution within the State of Oreofon. Hide ^— All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits arriving from any foreign country found infested with insect pests or their eggs, larvae or pupse or with fungi, or other disease or diseases hitherto un- known in this state, are hereby prohibited from landing. litdc a— Fruit of any kind grown in any foreign country, or in any of the states or territories, found infested with any insect or insects, or with any fungi, blight, or other disease or diseases injurious to fruit or fruit ti'ees, or to other trees or plants, is hereby prohibited from being offered for sale, gift, or distribution within the state. Ride 6 — Any boxes, packages, packing material, and the like, infested by insect or insects, or their eggs, larvtt or pupte, or by any fungi, blight, or other disease or diseases known to be injurious to fruit or to fruit trees, or to other trees or plants, aud liable to spread contagion, are hereby pro- hibited from being offered for sale, gift, distribution, or transporation until said material has been disinfected by dipping it in boiling water and allow- ing it to remain in said boiling water not less than two minutes; such boil- ing water used as such disinfectant to contain, in solution, one pound of con- centrated potash to each and every ten gallons of water. Ride 7— All trees, plants, grafts, cuttings, buds, or scions may be disin- fected by dipping in a solution of three fourths of a pound of whale-oil soap (eighty per cent) to each and every gallon of water; said whale-oil soap solu- tion shall be kept at a temperature of one hundred to one hundred and fifteen degi-ees. Said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions shall re- main in said solution not less than two minutes. After said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions have been disinfected they shall remain in quarantine fourteen days, unless otherwise directed by the inspecting officer, for subsequent inspection, and if deemed necessary by the quaran- tine officer of the State Board of Horticulture, or a duly commissioned quar- antine guardian, for further disinfection. Ride S—Al] trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions may be disin- fected by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, as follows: Said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions shall be covered with an air-tight tent or box, and for each and every one hundred cubic feet of space therein, 14 Report of State Board of Horticulture. one ounce of (C. P.) cyanide of potassium (ninety-eight per cent), one fluid ounce of sulphuric acid, and two fluid ounces of water shall be used. The cyanide of potassium shall be placed in an earthenware vessel, the water poured over the said cyanide of potassium, afterward adding the sulphuric acid, and the tent or box to be immediately closed tightly, and allowed to remain closed for not less than forty minutes. After said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts or scions have been treated with hydrocyanic acid gas as above directed, they shall remain in quarantine for fourteen days, unless otherwise directed by the inspecting officer, for subsequent inspection, and if deemed necessary by a member of the State Board of Horticulture, or the quarantine officer of said board, or a duly commissioned quarantine guard- ian, for subsequent disinfection. Bule D — All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions imported or brought into the state shall be inspected upon arrival at the quarantine station in the district of final destination, and if found infested with any injurious insects or diseases which can not be destroyed by the remedies required in Rules T and 8 of these regulations, are hereby prohibited from being planted or ofl'ered for sale, gift, or distribution, and shall be proceeded against as a nuisance. Hule 10 — If any person or persons having, in their possession trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits infested with an insect or insects, or with any fungi, blight or other disease or diseases injurious to fruit trees, or to any other trees or plants, shall refuse or neglect to disinfect the said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits as is required by Rules 7 and 8 of these regulations, after having been notified to do so by a member of the State Board of Horticulture, the quarantine officer of said board or a duly commissioned quarantine guardian, the said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits shall be declared a public nuisance, and shall be proceeded against as provided by law. Rule 11 — Animals known as flying fox. Australian or English wild rabbits, or other animals or birds detrimental to fruit or fruit trees, plants, etc. , are prohibited from being brought or landed in this state, and, if landed, shall be destroyed. Rule i„^— Quarantine stations: For the first district, comprising the counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, Yamhill, Washington. Columbia, Clat- sop, and Tallamook, shall be Portland. W. K. Newell, quarantine officer, or any member of the board or the secretary thereof. For the second district, comprising the counties of Marion, Polk, Benton, Linn, Lincoln, and Lane. shall be Salem. L. T. Reynolds, quai*antine officer, or any member of the board or the secretary thereof. For the third district, comprising the coun- ties of Josephine, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Lake, and Klamath, shall be Ashland. A. H. Carson, quarantine officer, or any member of the board or the secretary thereof. For the fourth district, comprising the counties of Morrow, Wasco, Gillman, Crook, and Sherman, shall be The Dalles. Emile Schanno, quarantine officer, or any member of the board or the secretary thereof. For the fifth district, comprising the counties of Umatilla, Union, Baker, Wallowa, Malheur, Grant, and Harney, shall be Milton and Pendleton. Judd Geer, quarantine officer, or any member of Report of State Board of Horticulture. 15 the board or the secretary thereof. At all stations such other quaran- tine officers as may be from time to time appointed by the board, notice whereof will be given, and complete lists of whom may be obtained from the secretary or any member of the board. Hide IS — Importers or owners of nursery stock, trees or cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions, desiring to have such nursery stock, trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions inspected at points other than regular quarantine stations may have such inspection done where required; provided however, that such importers shall pay all charges of inspection; such charges and expenses to be paid before a certificate is granted. Transportation com- panies or pei'sons and consignees or agents shall deliver and cause to be detained all nursei-y stock, trees, plants, and fruit at one or the other of the quarantine stations, for inspection, as provided by the rules and regulations of the board. Rule 14 — The fee for the inspection of apple, pear, plum, peach, nec- tarine, prune, cherry, apricot, nut-bearing trees, and all other trees, shrubs, or plants, shall be as follows: Thirty cents per hour, including the time from leaving home, inspection and return home of the inspector, and actual traveling and other expenses. On all fruits the fee for inspection shall be $1.00 on any sum up to $35, and $:!.00 on any sum over that amount, and $5.00 for car-load lots. liule i.5— All persons growing nursery stock, trees, and plants for sale, or to be offered for sale, are hereby required to report to the commissioner of the district in which said nurssei'y stock, trees, or plants are grown for inspection during the months of September, October, or November of each and every year ; and the commissioner of such district, or his duly appointed deputy, shall inspect such nursery stock, trees, or plants prior to shipment and delivery. When said nursery stock, trees, or plants are found by said inspecting officer to be worthy of a certificate setting forth the freedom of such nursery stock, trees, or plants from live, injurious insect pests, their eggs, larvae, pupa? or fungous disease, the said inspecting officer shall then issue to the owner or owners of said nursery stock, trees, or plants a certifi- cate of inspection. The condition under which this certificate is granted is, that the party or parties receiving such certificate shall be compelled to disinfect by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, as described in Rule 8, all pear and apple trees, or other stock grown on apple roots, after lifting the same and before delivery to puschaser or carriers ; and, in case such fumigation is neglected, said certificate of inspection shall be void and of no effect. Passed at a meeting of the State Board of Horticulture at Portland, Oregon, April 3, 1895, and amended at a regular meeting of the State Board of Horticultui-e at Salem, Oregon, October 15, A. D. 1895. 16 Report of Stale Board of Horticulture . ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. APRIL, 1901. To the State Board of Horticulture — Gentlemen : I can not ascertain that any formal report of your chairman to this meeting is contemplated by our horti- cultural law. However, as he is intrusted with the supervi- sion of the work of the commissioners, suggestions may not be out of place. Secretary Dosch having been appointed Su- perintendent of the Oregon exhibits at the Pan-American Ex- position, I very reluctantly accepted his resignation, and upon his recommendation appointed Mr. George H. Lamberson, secretary pro tempore. Of this action you were duly advised. Mr. Lamberson's appointment expires to-day, and it will be necessary for you to make further provision for tilling the vacancy caused by Superintendent Dosch's resignation. Sev- eral applications have been received for appointment as secre- tary, and these are now laid before you. I also submit a form to be used by you in future orchard inspection, if it meets your approval. By using this form we will have more definite information as to the ownership, lo- cation, condition, acreage, and varieties of fruit grown in the state. It is eminently desirable that we have more data upon these subjects. On April 23 I attended a meeting of representative fruit growers at La Grande, where an organi- zation was effected and arrangements made for the construc- tion of a large two-story fruit house, built of stone. On Sat- urday, the 6th instant, I also addressed a large meeting of horticulturists at Milton, and endeavored to impress upon them the advantage of organized over individual efibrts. The sentiment was unanimous in favor of incorporating a co- operative fruit union, and preliminary steps were taken to that end. The fruit industry of Oregon is rapidl}^ developing, and all the nurseries of the state, so far as I can ascertain, are bare of desirable varieties of trees. I look forward to much benefit to accrue to our fruit grow- ers from the enforcement of the pure food law of our last ■''': -^ Report of State Board of Horticulture. 17 legislature, and are confident that Commissioner Bailey will ultimately prevent the importation into this state of acid vinegars, of jellies, jams, and other compounds deleterious to health and falsely sold as fruit products. The enforcement of this law will create a demand for pure food preparations that our horticulturists ought to fill to their advantage. To raise fruit witli profit I am convinced that the following conditions must be complied with : first, commercial fruit must be of a high standard of excellence; second, the package must be attractive, and an honest one ; third, the producer must have an intelligent knowledge of tlie markets. I am satisfied that local unions are of great business (as well as educational) value, and I recommend that you provide such organizations "at centers of fruit production. The commissioners of the board during the past year have performed a large amount of labor considering the means at their disposal and the extent of their respective districts. You have done much to prevent the ravages of insect pests and the sale of infested fruit ; but our horticultural laws re- lating to these subjects will never be fully enforced until we have an efficient paid inspector in each fruit-growing county of the state. I invite you to discuss fully the methods to be pursued during the present year, in order to make the work of the board of the greatest value to our fruit-growing in- dustry. E. L. SMITH, President Oregon State Board of Horticulture. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. APRIIj, 1902. Gentlemen : We have convened at this date in order to com- pare the past year's experiences and discuss methods for im- proved work the ensuing season. In 1901 we harvested the most valuable fruit crop ever grown in the State of Oregon, aggregating in value $2,375,000. The commissioners of our State Board of Horticulture, the professors of the Hatch Ex- periment Station, at Corvallis, and the press, contributed materially in securing this grand result. 18 Report of State Board of Horticulture. It is also gratifying to note that our fruit exhibit at Buffalo secured first recognition, as, in addition to the much -coveted Wilder Medal of the American Pomological Association, we were awarded by the Pan-American Exposition 87 medals and 22 honorable mentions. Our fruit exhibit was dwarfed in ex- tent by that of othor states, but its superb quftlity elicited the unqualified admiration of all visitors. There is an increasing demand for our higli-grade apples in Europe, and our former president, now Consul Miller in Manchuria, is confident that with low transpacific freight charges which we have reason to believe can be secured, we will be able to send our Oriental neighbors large quantities of our second grade apples. In 1900 the apple crop was exceedingly large in the United States, yet we received satisfactory prices for our fancy fruit, as I believe we will continue to do, and if we can unload in China and Japan our second grades, the future success of our orchardists seems assured. Our horticulturists are fast becoming convinced that to always have a market they must have the best in the market, and that these results can be secured only by planting a few varieties of high quality and then properly growing them. The apple acreage of the state is rapidly increasing, especially in Southern and Eastern Oregon, and the nurserymen inform us that the demand has been largely for Newtonws, Jonathans, Spitzenburgs, and a few other varieties, all of the highest quality. Our prune growers also have done fairly well, new markets have been found, and the superior excellence of our Oregon product is fast becoming recognized. The demand for information and spray bulletins is large, and my table is burdened with inquiries, not only from our own citizens, but from those of other states as well. On the whole we can congratulate ourselves that the outlook is en- couraging, and that fruit growing is rapidly becoming one of the promising industries of our resourceful state. It is my earnest desire that this board of horticulture shall give intelligent direction to this industry by popularizing all best known methods, and by cordial co-operation with the experienced grower in the field and the specialist in the labo- ratory. Our transportation companies are lending their assistance by reporting to our secretary all shipments of trees grown Report of State Board of Horticulture. 19 outside our state, and to whom consigned, thereby enabling us to secure prompt and rigid inspection, and in some instances entire car lots of infested trees have been condemned. The nursery is the fertile source of distribution of insect pests and disease, and, as in the past, I urge their frequent and thorough examination ; and right here our horticultural law is sadly deficient. I refer to that portion relating to inspection. As you are aware the total allowance of the state for all horticul- tural work is only $4,500 per annum, and this must cover the entire work of our board, including per diem and expenses of six commissioners, salary of secretary, printing of bulletins, attending fruit meetings, etc. As a result a commissioner can inspect annually only a portion of his district, embracing several counties. The statute provides for the appointment of deputy inspec- tors, but makes no provision for their compensation. We ought to have an inspector in every fruit-growing county in the state, to be paid only when called upon to inspect ship- ments of trees and fruit, and where special complaint has been lodged of an infested orchard. Car loads of moth-infested apples have been shipped out of this state and sold as Oregon apples, greatly to our discredit. A small additional appropriation, with authority to pay depu- ties, would enable our board to secure vigilant inspection at all important points of shipment. A new spray bulletin should be prepared, as the old one is exhausted and some of the formulas need modification. I again call your attention to the value of co-operative or- ganizations at central points of fruit production. Such organi- zations are of great educational as well as business value, and secure better results than can be obtained through isolated individual effort. We are witnessing the beginning of a great westward move- ment of people to the Pacific Coast. Oregon, with vast terri- torial area and varied resources, will attract a large portion of this immigration. With less than ten per cent of our available fruit lands now utilized for that purpose, with con- stantly enlarging markets and better known methods of or- charding, what more inviting field for the new homeseeker than that of holticulture. E. L. SMITH, President. 20 Report of State Board of Horticulture. REPORT. To the Honorable the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon — Gentlemen : In conformity with the provisions of section 12, horticultural law of the State of Oregon, I beg leave to submit the seventh biennial report of the State Board of Horticulture, embracing the years 1901 and 1902. E. L. SMITH, Chairman of Board. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER AT LARGE. To summarize results of the past two years, to briefly^ review tlie work of tlie commissioners during the year 1902, to point out horticultural conditions as they exist in our state at the present time, and discuss needed changes in our horti- cultural laws is the object of this report. For detailed opera- tions of the board, you are respectfully referred to the accom- panying semiyearly reports of the commissioners for the five horticultural districts into which the state is divided. The fruit harvest of 1901 was the most valuable ever- gathered in the State of Oregon, amounting in the aggregate, as near as can be possibly ascertained, to $2,375,000. This estimate does not include the small orchards, or the large quantity canned, dried and preserved for domestic family use. Our prune crop for 1901 was very large, but owing to the accumulation of immense quantities of dried prunes in Cali- fornia, the markets were depressed and unsatisfactory prices realized, and this lessened to a considerable extent the aggre- gate value of fruit production for the year. The enviable reputation acquired by our fruits abroad during the year is worthy of mention. Horticultural Hall at the Pan-American Exposition contained far more fruit than was exhibited at the Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Near by states brought hundreds of barrels that had been placed in cold storage the previous fall, and, so far as quantity was concerned, our Oregon exhibit seemed dwarfed by the many- Report of State Board of Horticulture. 21 fold larger ones by which it was surrouuded. I do not think that so small a sum as one hundred dollars was expended by our Oregon commissioners for fresh fruit. Magnificent indeed were our forestry, mineral and agricultural exhibits, the two former incurring great expense to collect and transport to Bufialo, but to our fine fruits was awarded a greater number of medals than to all the other Oregon departments com- bined — Total gold medals awarded to Oregon- 27 Gold medals awarded to horticultural exhibits 18 Silver medals to all exhibits 33 Silver medals awarded to horticultural exhibit 18 Bronze medals to all exhibits 75 Bronze medals to horticultural exhibits 51 Total of all medals awarded to Oregon, 13i ; total of all medals awarded to horticultural exhibits from Oregon, 87. Of still greater value to our state than the 87 medals awarded by the committees of the Pan-American Exposition w^as the winnino; of the Wilder Medal of the American Pomological Society for our general exhibit in Horticultural Hall. The American Pomological Society is composed of the most emi- nent pomologists in the United States, and is the highest horticultural authority in this country, and, probably, in the world ; and this recognition of the surpassing excellence of our Oregon fruits was the greatest honor they ever received. I pass rapidly in review of the commissioners reports for the past year. FIRST DISTRICT. Comprises the counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, Yamhill, Washington, Columbia, Clatsop, and Tillamook. W. K. Newell, Commissioner, Dilley, Oregon. Commissioner Newell reports the value for 1902 — Small fruit, fresh, canned, and preserved 8 275,000 Prune crop 120,000 Grapes 25,000 Apples 6.1,000 Pears 10,000 Total value of crop S 495,000 Unfavorable weather badly damaged the cherry crop. The Lambert cherry Mr. Newell regards as the most valuable in Ms district, blooms late, is of good size and quality, and bears shipment well. 22 Report of State Board of Horticulture. SECOND DISTRICT. Comprises the counties of Lincoln, Marion, Polk, Benton, Linn, and Lane. Lloyd T. Reynolds, Commissioner, Salem, Oregon. Mr. Reynolds files an interesting report, discourses wisely and well as to the importance of co-operative fruit organiza- tions, without which best results can not be obtained. He also emphasizes the value of nursery inspection and also the case of a shipment of two car lots, about 45,000, badly in- fested peach trees from Pennsylvania. These trees were quarantined and consignors notified that they must be re- shipped or disinfected, but failing to do this, the entire lot was burned. The value of fruit and fruit products for the biennial period covered by the report was as follows : — I90i. 1902. Prunes $ 225,000 $ 200,000 Cherries 00,000 10,000 Pears 6,000 5,000 Apples 58,000 100,000 Other fruits and fruit products 33,000 100,000 8 382,000 8 415,000 THIRD DISTRICT. Comprises the counties of Jackson, Douglas, Klamath, Coos^ Curry, and Lake. A. H. Carson, Commissioner, Grants Pass, Oregon. As usual, Mr. Carson files a full and interesting report. Mr. Carson during the vears 1901 and 1902 received and answered 400 letters, distributed 350 copies of sixth biennial report and large numbers of our spray bulletin, served upon owners of infested orchards 250 notices, and visited 350 or- chards. The third district produced in the past two years — Apples- 300,000 boxes Pears_ lliO.OOO boxes Peaches 160,000 boxes Prunes, cured 800,000 pounds Apples, cured "- 200,000 pounds Peaches, cured 150,000 pounds Small fruits to the value of- 8 60,000 Estimated value of crop for the two years— 703,000 Jackson County has twenty-five gasoline power spraying outfits which do the work more thoroughly and lessen the cost fifty per cent. Fifteen hundred acres were planted in the third district last fall and spring. Tieport of State Board of Horticulture . 23 FOURTH DISTRICT. Comprises tlie counties of Wasco, Morrow, Gilliam, Crook, and Sherman. R. H. Weber, Commissioner, The Dalles, Oregon. Mr. Emile Schanno for many years was commissioner of this district. He was a pleasant gentleman, a devoted horti- culturist, and a faithful servant of the state. His death oc- curred in the f-^iU of 1901, but it was not until June 13 of the present year that the vacancy was filled by the appoint- ment of Mr. R. H. Weber of The Dalles, who was recom- mended by the fruit growers of that vicinity as their choice for commissioner. Mr. Weber is a fruit grower and nursery- man, and will make an acceptable and efficient member of the board. Mr. Weber reports that the directions of the board are carefully followed in his district, and highly valued. The fruit harvest in his district for the year 1902 was ap- proximately as follows : — Apples 250,000 boxes Crab apples l,.jOO boxes Pears 2.'),000 boxes Peaches ti.'),000 boxes Apricots 3,000 boxes Nectarine- , 300 boxes Cherries 65 tons Prunes 7')0 tons Plums 200 tons Currants 3 tons Gooseberries 5 tons Strawberries 65,000 crates At ruling prices the crop will amount to $450,000, one half of which will go to Hood River Valley. FIFTH DISTRICT. Comprises the counties of Umatilla, Union, Baker, Wallowa, Malheur, Grant, and Harney. Commissioner, Judd Geer, Cove, Oregon. Commissioner Geer during the past year has visited 450 orchards, 500 copies of the report were distributed, and large numbers of spray bulletins, and has traveled over 4,500 miles. Everywhere bulletins have been eagerly sought. In this fifth district are about 3,700 acres in commercial orchards and the output for the year 1902 was as follows : — Apples 250,000 boxes Prunes, fresh 20,000 boxes Prunes, cured, value S10,000 Pears 15,000 boxes Peaches 30,000 boxes Strawberries ]K,000 crates Cherries 27.000 cases 24 Report of State Board of Horticulture . In addition, a large amount of blackberries, raspberries, grapes, etc. Total value of commercial crop at a low esti- mate $250,000 ; to them should be added $50,000 for small orchards and a large amount for domestic use, making in all $300,000, the value of crop. Mr. Geer reports that there is a wonderful activity in the sale of fruit lands, and in plant- ing of new orchards in Grand Round Valley and the irrigated portions of Malheur county. The Exposition at Charleston, South Carolina, was a repe- tition of our success at Buffalo, our department of horticulture and pomology receiving 34 gold medals, out of a totol of 64, for all Oregon exhibits. The edition of Spray Bulletin No. 1 having been exhausted, and the demand constant, I compiled Bulletin No. 2, embody- ing the best experience of our own and other states. The San Jose scale is the most dreaded enemy of our fruit growers and is found on several of our native shrubs as well as in our orchards. ' Annual spraying, while trees are dormant, will practically eradicate it unless in vicinity of native shrubbery infested with it. The formula generally used is known as the " lime, sulphur and salt" remedy. The sulphur and the lime are the effective agents in this compound, so far as killing the scale is concerned ; the salt simply rendering the mixture more adhesive. In Bulletin No. 2, formula No. 4, I have reduced the amount of salt one half. Since compiling this bulletin I liave been convinced that it will be better to leave out all the salt and substitute 4 pounds of bluestone (sulphate of copper) to 150 gallons of the spray mixture. This will serve a double purpose (as fungicide as well as insecticide), and I recommend its general use as the most approved remedy for the scale and fungus spores. Professor Foster, entomolo- gist of the State of Illinois, lias made thorough tests as to the relative efficiency of these two sprays. Living scales were counted in several trees, and the two sprays applied on the same day. It was found the spray containing the sulphate of copper not only destroyed a greater percentage of scales, but that it was also less injured by rains, and that its full effects were reached in five days. Anthracnose, or as it is more generally known " dead spot " or "apple canker," is a dreaded fungous disease, in many instances destroying entire orchards. Commissioner Carson's 6-YEAR-OLD PEAR TREE IN ORCHARD OF SEARS & PORTER, HOOD RIVER, OREGON. ■■^ z < h 26 Report of State Board of Horticulture. power to appoint, but none to pay insiDectors. What we need is an inspector in every considerable fruit growing county of the state, whose duty shall be to see that the quarantine regu- lations of the board are enforced. The inspectors would be required to devote only a small portion of their time to the work of inspection and their com- pensation would be nominal. An additional $1,500 yearly, with authority to pay inspectors, would lessen the traveling- expenses of the commissioners, would guard the principal points of domestic consumption, and of import and export, would lessen the liability of the introduction of new diseases and insect pests, would give the consumer sound, healthy fruit, would encourage and compel our orchardists to practice best known methods and prevent the utter demoralization of the markets by a flood of diseased infested fruits, fit only for the crematorium. There has been a marked improvement in fruit culture during the past two years. The scientist is no longer ridiculed, and doubt has been followed by conviction as to the utility of modern methods. The spray pump has become universal in all commercial orchards, and small motors relieve the weary arms at half the former expense for spraying. The experiment stations, the farmers' institutes, the board of horticulture, and especially the press, have been carrying on an educational work invaluable to the fruit grower. A survey of the state has been made by the commissioners, and nine tenths of the lands of Oregon adapted to the growth of fruits are yet unoccupied by orchards. Careful estimates of the market value of our fruit products for the past two years show that they exceed $4,000,000, and the area of our orchards is rapidly increasing. An industry of this magni- tude, an industry that subdivides large holdings of land and enhances its value from $20 to $500 per acre, that builds num- berless homes, and contributes so greatly to the comfort of all our people, an industry of almost unlimited possibilities, is indeed worthy of the care and support of the state. E. L. SMITH, Commissioner at Large. Hood River, Oregon, December, 1902. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 27 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. FIRST DISTRICT. SEMIANNUAL REPORT, APRIL, 1901. DiLLEY, Oregon, April 8, 1901. To tlie President and Members of tlie State Board of Horticulture — Gentlemen : I herewith submit my quarterly report for the term ending April 8, 1901. At the present time the out- look for the fruit crop for the coming season is most promis- ing. The fruit buds are strong and well developed and in plentiful quantities on the trees. Nothing has bloomed yet, save peaches and a few early clierries, so the cold rains and frosts of the past two weeks have done no injury worth men- tioning. The entire winter season has been most favorable, and trees that have been proper]}* cared for are in the best of condition. There has been a notable increase in the planting of trees this season, particularly of apples and prunes. The prune planting is almost entirely of tiie Italian, the general conclu- sion being that there is no profit in growing the Petite. Nursery stocks of Italian prunes are almost entirely exhausted, and prices received were very good, choice yearlings selling as higli as 12+ cents by the hundred. In spite of discour- aging features in the market outlook, the demand for prune trees bids fair to continue strong for some time yet. But the largest plantings are of apples, particularly such varieties as Gravenstein, Jonathan, Spitzenburg, Rome Beauty, and Yellow Newtown. Stocks of these varieties were exhausted early in the season, and it is quite probable that nurserymen will be unable to supply the demand the coming season. One branch of the fruit industry is, curiously, almost en- tirely neglected in Western Oregon, and that is growing the winter pears. There has scarcely been a pear in the Port- land market since Christmas. I remember having seen only one small lot, and as they were of a,n unfamiliar variety, I purchased a couple to taste, and traly they were worse than the much-abused Ben Davis apple. I asked the dealer about 28 Report of State Board of Horticulture. them and he said they were all he had or was likely to have until next summer. Now, it seems this state of affairs should be remedied. Certainly winter pears will grow here, and, more certainly still, people will be glad to buy choice Anjou, Winter Nellis, or Buerre Easter pears at fancy prices. Each season shows an increase in the quantity of spraying done, and not only in the quantity but also in the quality of the work. Of the serious pests, San Jose scale keeps spread- ing, though slowly, but is much less in localities where it was formerly the worst. Continuous spraying seems the only method of keeping this pest in check. Apple canker, or anthracnose, was not so bad as last season, but is still a serious disease and one that requires close watching. I have succeeded in having quite a number of old orchards entirely removed, and much more should be done in this line if only we had the power. In the vicinity of Portland there are numerous old trees on unfenced property, the owners of which it is impossible to find, and it seems we should have the authority to have these trees removed, but the Attorney- General holds that we must notify the owners, leaving us powerless in the matter. The sixth report of the board has been most cordially received, and the demand for it is large. I have already sent out over a hundred copies, and every mail brings new requests. The outlook for fruit growers was never brighter than at present. WILBUR K. NEWELL. SEMIANNUAL REPORT, OCTOBER, 1901. DiLLEY, Oregon, October 14, 1901. To the President and Members of the State Board of Horticulture — The season of 1901 has been, in spite of many drawbacks, a fairly prosperous one to the Oregon fruit grower. Particu- larly is this true of the growers of small fruits. The prices of all kinds of small fruits have been better maintained throughout the season than during any season for several years. This is partly due to the steadily increasing demand, but also largely to the fact that the large centers are well equipped with canneries ready to take up everything offered at a living price, thus preventing ruinous glutting of the Report of State Board of Horticulture. 29 market and consequent loss and discouragement. There i» room for great expansion of the canning industry in the Willamette Valley. Nowhere in the world do finer straw^ber- ries, blackberries, raspberries, etc., grow. Every requisite i& at hand save the necessary energy to develop the industry. The canneries already in operation have proven that we can and do produce the very finest grade of canned fruits. It is encouraging to note that the strawberry growers of Salem are attempting to form a union similar to that of Hood River, and it is to be hoped they will be as successful. New- berg and Canby are two points in my district most excellently adapted to the growing of strawberries. They are already grown at both these points in considerable quantities, and a steadily increasing acreage should soon be followed by forma- tion of a union, and then the building of a cannery. For, though there may and probably always will be times of depres- sion and loss in the fresh fruit market, the fruit can ahvays be canned, jammed, or preserved and sold at a fair profit. Jams and jellies from California and from England are constantly on sale in our markets. To my mind here is the most jDromising field for development of the fruit industry in Oregon at the present time. The prune drying season is just drawing to a close and the crop now saved is the largest on record, though it is yet too early to obtain accurate figures of the total yield. I estimate the crop of my district at from 225 to 250 cars, almost entirely Italian ; but very few Petites have been dried this year ; they have become so small as to be worthless. The new Sugar prune is promising, and Petites may be grafted to that variety. At present prices for prunes are veiy low, but it is to be hoped that the market will rally and at least fair prices be secured. The apple crop is short and prices for choice stock are very high. While the codling moth has been prevalent as usual, there seems to have been less trouble than usual with scab and bitter rot. The nurseries are in excellent condition, and report active demand for trees, particularly apple and cherry. On the whole, conditions are encouraging and the prospect bright. WILBUR K. NEWELL. 30 Report of State Board of Horticulture. ' SEMIANNUAL REPORT, APRIL, 1902. DiLLEY, Oresjon, April 14, 1902. To the President of the State Board of Horticulture — The outlook for the fruit grower for the coming season is at present very bright. We are having one of those backward springs that are the joy of the fruit grower's heart. The cold rains, snows, and frosts of the past week or ten days have no terrors for us while the fruit is not yet in bloom. The season is fully two weeks later than the average, and blooming will now certainly be so late that there can be little danger of cold rains or frost. Fruit trees generally are heavy laden with strong, well developed fruit buds, and give every promise of a good yield, and never before has there been so much thorough and effective spraying done as has been accomplished this spring. In the past so much spraying has been so poorly done that it had just as well have been left undone ; but to do good work is something that has to be learned by experience, and the majority of fruit growers are learning from their own and others' failures. The San Jose scale in my district is still mainly confined to Multnomah County, in the vicinity of Portland, with a little at Milwaukee, Oregon City, and ITillsboro. While it is mani- festly impossible to completely stamp out this pest by arti- ficial means, it is possible and practicable to hold it in check so that little or no damage will result therefrom. The " lime, sulphur and salt " spray, so long recommended by the board, is unquestionably the most efficient and the safest compound to use, and should always be applied during the winter or early spring, when the trees are dormant. It is merely a waste of time to attempt spraying for scale in the summer time, as the foliage prevents the spray from reaching the limbs and twigs where the scale is. This lime, sulphur and salt spray is now being generally adopted throughout the Eastern States, where it was so long claimed that it was not efficient. The fruit growers of Oregon owe a great debt to our lamented brother commissioner, Emile Schanno, for his earnest labor in experimenting with and perfecting this spray, for he, more than any other man, was responsible for the compounding of it and the demonstration of its efficiency. The Oregon Experiment Station has just issued a bulletin, from the pen of Prof. A. B. Cordley, on the codling moth, that gives all the latest information about this pest, which he Report of State Board of Horticulture. 31 rightly calls the worst enemy of the apple grower. This bulle- tin should be in the hands of every fruit grower, as it tells just how to detect the eggs upon the fruit, thus giving timely notice of when to spray. It also gives the best formulas for sprays and instruction for preventing scabby apples and pears. It is the best treaties that has yet appeared on the subject. There has been a very heavy demand for apple trees for planting this season, with good market for other trees, par- ticularly prune and cherry, and nursery stocks are practically exhausted ; and beside there liave been heavy shipments into the state from the outside. With the present prospect for a world-wide market for our apples there does not seem much danger of greatly overdoing the apple planting business, though of course we can not often expect sucli prices as we have received this year. Even the much abused Ben Davis is going to prove useful and valuable for shipment to the Orient. I am inclined to think that it is about the only apple, save the Yellow Newtown, that will successfully stand ship- ment to the eastern countries. The latter is too high priced an apple for some luarkets, and the area in which they can be grown is too limited ever to make them very cheap, so that the former is the only resource, and I believe that to choose between Ben Davis and nothing that most people would choose Ben Davis. They can be grown anywhere, and so cheaply that they can be placed in the Oriental markets at a price they can easily pay, and still be very profitable here. With a favorable year the prune crop will probably be a little larger than that of last year. Prices should rule good as the surplus both in California and at home promises to be well cleaned up ere the new crop comes on the market. It is encouraging to note the increase of interest that is being taken in the growing of strawberries, especially around Xewberg. There several men are putting out large patches, and many more are preparing to grow plants for next year's planting. Steps are being taken to form a union there similar to the ones at Hood River and Salem, to handle the crop when it is produced. They are also endeavoring to have a cannery ■ or preserving plant established there. This latter seems to me the most promising plan ; there are many and serious dif- ficulties in the way of successful shipping of fresh berries from the Willamette Valley, but with a jam plant or a cannery the question is a simple one from the growers' standpoint, at least. Such a plant can well afford to pay 3 or 3i cents per pound, and 32 Report of State Board of Horticulture. with an assured and unlimited market the grower can do a profitable business at those figures ; and surely no place on earth can grow finer or cheaper strawberries than the Wil- lamette Valley. I confidently expect to see the Willamette Valley grow to be the leading source of supply for the world of all kinds of jams, preserves, etc., of all such fruits as straw- berries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, etc. The opportunity is ours, let us grasp it. W. K. NEWELL. FIXAL REPORT, OCTOBER, 1902. DiLLEY, Oregon, October 13, 1902. To the President of the State Board of Horticulture — I herewith submit my report for the quarter ending October 13, 1902. The season of 1902, tliough in its early months not very encouraging to the fruit growers of my district, is making abetter final showing than might have been expected ; the fine quality of the fruit and the increased prices, in some degree, compensating for the reduced yield. The strawberry crop was very much short of the normal, but prices were excellent compared with former seasons ; the bulk of the crop bringing from 5 to 8 cents per pound. Ow- ing to the scarcity, the canneries put up only about one third the amount of last year's pack. The planting of new vines has been very heav}'^ and with a favorable season the crop of 1903 will be very large ; but even then the growers can rea- sonably expect very good prices . Small fruits have for several years past been cheaper in Portland than in almost any other market in the United States, — much too cheap, — at many times below the cost of production ; but it is safe to say that the day of strawberries at 2 and 2i cents per pound are past. The value of the crop of small fruits marketed fresh in my district is estimated at $200,000, and the amount canned at $75,000. The nearest a complete failure experienced in any line was that of the cherry crop. The Royal Ann, the money maker, was practically ruined by unfavorable weather ; but in a good year this cherry bears so bountifully and commands such good prices that it is profitable. I believe the best cherry for plant- ing in the first district is the Lambert ; being very late it will escape injury from the June rains, and it is a good and sure yielder, of fine quality and firm enough for shipping long dis- tances. ^'h •■•'■y:- ' '^>X4?:k>J.^''"* J>:^«?^SISMs5}Si^ytS5^. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 33 It is yet too early to estimate accurately the prime crop, as many evaporators are not yet through the season's run, but it is approximately 3,000,000 pounds. Quality is most excel- lent as the fruit was well grown and tlie weatlier during the drying season has been perfect. Sizes are large and prices show some tendency to advance. Estimating them at 4 cents the value of the crop would be $10,000. The Sugar prunes made a very good showing and will doubtless supplant the Petite entirely. The pear crop is very light, probably $10,000 in value. The apple crop is good, roughly estimated at $65,000. The grape crop, now being marketed, is most excellent and will be worth $25,000. The total value of the season's fruit crop for the first dis- tict will thus be about $495,000. W. K. NEWELL, Commissioner First District. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. SECOND DISTRICT. SEMIANNUAL REPORT, APRIL, 1901. Salem, Oregon, April 9, 1901. To the President and Members of the Board of Horticulture — Gentlemen : I submit a brief summary of the work done in the second district since our last meeting, referring you to the quarterly reports for a detailed account. Our first work was the inspection of nurseries. The nur- series were generally in good condition, we might say excellent, considering the hundreds of tliousands of trees which are grown annually. Each nursery is supplied with the necessary houses for fumigating nursery stock before shipment. The best nurserymen make it a rule to fumigate all nursery stock, and I think it would be well for us to adopt a rule requiring the fumigation of prune, plum, peach, and other fruit trees, as well as the apple and pear trees. A number of shipments of apples were inspected, and in a few cases it was necessary to condemn fruit prepared for ship- 3 34 Report of State Board of Horticulture. raent. It is a matter of regret that a number of cars of apples were shipped from Oregon during the past Winter without inspection, for a single car of infected fruit can do more dam- age to the reputation of our fruit growers than ten cars of choice fruit can repair. Our most progressive growers and packers are working faithfully to establish a reputation for liigh-class Oregon fruits, but there are those who do not hesi- tate to swindle the public by facing boxes of small prunes with large, fine ones, or by packing the middle tiers of apples with culls. While it is impossible to absolutely guard against the sale of infected fruit in a local way, owing to the large number of retail stores in all parts of the district, yet through occasional visits and letters much was done in this regard, the fruit sold at retail being far better than usual. The restriction of the sale of infested fruit in the local market is having a beneficial effect on the more careless class of farmer-orchardists, so many having inquired for spray formulae that my supply of bulletins has been exhausted. A large number of owners of infested trees have been noti- fied to spray, more than 150 notices having been served. The present outlook for a fruit crop is encouraging and if the sea- son is favorable fruit growers should endeavor to prevent their trees carrying too much fruit, since a medium crop of choice fruit will sell at a profitable price rather than a large crop of inferior fruit. Growers should be prepared to spray when the proper time comes, for the delay of a few days may cause a large loss. L. T. REYNOLDS, Commissioner Second District. SEMIANNUAL REPORT, OCTOBER, 1902. To the State Board of Horticulture — Gentlemen : I herewith submit my semiannual report for the second district. In my last report I attempted to give some idea of the size of the district, the acreage devoted to fruits and the land available for that purpose. In the present report, therefore, no attempt will be made to give a description of the territory included in this report. The Willamette Valley has in some respects been at a dis- advantage in the marketing of her fruits from the very fact that all varieties of deciduous fruits can be grown successfully. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 35 At first glance this would seem to be a decided benefit, enabling her fruit growers to have a large and increasing trade in such fruits as would allow them to greatly prolong the shipping season. In practice, however, with the exception of prunes, the growers of the different communities have so selected their trees that they are not able to ship car loads of any single variety of fruit, whether it be cherries, pears, or apples. As a consequence, they are compelled to accept very low prices for their products because a buyer must spend too much time traveling and collecting his fruit before he can make a ship- ment. The remedy for this lies with the growers themselves. At every shipping point the fruit growers in the vicinity should organize an association. If their orchards are small, they should agree to top-work their trees into a few varieties which do well in their particular locality. They should study and practice the best methods in the cultivation and spraying of their orchards, endeavoring to produce perfect fruit. When fruit is produced in sufficient quantity, buyers can deal with the secretary or manager of the organization, and be assured of receiving first-class fruit of uniform pack. Better prices can then be secured, for by the present method of purchasing in small lots from the individual producer, the buyer is not sure that any two lots will grade alike. Not only is an organi- zation an assistance in marketing the products of the orchard, but it will tend toward the production of a better quality of fruit. Each member knows his fruit must reach the required standard if he is to sell through the union, and this naturally leads to greater care on the part of the members. An associa- tion of this character should not attempt too much at the start. A very small beginning may lead to important results in a few years, while if a great deal is attempted before experience and reputation have been gained, the undertaking may be so disastrous as to discourage further efforts on the part of the growers. The advantage of such an organization when firmly established is very apparent. The individual is no longer compelled to hunt a market for his crop, as this is done for him, and if a high standard is always maintained, the demand for the product is likely to increase faster than the supply. The Hood River Fruit Union at Hood River, and the Wil- lamette Valley Prune Association at Salem, are illustrations of successful organizations of fruit growers, the one handling strawberries and apples, the other confining its operations to dried prunes. In each case an essential factor in their sue- 36 Report of State Board of Horticulture. cess has been the establishment and maintenance of a high reputation for quality of pack, and with each there has been an increasing demand for their products. With co-operation in the handling of the crop will come co-operation in spraying and combating insects and diseases as there will be a common interest in the welfare of the district, and it is only through continual warfare with insect and fungous pests that perfect fruit can be obtained. The establishment of canning and preserving factories, cider and vinegar factories, etc., gives the growers a market for a large amount of fruit, much of which might otherwise be wasted. The cannery located at Salem has been contracting with growers of small fruits, to- take their raspberries, blackberries, and other fruits for a term of years, thus insuring them of a market. The Loganberry has become quite common, several exten- sive plantings having been made. There promises to be a good demand for this berry for canning purposes. Especially is it popular for home canning, as it takes the place of the wild blackberry, which has always been highly esteemed as a can- ning fruit, but is becoming difficult to obtain. During the past two years there has been a large increase- in the acreage of small fruits, though there have been no large plantings of orchards. Changes can be noticed from year ta year, however, Avhich indicate that orchardists in different localities are learning what fruits are best adapted to their particular soil and elevation, and are w^orking over their orchards accordingly, finding it most profitable to work in harmony with their natural advantages. During the past season, a general inspection of the whole- district could not be made, but we have endeavored to give attention to many cases of infected orchards. A large num- ber of orchards were sprayed for scale insects last winter and while many of the orchards so sprayed were not entirely free from the insect this summer, there was a very noticable im- provement in the condition of the trees. Certain peach or- chards which were sprayed for San Jose scale with the lime, sulphur and salt spray, are reported very much benefited, the fruit being finer aud trees making a healthy growtli, with no curl leaf. Though not all the scale was destroyed, the results were so satisfactory that the orchards will be given a thorough spraying again this winter. Spraying is becoming more gen- eral each year, especially in the orchards Avhich are planted for commercial jDurposes. Many inquiries have been received. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 37 recently in regard to the best methods for wiutcr spraying and it is expected there will be more of such spraying done this Avinter than ever before. Not enough attention, however, is being paid to the apple-tree anthracnose, for I visited several orchards during the summer in which it had done great ■damage. The best method of treatment seems to be to give the trees a thorough spraying with bordeaux mixture early in the fall to prevent the growth of the spores and to cut out new spots which may have started. The greatest difficulty in connection with the enforcement of the law in regard to infested orchards, is encountered in securing the proper spraying or destruction of infested trees in small home orchards and city lots. Owners of such trees are often too careless, their spraying being ineffective and the amount of time required to supervise the work on a large number of places renders it almost impossible to secure thorough work by those not interested. A large number of nqtices to spray were sent out or served personally and iu a majority of cases the trees indicated were sprayed, but too often the work was so poorly done as to require treatment again tliis 3''ear, or the destruction of the trees, which plan would probably be best for all interested. In nearly all cases where commercial orchards were found infested with scale insects or other pests, the own- ers have been ready to follow the directions given in the spray bulletin, and will continue to give their attention to any trees that may become infected. The complete eradication of tlie scale iu all districts is doubtful, as it is often found on wild shrubs, but by the co-operation of all fruit growers, whose orchards may become infected, its ravages may be reduced to the minimum. The San Jose scale is very destructive to the mountain ash and may be found on these trees in nearly every town in Western Oregon. From these trees it is carried to fruit trees by birds which gather to feed on the red berries. For this reason persons owning mountain ash trees should see that their trees are sprayed each winter with the lime, sulphur and salt spray. In this connection I wish to urge that tlie board should make some special provision for the enforcement of the law in the larger towns and cities, as it is here that the worst infected trees are found. If, however, the commissioner of a district devotes the necessary time to these cases very little other work could be done. The soil and climate of the Willamette Valley seem particu- 38 Report of State Board of Horticulture. larly adapted to the production of fine nursery stock and this has grown to be a very important business in this district. The proprietors of the nurseries are careful to keep their trees clean and free from pests, and it becomes our duty to see that their grounds are properly protected from outside infection. The Oregon Nursery Company, located at Salem, has two hundred or more acres devoted to the growth of nursery stock of all kinds, and hundreds of thousands of trees are shipped from this district to all parts of the West. The inspection of ]]ursery stock therefore becomes an important part of the work of the commissioner of this district, particularly since many car loads of trees and seedlings are shipped in each year from the Eastern States and Europe. During the past two years a great many shipments of trees from the East have been inspected, and, in several instances, it has been necessary to have trees fumigated or destroyed. One shipment, consisting of two car loads of peach trees from Pennsylvania, were found to be badly infested with borers, root-knot, and peach-tree aphis. These two car loads, con- taining about 45,000 trees, were quarantined, and the con- signors notified to reship them from this state or have them properly treated for the destruction of the aphis and other pests. They neglected to fumigate or otherwise treat the trees, and, after a reasonable time, the trees were ordered burned and the entire two car loads were destroyed. The importance of preventing the introduction of the peach-tree aphis into this state may be seen from an account of their destructiveness, given in the last biennial report, page 393, from which I quote : Dr. Smith, who described this insect, says: "la Delaware, Maryland, and parts of New Jersey and Virginia this aphis was reported everywhere to be unusually prevalent and destructive. In April, when the leaf buds were pushing, I saw them cluster upon so many shoot axes and so compactly as to kill young- trees, and even very considerable- branches upon older trees. They were especially destructive to nursery trees and to orchards just planted. I saw one nursery in which at least one hundred thousand trees had been killed outright in two or three weeks time. I also heard of half a dozen nurseries which were entirely distroyed or very seriously affected, and of orchai^dists who will be compelled to replant hun- dreds of trees. Such trees are badly dwarfed, and make only a feeble, sickly growth. The leaves are light green or yellowish, more or less rolled at the margins, and red or purple spotted from the attack of fungi." Few shipments of green fruits were made from this district during the past season. The cherry, plum, pear, and straw- berries yielding light crops. There will be a number of cars of apiDles shipped and some very fine crops are reported. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 39 That the Willamette Valley can still maintain its reputation for the production of the "Big Red Apples" is illustrated by the crop of 12,000 boxes of choice apples just picked at the Wallace orchard, two miles from Salem. In this orchard modern spraying outfits are in use, a gasoline engine being used to furnish the necessary power. While the fruit crops, with the exception of apples, have been lighter than usual, good prices have been realized, and the year closes with the fruit growers in a hopeful frame of mind, encouraged to continue steadfast in their chosen work. When new plantations are made it is usually done by those who are already engaged in the work and are prepared to profit by the experience they have gained. While there is a small but steady growth in tlie orchard acreage, I am glad to report there is no boom. It is the boom in orchard planting that occasionally occurs which is respon- sible for many of the troubles of those who make a business of growing fruit. When a few stories of large profits in fruit gtowing are published, many persons are induced to rush into the business and plant extensive orchards without previous experience. The result is usually disastrous for the too enthu- siastic novice ; the profits figured out hopefully on paper prove disappointing deficits in practice ; the trees are neglected and become a source of danger to well kept orchards in the vicin- ity. There are several such orchards, planted by stock com- panies, in this district which should serve as warnings to those who are inclined to invest in fruit lauds without previous investigation. There have been too many trees planted on lands entirely unsuitable for orchards and such places can not be made profitable. There is a good demand for the Oregon prune this year and few will remain unsold by January 1. The following is an estimate of the value of the fruits pro- duced in the second district during the two years included in this report, though no claims are made for its accuracy as some of the necessary data is very hard to obtain : ESTIMATED VALUE OF FRUITS PRODUCED IN SECOND DISTRICT. 1901. f902. Prunes S 225,000 00 S 200,000 00 ("berries 60,000 00 10,000 00 Pears 6,000 00 5,000 00 Apples 58,000 00 100,000 00 Other fruits and fruit products .53,000 00 100,000 00 S 382,000 00 $ 415,000 00 L. T. REYNOLDS, Commissioner Second District. 40 Report of State Board of Horticulture. EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. THIRD DISTRICT. SEMIANNUAL REPORT, APRIL, 1902. Grants Pass, Oregon, April — , 1902. To the President and Members of the State Board of Horticulture — Gentlemen : I herewith submit my semianuual report of the horticultural industry of the third district to April, 1902. At the present date the prospects for a large fruit crop in the third district is very promising. Fruit trees of all varie- ties have wintered without any damage to trees or fruit buds from climatic causes. Almond, peach, cherry, and prunes are in full bloom. The pear is beginning to bloom, while the early blooming varieties of apples the fruit buds are forming, but show no color yet. All varieties of fruit is blooming from two to three weeks later this year than last which is favorable to base prophesy for a large crop. The fruit crop the past year, while not a record breaker, was quite large, averaging perhaps sixty j^er cent of a crop of all varieties, and with good prices which prevailed through the season fruit growers realized a good profit, and were success- ful. Their success has stimulated all classes of fruit growers to spray, prune and put their orchards in the best possible condition for this year's crop. With experience the fruit growers find their success, if they have any, comes from an intelligent knowledge of injurious insect pests and fungous diseases, and the remedy for them. I have answered a great many letters of inquiry from all parts of the district as to the methods and remedies suggested by the state board for fighting insect pests and fungous diseases, and in visiting various localities of the district I find a great majority or orchard men active and alert to the necessity of spraying. I know of many men two years ago who had no faith in spraying for San Jose scale, whom I have induced to spray their infested orchards with the result ; tliese men are now strong advocates of the spray pump. Their success in destroying the scale has removed want of faith. The confidence of the fruit growers through their success CM O Z O o UJ o Q z < _l I < IT < z Q CC < I o O I o < 111 Q. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 41 the past year is very great as to the future of the industry. I am warranted in saying this as the planting of new orchards, especially about Ashland, Medford, and Central Point, has been large the past winter. I estimate that in the vicinity of these three localities there has been 1,200 acres planted. About sixty per cent of the new acreage is the apple and forty per cent peach and pear. The planting of the present is on more intelligent lines than during the large planting twelve and fifteen years ago. At that time the adaptability of the soil for tree growth was not considered. It was then taken for granted that any soil would grow fruit trees and produce fine fruit of any variety the planter fancied planting. The tree planters of the present are avoiding this mistake, and now choose the best of soils for apple and pear growing. One successful apple grower near Central Point said to me during the winter : "I find no soil too good to grow the apple and pear. To get large pelds and the best quality you must have the best of soil." This grower, Mr, W. H. Norcross, has an apple orchard of 21 acres of rich bottom loam that is now ten years old that has borne five crops of apples. The past season he sold 1,966 boxes of Spitzen- burgs off of 404 trees, all four-tier, excepting 180 boxes five- tier, for $1.45 per box f. o. b. Four hundred Ben Davis apple trees produced 1,800 boxes, which he sold from $1.00 to $1.25 per box f. o. b. On the same kind of soil J. W. Merrett of Central Point has 210 apple trees ten years old of Spitzenburgs, Red Cheek and Willow Twig. Mr. Merrett sold the crop on the trees, the buyer picking and packing the apples, for which he received a check for $1,249.20. I verified this sale by personally calling on Mr. Merrett. He said the amount was correct, and added that in addition to the amount of the check he made 100 gal- lons of cider for which he got $20, and sold in the local mar- ket 100 boxes of the best culls for $50, making a total of $1,319.20 for his crop. In stating the profits in these two cases it must be remem- bered many other apple growers on larger orchards did not have Mr. Norcross' and Merrett's success, for the reason their soils were not adapted to the greatest success in apple grow- ing, although they may have pruned, sprayed, and cultivated equally as well. In stating the profits in these cases the con- ditions must be intelligently understood. The demand for apples last fall was strong and prices ruled high, and, too, 42 Report of State Board of Horticulture. the yield was large, from the fact the soil was of the best and pruning, spraying, and cultivating had been done. This being the case, to reach the greatest success in apple growing the soil must be the best. There is always a strong demand in the market for the best. There is not enough of the best in the market any year. What there is of the best always brings the producer the highest price. The peach men of Ashland had fair crops last year which they sold at good profit. Through the kindness of Mr. G. W. Crowson, manager of the Ashland Fruit Association, I got valuable data as to the fruit sold through the association. All fruit sold is paid for on delivery, f. o. b. The association sold the following packages : 37,048 boxes of peaches sold at 45 to 50 cents ; 1,497 boxes of early apples, sold one car at 95 cents ; the balance of the lot sold at 60 cents and 75 cents ; 91 boxes of crab apples sold at 50 cents ; 129 boxes of peach plums sold at 40 cents, 15-pound boxes ; 1,518 boxes of pears, 20-pound boxes, sold at 50 cents ; 1,321 crates of strawberries, 15 1-pound cups, sold at $1.25 ; 20 crates of gooseberries, 15 1-pound cups sold at $1.00 ; 54 crates of currants, 15 1-pound cups sold at $1.00 ; 24 crates of Loganberries, 15 1-pound cups sold at $1.50 ; 157 crates of dewberries, 15 1-pound cups sold at $1.00 ; 22 crates of black raspberries, $1.50 ; 518 crates of red raspberries, $1.25 ; 2,655 crates of black raspberries, 60 cents ; 591 boxes (15-pound) of black cherries 75 cents ; 334 boxes (15-pound) of Royal Ann cherries, $1.15 to $1.25. This association is making a success in packing and selling the fruit of its members. Before the organization of the association the majority of the peach growers were discouraged. Peaches of the choicest were shipped and consigned with little satisfac- tion and no profit. Now their peaches are sold at a profit through the association. Before tlie association each grower was a competitor in the market. Now they are a unit through co-operation. A. H. CARSON, Commissioner Third District. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 43 SEMIANNUAL REPORT, OCTOBER, 1902. Grants Pass, Oregon, October — , 1902. To the Honorahlc State Board of Horticulture — Gentlemen : I respectfully submit to you my semianuiial report as commissioner of the third horticultural district, embracing the counties of Douglas, Coos, Curry, Josephine, Jackson, Lake, and Klamath. I luive received and answered during the past two years about four hundred letters from all parts of my district on subjects pertaining to all phases of horticulture, including insect pests, fungus diseases, methods of cultivation, planting- new orchards, pruning, spraying, adaptability of soils to fruit culture, etc. I lind nearly all classes who are growing orchards, the man who grows but an acre or two to the large commer- cial growers, all seeking information on horticultural lines to improve the conditions of the industry. That the fruit grow- ers are adopting modern methods in their business and rapidly improving on practical lines can not be questioned. Their orchards show this when you compare them now with two and three years ago. Methods of spraying have improved, and confidence in spraying for insest pests and fungus diseases has been established in the minds of a majority of the fruit growers. Two years ago Olwell Bros, of Central Point did the sprav- ing of their 160-acre orchard with gasoline power, and their success in doing the work rapidly and thorough at fifty per cent less cost tlian it could be done with hand power was an object lesson that many fruit men in this district are now profiting by. In Jackson Count}^ at the present time there are twenty-five gasoline engines used for running spray pumps. The gasoline engines in use are one and a half horse power, called "The Jack of all Trades," and spraying outfit, including pump, hose, tank, with everything ready to go to work, costs about .$200, excepting wagon and team. From a business standpoint Olwell Bros., after using gasoline power three years, are well pleased, as they say their spraying costs them fifty per cent less now than when they used hand power, and they say spraying done by uniform engine power is much more effective than when done by irregular, weak hand power. They claim were gasoline and hand power equal in cost, the saving in effective, thorough work in their orchard would soon pay for a gasoline outfit. 44 Report of State Board of Horticulture. When four-tier Yellow Newtowns sell for $2.25 per box, as thej did last winter in the London market, it can be readily seen that effective spraying is a material factor in the profits of the apple grower. Olwell Bros., W. H. Norcrossof Central Point, Weeks & Orr, J. H. Stewart, J. A. Whitman, G. Voorhees of Medford, all of Jackson County, by thorough spraying with gasoline power at apple gathering time find that from ninety per cent to ninety -eight per cent of their apples are sound, free of worms, and not infested with scale. During the past two years I have personally visited and in- spected about 350 orchards in my district, varying in size from one acre to one hundred and sixty, averaging about fifteen acres to the orchard ; also have visited the fruit packing plants, inspected the same, and have enforced the law as far as pos- sible as to the shipping of infested fruit. I have in enforcing the law in a number of cases among local fruit dealers found scale infested fruit being offered for sale. In all such cases I have condemned the fruit and caused it to be destroyed by burning. 'I have distributed through the mail 350 copies of the sixth biennial report of the State Board of Horticulture, also a large number of spray bulletins, both No. 1 and No. 2. I found the number of biennial reports — 350 — Pvllotted me for distribution inadequate to the demands of the growers of my district ; have had many applications I could not fill. Of tlie orchards I have visited I found the owners alive to the necessity of cultivation and proper spraying, seeking to know the best methods of destroying injurious insect pests and fungus diseases. A great many of the progressive grow- ers have been successful while others have sprayed and failed in results. Many of the failures I found on investigation in €ase of scale as well as codling moth to be the fault of the sprayer in using the wrong compound prescribed by the state board. In making the compound many growers were care- less in its preparation, while a good many ignored the reme- dies of the board and used remedies sold by some traveling fake agent that were guaranteed to cure any disease or kill any insect an orchard might be affected with. As a matter of course total failure always followed in the use of the fake agent's remedies. In some instances failure occurred when the proper remedies were used. In all of these cases of failure I found obsolete spraying outfits in use which would make it impossible to apply the compound effectively. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 45 Late winter and early spring of this year, weather condi- tions were unfavorable for spraying. Many heavy rains in February and March put the land in condition that made it difficult for the sprayer to get into his orchard, hence spraying that should have been done earlier in the season to be effect- ive was done later when the buds on the trees had quickened, which, to an extent, caused a partial injury to the fruit buds in some cases. Spraying with salt, sulphur, and lime com- pound for scale must be done while the tree is dormant, other- wise if deferred too late in the season after the buds begin to grow, while the scale may be destroyed, it will result in more or less injury to the fruit buds. Among the fungus diseases that has given the apple growers in Josepliine and Douglas counties much trouble and loss of trees is the apple anthracnose, or, as it is locally known, canker, or dead spot. Many growers have sprayed for this disease with bordeaux, used the knife in cutting out the affected tissue with poor success, until many intelligent apple growers have become discouraged, and, in some cases, have taken up their apple trees. I confess that for some time I felt that it was a disease we did not understand, and that it could not be successfully treated with the spraying compounds thus far tried; cutting out the fungus did not prevent the fungus from breaking out and growing on healthy tissue the next season. In studying the disease and noting the observations of growers through the district I have found that it is a winter disease in this climate. That is, the fungus does not begin to grow or attack new tissue until in the fall, then it grows during the winter months, matures its spores in the spring, which remain dormant until the following fall. After understanding the habits of the dis- ease, its period of growth, and knowing that period is during the winter months, we find the cause of failure in spraying with bordeaux is because it was not done at the proper time. It must be remembered we can not control or destroy fungus growth after it begins to grow with bordeaux. We prevent its growth by removing the cause — the spore, which is nothing more or less than the seed of the fungus. Destroy the germi- nating qualities of the spore and we have removed the cause. A solution of bluestone or sulphate of copper, which is the component part of bordeaux mixture, destroys the germinating quality of the spore of any fungus it comes in contact with. Then, to treat any fungus disease with success, we must spray 46 Report of State Board of Horticulture. for it with bordeaux after it has thrown off its spores and before they begin to grow. The apple anthracnose, or canker, matures and throws off its spores during the spring and early summer months. These spores lodge in favorable places on live tissue and remain dormant until cool, damp weather in the fall or winter when they begin to grow, destroying with their growth healthy, sound tissue wherever they may have lodged. Cutting out with a knife is of but little benefit and not practical, if it was a specific, owing to the expense. Hence, the only practical remedy is to spray the whole tree with bordeaux, and this spraying, to be effective, must be done as early in the fall as possible, or just as soon as the apples are gathered. It is not material whether the foliage is on the trees or not ; when the apples are gathered spray with bordeaux of double strength. What old .leaves that are destroyed at that season of the year by the spray will do no damage. Eisman Bros., who have an apple orchard of 20 acres six miles west of Grants Pass, found it badly diseased with anthrac- nose. In fact, the fungus would in a short time have destroyed the orchard had not the brothers taken hold of the matter determinedly. They bought a gasoline engine and pump and began systematic spraying vrith bordeaux as early in the fall as the apples were gathered. Eisman Bros, are intelligent, energetic young men, and determined if it could be done to save their fine orchard from the fungus. That they have been rewarded with success is evidenced by the present health and luxuriant growth of the orchard. The old dead spots are rapidly healing over ; no new growth has appeared, and this year the orchard will yield about 8,000 boxes of apples. This fall Eisman Bros, will spray again with bordeaux, as they now know that fall spraying Avill destroy the disease and keep their orchard healthy and free of the fungus. William Hellwell of Yoncolla, Douglas County, has a fine 10-acre apple orchard that the anthracnose became well estab- lished in. He was very successful in treating the disease by spraying with bordeaux early last fall. Other orchards in that vicinity diseased w^ith the fungus were nearly dead in June of this year when I visited that locality. In unsprayed diseased orchards at that season of the year the foliage of the apple was as brown as it would be in October, without fruit, while in Mr. Hellwell 's orchard the foliage was a deep, luxuri- ant green, with a heavy crop of tlirifty apples growing, Avhicli will be choice for the market this fall. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 47 CODLING MOTH. This pest, ^yllich is so destructive to the apple, is being suc- cessfully iiaiidled, and cheaply too, with the modern spraying outfit. All of the commercial apple men of this district by practical experience with the spray pump have demonstrated that they can grow sound apples free of worms by spraying. A few years ago fifty per cent of a crop of sound apples free of worms was regarded as the maximum by most of the grow- ers. Many were discouraged when they came to gather their apples. At the present, with gasoline power, ninety to ninety- eight per cent of sound apples free of worms is the result being had by such growers as Olwell Bros., .J. A. Whitman, W. H. Norcross, and many other Jackson County apple growers. The remedies suggested by the state board — paris green, and arsenite of lime spray — are both used with good results. A few years ago we had among our apple men a number who doubted the virtues of these sprays, or any spray, to destroy the worm, but the success of those who had confidence has furnished an object lesson to the doubters of which they are now profiting. They now are in line for sound apples. THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE INDUSTRY. As compared with two to four years ago the fruit industry of the district has progressed, is in much better shape, with better methods, is now firmly established on sound business principles. In the years 1899-1900 the gross output of vari- ous leading fruits in the district was as follows, Jackson Josephine, and Douglas counties being the principal produc- ers : — Apples 249,000 boxes Pears 31,000 boxes Peaches 177,000 boxes of 30 pounds Prunes .5,.>i7,000 pounds cured Apples, dried 191,000 pounds cured Peaches, dried 109.000 pounds The estimated gross value of the two years noted was $444,950. For the years 1901-1902, from careful estimates and reliable data, the following is the output : — 48 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Apples 800,000 boxes Pears 1 (iO.OOO boxes Peaches 100,000 boxes Prunes 8,000,000 pounds cured Apples, dried 200,000 pounds Peaches 130,000 pounds. The estimated gross value of the output for 1901-1902 is .$643,000. This value is based on what fruit sold for in 1901, and the prices fruit is being sold for at the present. This estimate does not include any of the small fruits, which would approximate about $60,000 for small fruits, making a total for all kinds of fruits $703,000 for the two years. In 1901 the peach crop was a half crop ; this year it was a full crop. The apple crop of 1901-1902 was only sixty-five per cent of a crop. In 1901 the prune crop was a full crop, while this year it is but a half crop. In 1901 the demand for apples was good and prices f. o. b. ruled high. Thus far this year the indications are that apples will be in good demand and possibly last year's prices will be had. That the fruit growers have confidence in the future of the industry is evidenced by the planting out of new orchards. Last fall and winter in the vicinity of Ceiitral Point and Med- ford, Jackson County, there were planted 1,500 acres in new orchards, the greater per cent being the apple, the Yellow Newtown leading all other varieties in acreage. The Yellow Newtown grows and matures to perfection about Central Point and Medford, and being a long keeper, bears transportation to foreign markets, where it sells for high prices. It has been observed that the Yellow Newtown matures to perfection on the adobe soils in Rogue River Valley, and in time much of that land will be planted to Yellow Newtowns, Jonathan and Early Spitzenburg are two great favorites with commercial apple growers. Their color is superb, with a delicate flavor, that makes them prime sellers about the holidays, their season of ripening in this climate. That the profits of fruit growing in this district is better than anything else the land could be used for can not be ques- tioned. An established apple orchard of standard varieties on soil congenial to the growth of the apple is a bonanza to the fortunate owner. No doubt greater profits are made by the apple growers than in any other line of fruit growing. The IDeach growers of Ashland, Merlin, and Roseburg find ready sale for their peaches in markets north at good profits. There z o o lU en o (/) < Q. W f- z < en o o h (0 m o h cc 111 _l _l CQ z o I u. o Ul D o I o z o < Q. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 49 are many acres of choice apple land, not planted in Jackson and Douglas counties that in a few years will be jDlanted. The apples from the third district are becoming known in foreign markets and readily sell at top prices in competition with the celebrated apples of Watsonville, California. During the past two years I have served 250 notices of dis- infection on owners of orchards infested with San Jose scale, and in all cases I believe the requirements of the notices were complied with. In a number of cases I have found local dealers offering scale-infested fruit for sale. In all such cases I condemned tlie fruit and had it destroyed by burning. I find a willing disposition on the part of all local dealers to respect the law, and in all cases where I found infested fruit in the hands of dealers they had no knowledge as to the identification of scale ; all were innocent of any intent to violate the law. The San Jose scale is one of the pests the fruit grower has to contend with, and probably always will have. The remedy salt, sulphur and lime is a specific, and if thoroughly applied with a good spray pump during the winter months, assures the grower smooth, clean fruit the fall following. That the fruit grower will always have the San Jose scale to contend with I base the prediction on the fact that I have found the scale thriving and at home on the willow, wild plum, and thorn. While the scale is active during the summer, moths and birds will carry it from infested localities to the orchards. That birds carry and distribute the pest I am able to verify, as I have shot them in scale-infested orchards and found the live scale in large numbers on feet and feathers. The best protection the grower has against the pest is to spray for it annually, or at least every other winter, and not complain too much of his neighbor, as the neighbor, as well as himself, may have had his orchard infested from willow patch, thorn or plum thicket, growing on the public highway out of either's jurisdiction. As the fruit growers gain experience in packing, grading, and putting up the products of their orchards in neat, attract- ive packages, with love and pride in the work, always keeping in mind that there is never an oversupply of the best, that the best is always in demand at good paying prices, he will then have gained the right road to success in his calling. From year to year I find our packers improving in methods of pack- ing and handling fruit. At the beginning of the fruit packing 50 Report of State Board of Horticulture. period of this district help of all kinds had to be taught how to do it. Froir year to year the packers employ their old help until nearly all help employed have become expert. For neat, rapid apple, peach, or pear packing, the handsome girls of Rogue River Valley and the Umpqua can not be beaten. I think no finer or artistic pack of apples were ever put on the market than I saw packed last fall bv J. A. Whitman, Weeks & Orr, G. Vorhees of Medford, Olwell Bros, and W. H. Norcross of Central Point, T. P. Lee and H. B. Miller of Grants Pass, or of peaches j^acked by the Ashland Fruit Association, under the management of G. W. Crowson, the superintendent. All of these packers believe the trade demands the best, and in season they are ready to suppl}^ the demand. As a suggestion for the state board's consideration, I believe we should have printed blanks for fruit inspection, officially signed in blank by the president and secretary of the board, with a blank space left for signature of the member of the board who makes the inspection to sign, in case he inspects a car of apples or other fruit for packers in his district. That the member of the board only makes the inspection at the request of the packer and issues the certificate only when he has made a careful inspection and knows the contents of the car is in no manner infected with injurious insect pests. By doing this we would aid the packer who ships his pack to states which have stringent quarantine laws, and we would establish confidence in the minds of the buyer, and in time the certificate of inspection of the board would be respected and honored in all markets Oregon ships her fruit to. Last winter I was called upon to inspect several cars of apples, which I did. I found them in fine condition and free of injurious insect pests. I issued my certificate as commis- sioner of the third district, by writing the same on any sheet of paper I could obtain. The packer desires to send these certificates with his shipping bill. A certificate, to carry any weight with it, should be in an official form and attested by the officers of the board to entitle it to any respect out of the state. A. H. CARSON, Commissioner Third District. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 51 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. FOURTH DISTRICT. FIRST QUARTERLY REPORT, APRIL, 1901. The Dalles, Oregon, April 3, 1901. To the President and Members oftJie State Board of Horticulture — Gentlemen : I herewith submit my report for the months of January, February, and March. I have visited different portions of my district, especially those that were affected by the San Jose scale. I have notified those growers, either in writing or verbally, to spray the trees, as this is the proper time of year to spray. I have not had much trouble with the large growers, who i*aise fruit on a business basis, but the small growers, who have only a few trees, can ill afford to buy spraying apparatus, so I have two gangs of men working and spraying all those small orchards in the vicinity of The Dalles. I was under the impression, a year or two ago, that the San Jose scale was disappearing from my district, but I have found out that I was mistaken. We have a great deal of the San Jose scale yet ; but the fruit growers understand the handling of tlie scale better, and they can easily get rid of it by spray- ing at least once every two years. If the codling moth was as easy to get rid of as the scale, we would not have much trou- ble in raising good fruit. At the present writing the prospect for a fruit crop is excel- lent. The peach trees, almonds, apricots, and cherries are in blossom, and they show good signs for a splendid fruit crop. There have been a great many trees planted in the last three months in my district, principally apples and peaches. The fruitgrowers are beginning to learn that it pays to plant good fruit. In the apple line, they jDlant mostly Yellow Newtown, Spitzenburg, and Jonathan, as they are late keepers, and there is more money in them than in any other kind of fruit. There is another apple, very sparingly planted in my district, that I think would be a good apple for some of the fruit growers to plant, and that is the Red-cheeked Pippin. I would not 52 Report of State Board of Horticulture. advise any one to plant many of them ; but they fill the place when the Ben Davis and the Spitzenburg are gone. It looks to me as if there ought to be a law passed in this state compelling every person, who offers to sell fruit of any kind, to have his name on the boxes, and the locality where the fruit was raised ; also the name of the fruit, and if apples, to state the size on the box, whether it is a four, five, or six- tier apple. That would protect the honest fruit growers. If the grower or the fruit packer is ashamed to put his name on his fruit, he ought to get out of the business. When you see a nice box of apples on the market at a fruit stand anywhere, you will invariably find the packer's, or, at least, the fruit grower's name on it ; but when you find an inferior lot of fruit you will never see any name on it. How often the good housewife goes to market and buys a box of apples and finds nice four-tier apples on the top of the box, and in the bottom finds nothing but six-tier apples, or even a lot of poor rotten stuff. There ought to be some pun- ishment attached to dealings of that kind, and I leave it for the board to take up. EMILE SHANNO, Commissioner Fourth District. SECOND QUARTERLY REPORT, JULY, 190L The Dalles, Oregon, July 5, 1901. To the President and Members of the State Board of Horticulture — Gentlemen : The following is a report of my work for the months of April, May, and June : I have visited different parts of my district and I find that there will be a good average fruit crop ; some of the trees are overloaded, rendering it necessary to remove part of the fruit. The prospect for a good price for fruit this fall is better than I have ever seen here. There are buyers now in my district offering to contract for apples, such varieties as the Spitzen- burg and the Yellow Newtown, at $1.25 per box, and are willing as soon as contracts are signed, to make advances on that basis, but there are very few people willing to make con- tracts at this figure. Tliere has been a good deal of spraying done this spring and summer for the codling moth, but I find that some of the grow- ers have not used enough lime and have made their arsenic spray too strong, and thereby burned the leaves ; this is a Report of State Board of Horticulture. 53 mistake tliat some of them make ; most of them I find do not use enough lime, and those that use a sufficient amount of lime have generally the best results. I have found some young orchards which were planted this last fall and spring that it would have paid better if they had not been planted at all ; there was a great scarcity of fruit trees this last season, and the result has been that they have planted almost anything in the way of trees. I have found trees that were not much larger in diameter than a pipe stem and not over from ten to twelve inches high, and these trees ought not to have been planted because they will never amount to anything. I would not advise any one to plant trees that are less than five feet in height and at least one year old and they should all be of a uniform height. There is another matter that I have learned by observation in the last few years and that is that there is more harm done through the use of the knife and saw than any otlier thing, and especially is this true in the young orchards in my dis- trict. I have found some trees that are as much as seven or eight years old that never had an apple on, and I know some young orchards that were last year from four to five years old that had as much as five to eight boxes of apples each. Any one wlio is intending to plant a young orchard ought not to trim the trees. After the second year from the plant- ing the tree ought to be shaped during the first and second year, and ought not to be molested, except to have the water sprouts taken out, and that should be done through the sum- mer time with a pocketknife. These suggestions have reference only to apple and pear trees. Cherry, peach, plum, and prune trees require alto- gether a different treatment in this respect, as there is no danger of trimming a peach or prune tree too much, and most people do not trim them enough. EMILE SCHANNO, Commissioner Fourth District. SEMIANNUAL REPORT, OCTOBER, 1902. The Dalles, Oregon, October — , 1902. To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture — Gentlemen : I have the honor to herewith submit to you ray first biennial report as commissioner of the fourth district for the State Board of Horticulture. This district covers a 54 Report of State Board of Horticulture. very large area, comprising the counties of Wasco, Sherman, Gilliam, Morrow, Wheeler, and Crook. M}^ appointment dates from June 12, 1902, having been appointed to fill the unex- pired term of Mr. Emile Schanno, deceased. Owing to my short incumbency of the office, this report must necessarily be brief, and it will lack that completeness in detail which only observation and investigation can impart. I have so far confined my labors entirely to those sections of the district containing the largest orchards, and to the inspection of nurseries. While I have been familiar for quite a number of years with orcharding in the district, it may be said that my general knowledge is of a superficial nature only, and lacks that close scrutiny which the laws demand of the members of the 8tate Board of Horticulture. So far as my observations extend, I am most favorably impressed with existing conditions and the high state of per- fection of most of the orchards I have visited. Of course I have scarcely visited anything but orchards of commercial size, up to date, and my next report may be less flattering, for by that time I hope to have been able to visit most of the fruit growing sections of the district. While I have inspected quite a number of orchards, I have found no signs of that much dreaded insect, the San Jose scale, in any of them, and I believe that it has practically disappeared from our commercial or- chards. This is further indicated by the entire absence of the insect on the fruit offered for sale on the stands of the commission men, when a few years ago it was not an infrequent occui*- rence to find infested fruit offered for sale. There are now, no doubt, some small orchards throughout the country, where scale may be found in great abundance, as also on the fruit trees in our city and town lawns, where spraying is not j)rac- ticed at all or only in an unmethodical and desultory fashion ; but even these cases are not alarming, and even here it is being stamped out. I shall give my particular attention to the cleans- ing of these small orchards when the proper time for spray- ing arrives. The fact that we have successfully combated, and practically eradicated the scale, should not make us slack in our vigilance, however, and I would advise that every orchard in the district be sprayed with the sulphur, salt and lime solu- tion at least once each year, and thus frustrate its every eflfort to ever again become established in our orchards. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 55 Curl leaf on the peach trees last spring caused considerable annoyance and loss to the fruit growers of this section, only the very hardiest varieties having anything like a full crop. A thorough application of bordeaux mixture, before the buds open, will be found to prevent this disease. For several years I have added three pounds of blue vitriol to every fifty gallons of the sulphur, salt and lime solution when spraying for the scale, with very beneficent results. This spring, having omitted it, my peach trees were considerably infested with this fungus. This mode will also be found much cheaper than to make two separate sprayings, one for scale and the other for curl leaf. The codling moth I find is the arch enemy of the apple grower, and does more damage than any other insect or pest in the vocabulary of the spray calendar, unless vigorous means are employed to keep it in check. Nor does this intrepid insect confine its ravages to the apple alone, but shows a decided inclination for pear meat. Serious though the ravages of this insect are when allowed full and undis- turbed sway in an orchard, the spray pump here too is the victor when loaded with the arsenite of soda solution and in the hands of a resolute orchardist. It is gratifying to note that where the directions given in the Spray Calendar, issued by the State Board of Horticulture, are carefully followed, the codling moth becomes conspicuous by its absence. That it pays to spray systematically, intelligently, and persistently, can be answered most efi'ectively by those who have been spraying their orchards for a year or more. While spraying is necessary to the successful production of fruit, it should be remembered that cultivation and thinning are quite as essential. Neglect in cultivation is a great factor in preventing the development of both tree and fruit. Espe- cially is this true of our dry hill ground, where nothing that can be done adds so much to the growth as thorough cultiva- tion. Here where we cannot irrigate, and where the rainfall amounts to very little in the summer, we must rely entirely on the cultivator to retain moisture, and to accomplish this it is necessary that the ground should be stirred regularly at intervals of ten days to two weeks. Too much stress can not be brought to bear on this subject of cultivation. The practice of thinning is regarded by some as a material loss, Avhereas the opposite is the case, for by removing part of the fruit, the nourishment that they would have consumed is 56 Report of State Board of Horticulture. utilized by the remaining fruit, thus resulting in the produc- tion of a much superior article of fruit. The formation of fruit growers' unions should be encour- aged in every fruit-growing community, in order that the fruit may be sold direct. The advantage to the grower in selling direct is manifest ; it saves middlemen's profit, and he receives more near the full worth of his fruit. Cherries, peaches, and prunes were a light crop this year, running from 50 to 75 per cent, owing to hardiness of variety. Alexander and Hale's Early made nearly a full crop, while the Crawfords, both early and late, were nearly a total failure. Apples and pears, I think, will averrge 95 to 100 per cent throughout the district. Hood River Valley, long noted for its strawberries and apples, this year has exceeded all expec- tations, having produced of strawberries 57,000 crates or 95 car loads, which were nearly all sold f. o. b. cars at Hood River, and brought to the valley the enormous sum of $125,- 000. The apple crop here will amount to 120,000 boxes, which with pears, prunes, cherries, and other small fruit will bring another $125,000, making a grand total of $250,000 brought into the valle}^ for fruit this season. Nor has the limit been reached yet, and I am satisfied that within five years this amount will be doubled, as numerous young orchards containing thousands of trees will come into bear- ing in that time. Neither has strawberry growing reached its limit, for many new plantations are going out, and the acreage is increased annually. Another part of the district that will be heard from with its "Big Red Apples" is Mosier. Here the orchards are for the most part young, some just coming into bearing. The extent of the fruit crop here is about as follows : Apples, 10,000 boxes; prunes, mostly Italian, 200 tons; plums, 25 tons; besides this there are some cherries and pears, but these are very limited. At The Dalles we find the fruit growing more diversified. The soil here seems particularly adapted to prunes, peaches, cherries, and grapes. There are also a great many apples and pears grown here. The tendency here now is toward cherries and peaches, on the lower plateaus where these varie'ties attain perfection. Apricots and nectarines are also being planted quite largely the last few years. Nut culture should receive some attention from our planters, as it has been fully demonstrated that soft-shell almonds and English Report oj State Board of Horticulture. 57 walnuts can be grown to perfection. Beautiful specimens of these varieties were exhibited at The Dalles Fruit Fair last year and again this season. Here the crop this year will be about as follows : Apples, 35,000 boxes ; crab apples, 500 boxes ; pears, 8,000 boxes ; peaches, 25,000 boxes; cherries, 35 tons ; prunes, 400 tons ; plums, 100 tons. Besides this, a great many apricots, quinces, nectarines, grapes, and small fruits are grown here. The following figures show amount of fruit produced in the district as near as I have been able to ascertain : — Apples 250,000 boxes Crab apples" 1,500 boxes Pears .1.- 25,000 boxes Peaches 65,000 boxes Apricots".! 3,000 boxes Nectarines 500 boxes Cherries t£gssi^^^agmicg^^ Report of State Board of Horticulture. 65 the fall and continued until late spring. This applies to ship- ments from without the state, no account of shipments from nurseries from within the state being kept, but we know it to be very large however. It was of almost daily occurrence for this office to be notified of shipments in transit to all parts of the state. Shipments for this season have begun to arrive, and up to tliis time — November 10, 1902, — some half dozen states east of the Mississippi have contributed very largely. FAME OF OREGON FRUIT. The excellence of our fruits which were on exhibition at Chicago, Omaha, and Buffalo fairs, have added very much to our fame as a fruit-growing state. It is no unusual thing at this day to have people come into our office and say that the principal thing that attracted them at these fairs was oui" fruit exliibit at Chicago and Omaha, and tliat tliey liad pledged themselves that if ever opportunity offered, Oregon woukl become their home. This leaven has been working for years, and we come in touch with its good results every day. The buyer of fancy apples for Eastern or European markets comes to Oregon for his stock. It is now no uncommon thing to see dealers from the Atlantic States, England, and France in our markets, and the cream of our fruit crops go to those sections each year. Large- sales of Oregon prunes have been made this year to French buyers, who have shipped direct to their country. This is an unusual feature of the prune market, France usually being a competitor in the markets of the world. This has been caused by the almost complete failure of her prune crop, causing a deficiency of nearly fifty million pounds, and the Pacific Coast will be called upon to largely make up this shortage. FRUIT REPORTS. Following my predecessor in the matter of securing fruit reports, in June and August of 1901 and 1902, I addressed letters of inquiry to prominent growers over the state, and the commissioners worked along similar lines in their dis- tricts, and in so far as it was possible, reliable information on the condition and prospects of the crop was gathered and published in the daily press, and agricultural and horticul- tural papers in the East. 66 Report of State Board of Horticulture. This work was very much to our advantage last year, with the short crop on the Atlantic and middle West. Soon after the June report had been published in the East of the favor- able outlook for the Oregon fruit crop, buyers came to our office for more detailed information, and they told me that it was the favorable report that had brought them to Oregon. PERMANENT EXHIBIT. It is doubtful if our people appreciate the great benefit the state derives by the object lesson and standing advertisement of the products of the garden, orchard, field, forest, and stream on exhibition at the room of the board, 246 Washing- ton Street, which was inaugurated by Mr. Dosch, maintained by subscription by the citizens of Portland, and helped out to a large extent by the individual members of this board. To show how earnest the board have been in the matter, the fol- lowing resolution, which was unanimously passed by the board, explains the strong interest taken in the work. It is well to state that the board did not stop with the passing of the resolution, but have contributed liberally ; as evidence, we have as fine specimens of fruit on exhibition in our room as can be found anywhere in the world. At the semiannual meeting held in October, 1901, the fol- lowing resolution was adopted : Besolved, That we, the members of the State Board of Horticulture, deem it to the interest of the fruit growers of the state, that a permanent exhibit of all fruits grown in the state be kept on exhibition at the room of the board ; and that each member of the board will work earnestly in their respective districts to secure a creditable exhibit, in order to give visitors to the room a reasonable idea of the horticultural possibilities of Oregon. The room is visited constantly by newcomers, whether they be homeseekers or tourists, seeldng information on and study- ing our resources. On the register can be seen such compli- mentary remarks as these — "grand," "never saw its equal," "marvelous," "excellent," "first class," and so on without end. From several hundred letters of inquiry sent out through the state in June, 1901, the following estimates were made of the season's fruit crop : — Report of State Board of Horticulture. 67 PERCENTAGE OF A FULL CROP. Applea. Pears. Peaches. French 1 j>runes. | 1 Italian prunes. Cherries. Grapes. Straw- berries. Apricots. FtospbrfTG: Per cent. 75 100 80 90 95 '25 80 40 50 70 75 100 75 80 75 70 «? lO 75 .50 50 75 75 75 100 7.5 60 65 85 Per cent. .50 90 70 60 65 25 70 50 Percent. 25 75 65 oO 70 40" 70 Per cent. 100 90' 100 10 ""lOO' Per cent. 1 100 100 100 100 90 75 100 100 IW 97 100 80 100 100 100 100 80 100 80 7.5 •50 100 75 .50 100 Per cent. 15 Per cent. ' ioo' Per cent. 90 Per cent. \shland 50 80 75 Med ford 80 65 50 60" 100 60 85 80' 90 80 6.5 60 50 50 75 50 75 .50 100 80 1 90 100 100 rViitnil Point Oakland Riddles — - Alhan V Salem 50 40 90 40 50 50 40 .50 50 90 ""ioo" 75 75 75 35 25 25' 25 20' 25 35 70 75 100 50 25 50 '95' 90 100 100 90 .SO 100 100 50' 75 50 ""io5' ""io5' '"'ioo' 100 So' 75 100 75 100 90 Dallas — North Yamhill Dillev— 95 1 90 1 100 Forest Grove _ - 90 95 Woodburn Orf^eron Citv 100 ' Mt. Tabor 100 Hood River 100 The Dalles _ - 75 Grant Milton 75 75 Tvffh Vallev Olex Kingsley 75 80 75 60 > 75 65 70 Eagle Valley 75 25 75 75 25 60 (iO 100 i:::::::: 1 50 60 90 Cove - - - Scappoose FRUIT REPORT FOR THE UNITED STATES FOR JUNE, 1901. Estimated percentage of a full crop. Apples. Pears. Prunes. Ptumt. Peaches. Cherries. Grapes. Arkansas - Per cent. 75 90 55 75 '25 .50 79 70 50 60 75 .55 5.5 35 8.5 50 50 25 12 33 65 50 65 90 90 90 20 80 20 65 75 80 40 Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Percent. 100 75 100 80 80 80 Per cent. Per cent. PaMfornia 40' 75 75 -""65' 4.D 60 50 65 50 85' Connecticut- _ - _ _ _ 50 Florida Georgia - Idaho - - 25 50 95 80 60' 75 80 90 Indiana Illinois - _ - 90 90 65 85 100 90 90 70 90 Iowa - - - - - 80 85 Xansas - - -_ -- 75 80 Afontana ioo 50 70' 45 75 25 45 90 100 75 80 95 60' 90 Missouri 95 75 7.5 100 75 85 Minnesota -_ . - - 95 Maine _ - ^larvland Michigan __ . _ - 60 . .— Massachusetts New York _ _ _ New Jersey New Hampshire Nebraska 80 100 50 85 j 70 Ohio 75 75 95' 90 90' 90 Oregon _ 75 75 95 60 50 Oklahoma Pennsylvania 60 15 70 50 50 50 95 Rhode Island 20 25 Texas „ _ - _ 95' 40 60 50 75 75 Vermont Virginia 100 100 Washington West Virginia 95 Wisconsin . 40 90 90 68 Report of State Board of Horticulture. The following estimate of the Oregon fruit crop for the- season of 1901, was compiled from reports furnished by mem- bers of the State Board of Horticulture, October, 1901 : — Apples, 850,000 boxes $760,000 00' Apples, evaporated, 1.50,000 pounds 90,000 00 Prunes, evaporated, 22,000,000 pounds 770,000 00 Prunes, shipped fresh, 100 cars 50,000 00 Pears, 100,000 boxes .50.000 00 Pears, evaporated 10,(KI0 00 Peaches, 240,000 boxes 100,(X)0 (X) Peaches, evaporated 15,000 00 Cherries, 5,000,000 pounds 1SO,000 00 Strawberries, 17.5,000 crates 210,000 00 Grapes, blackberries, raspberries 1.50,000 00 $2,375,000 00 Estimates for the Oregon, 1902, fruit crop were made by the commissioners in their respective districts in June, and again in August, and are as follows : — FOR THE FIEST DISTRICT. Apples 100 per cent Pears 20 per cent Prunes 60 per cent Cherries 30 per cent Small fruits 90 per cent FOR THE SECOND DI.STRICT. Apples 90 per cent Cherries 50 per cent Pears 50 i>er cent French prunes 80 per cent. Italian prunes fiO per cent Strawberries 80 per cent FOR THE THIRD DISTRICT. Apples 65 per cent Cherries 70 per cent Pears 25 per cent Peaches 90 per cent Prunes 70 per cent Almonds 90 per cent Small fruits 100 per cent FOR THE FOURTH DISTRICT. Apples 100 per cent Cherries 75 per cent Prunes ,50 per cent Strawberries 100 per cent FOR THE FIFTH DISTRICT. Apples 100 per cent Peaches ,50 per cent Cherries 75 per cent Pears 60 per cent Prunes 60 per cent Grapes (iO per cent Small fruits 100 per cent The season of 1902 being late all over the United States, it was thought best for reliable information, not to send out inquiries until in August, with the following result herewith submitted : — Report of State Board of Horticulture. 69 FRUIT REPORT FOR THE UNITED STATES FOR AUGUST, 190-'. i:>tiin;it('d percentage of a full crop. Applet. Peare. Prunes. Plums. Peaches. Grapes. Cherries. Arkansas Percent. m 80 90 95" •JO 50 55 50 20 90 35 80 60 m 50 60 40 75 65 75 75 50 90 100 IN) ;» 10 75 Per cent. 60 60 70 25 50 100 •JO 25 61 50 15 Per cent. Per cent. Percent. 100 90 75 80 Per cent 1 100 90 Per cent. California ConiU'clicut 75 30" P'lorida Georgia - - - Idaho -- . . _.— 75 Indiana - - . 75 Illinois- . 20 47 75 so" 10 Iowa Kansas 35 Kentucky _ - . .- . Montana Missouri-- - - 60 _ 50 Minnesota -- - Maine .-- 1 Maryland _ _ _ - - , J 75 85 Michiiian . - - - - . 75 70 30 90 20 80 ! 65 50 25 60" 75" 75 ?»Iassacliusetts- -- — _ New York New Jersey - . . -- -_. 65 85" 10 New Hainpsliire _ 75 North Carolina Nebraska Ohio - . Oregon Oklalioma Rhode Island 40 100 SO 70 60 1 1 30 75 100 SK) 25 20 60 40 90 ("to" 50 Tennessee — _ Texas — I.:..!.:.::::: Virginia — 1 Washington a5 70 50 40 40 : 1 West Virginia 65 i 75 1 25 1 Careful estimates, compiled from final reports made by the commissioners of the five horticultural districts of the state, made in October, of the 1902 fruit crop, are as follows : Apples S fi.^9,000 00 Apples, cured and manufactured into cider and vinegar 100,000 tK» Prunes, cured r)20,(K)0 00 Prunes, fresh lo,0(X) 00 Peaches 92,0(J0 00 Peaches, cured 10,000 00 Pears 90.000 00 Pears, cured 10,000 00 (irapes 4S,000 00 Cherries 33,000 00 Strawberries 162,000 00 ♦Small fruits (crab apples, apricots, nectarines, plums, raspberries, blackberries, currants, gooseberries) 470,000 00 Total 8;2,'J39,00O 00 Notwithstanding the prune crop of the state was forty per cent short of last year's crop, the grand total of fruit products for the year 1902 falls but little short of 1901, the most pros- perous fruit year in our history. Respectfully submitted, GEO. H. LAMBERSON, Secretary. * In districts one, two, and three, strawberries are included in small fruits. 70 Report of State Board of Horticulture. SPRAY CALENDAR. This calendar has been prepared to answer the question, so often asked, when to spray, what to spray with, how to spray, and what to spray for, thus obviating the error to use the wrong spray for any given insect or fungus. All fruit trees should be sprayed in the fall, as soon as all the leaves have dropped, with sulphur, lime, and salt; if no scale are present, full strength of bordeaux mixture will be found sufficient. SULPHUR, LIME, AND SALT. This is a winter spray, and used for all scale insects, pear- leaf blister mite, green aphis, twig borer, bud moth, and clover mite. HOW PREPARED. Ingredients — Lime (unslacked) , fifty pounds. Sulphur, fifty pounds. Stock salt, fifty pounds. This will make one hundred and fifty gallons of wash. Directions — Slack fifty pounds of lime, then add the fifty pounds of sulphur, boil it over a brisk fire for one hour, then place all the salt with it in the boiler and boil for fifteen min- utes more, then add the necessary water to make one hundred and fifty gallons. This solution should be used at a tempera- ture of at least 100°. Before using, strain it. The utility of this wash depends a great deal upon the strength of the sul- phur. It is therefore recommended that those who use this wash have a Beaumes scale for acid. When it shows 8° when cold, it is of the proper strength. These scales can be ob- tained through any druggist at a cost not to exceed fifty cents. This combination is the result of Mr. Emile Schanno's ex- tensive experiments in the fourth district. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 71 FOR SAN JOSE SCALE, GREEDY SCALE, AND TURTLE-BACK SCALE. Sulphur, lime, and salt in the fall as soon as the leaves have dropped, and again in the spring before the buds begin to swell. FOR GREEN APHIS. First application with sulphur, lime, and salt in the fall after leaves have dropped, followed in the spring with tobacco wash, as they appear on the trees. FOR PEAR-LEAF BLISTER MITE. {Phytoptus Pyri.) Until recently the rough, brown-looking spots seen on the pear trees were passed by as being the fungus that attacks the pear so generally here, but upon closer examination it was found that these spots are the work of this mite. In some localities this pest has gained a strong foothold, and in others it is as yet hardly noticeable. The Phytoptus pyri is a micro- scopic gall mite. It can not be seen with the naked eye, ex- cept on a piece of clear glass held up to the light, when it appears as a minute speck. It is not nearly as long as the width of a hair. It is found only on the jDear, the leaves of which are exclusively its home. It burrows into the pulp of the leaves, making a cave in which it lives and multiplies. A colony will work out an excavation, which becomes a slight puff or dark-colored gall on the leaf, from a speck to an eighth of an inch in size. The mite keeps open a hole on the under side of the leaf for a doorway. The injury to the tree is caused by the leaves becoming dry and falling. The mite is supposed to desert the leaves after they have fallen, and seek w^inter quarters upon the tree. It would be a good plan to burn all fallen leaves from affected trees and spray the trees with sulphur, lime and salt solution as soon as the leaves have dropped. In the summer the mite can be destroyed with pow^dered sulphur, but it can not be expected to rid the tree entirely of the mite by this means, as there are eggs and young in the caves, which the sulphur does not affect. In California they use a seeder on a wagon for throwing the sul- phur on the affected trees. Remedy — Sulphur, lime, and salt before the buds swell, fol- lowed by dusting with sulphur when leaves have formed. 72 Report of State Board of Horticulture. FOR TWIG BORER AND BUD MOTH. Spray in the fall, as soon as all the leaves have dropped, with sulphur, lime, and salt solution, followed up in the spring, as soon as the buds begin to swell, with the following wash : Sulphate of copper, three pounds ; lime, four pounds ; paris green, four ounces ; w^ater, forty-five gallons ; and again with the same wash the latter part of May. FOR CLOVER MITE. . Spray with sulphur, lime, and salt solution in the fall as soon as all the leaves have dropped. RESIN WASH. By Professor Koebele. This is a summer spray for all scale insects, woolly and green aphis. HOW PREPARED. Ingredients — Resin, four pounds. Sal soda, three pounds. Directions — Place resin and sal soda in kettle with three pints of cold water. Use soft or rain water always. Boil or simmer slowly until thoroughly disolved, when it will look black. The sal soda will adhere to the side of the kettle, and must be scraped down. When it looks dissolved, if there are pieces of resin in the bottom of the kettle it needs more boiling. When sufficiently boiled, add enough hot water to make fifty gallons. After adding the w^ater it will become thick, but after boiling again it becomes thin. The above is ready for immediate use, and should be applied cold or only lukewarm. If desired for future use, boil the above amount of ingredients as directed, and add water to make five gal- lons ; boil until thick. This w^ll stand any length of time, and is always ready for use. When required, use one part or gallon of compound with the following number of gallons of boiling water, and stir thoroughly w^hen applying : For hop louse, one gallon of compound to nine gallons of water ; for woolly aphis, one gallon of comjDound to seven gallons of water ; for San Jose scale, one gallon of compound to six gallons of water. The foregoing spray is not injurious to the tree, for after three or four days of sunshine it dissolves and leaves the pores of the bark open. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 73 BORDEAUX MIXTURE, Used for apple scab, pear scab, leaf blight, apple canker or dead spot, curl leaf on the peach, crater blight on the pear, gummosis, prune or plum rot, and black rot on the grape. This is the sovereign remedy against injurious fungous diseases, and its use is general throughout the world ; there- fore the combination of bluestone and lime known as bordeaux mixture is indispensable in fruit growing. BORDEAUX MIXTtjRE FOR FUNGI. Ingredients — Sulphate of copper, six pounds. Lime, four pounds. AVater, forty-five gallons. MODIFIED KORDEAUX MIXTURE. Ingredients — Sulphate of copper, three pounds. Lime, four pounds. Water, forty-five gallons. Dissolve bluestone in a wooden vessel, slack the lime in another vessel or can, put both in a barrel of water and mix thoroughly. FOR APPLE SCAB, PEAR SCAB, AND LEAF BLIGHT. First application — Just as the buds are swelling, with bor- deaux mixture. Second application — Just as the fruit buds break open, but before the flowers expand, with bordeaux mixture. Third application — With bordeaux mixture, when the fruit lias attained the size of a hazelnut. FOR APPLE CANKER OR DEAD SPOT. Cut out diseased spots clean in the fall when leaves have dropped, and wash with bordeaux mixture ; rejDeat in mid- summer if found necessary. FOR CURL LEAF ON THE PEACH. • Prof. Newton B. Pierce says: "Curl leaf on the peach is caused by a parasitic fungus which is known as Taphrina 74 Report of State Board of Horticulture. deformans. The fungus lives within the tissues of the leaf, in the tender shoots, and in the buds. Within the past few months I have learned that lime, sulphur and salt is a satis- factory preventive of this widespread disease. The applica- tion of this spray should be made three to five weeks before the buds open in the spring. The treatment should be very thorough ; or spray with bordeaux mixture six weeks, and again three weeks later, before the buds begin to swell." FOR CRATER BLIGHT OF PEARS. Prof. C. W. Woodworth of Berkeley, California, says: "The nature of the disease is somewhat obscure, but the evi- dence seems to be that it is caused by an organism, and is very similar to the dreaded eastern pear blight. It is not, however, the same disease. Crater blight first appears as a darkened spot, indistinguishable from any other form of blight. Like other blights, it commonly begins at the point on a branch where a twig is given off, or where one has been. There is this difference however ; the crater blight extends out only below the point of origin, whereas in other blights the disease extends upward as well. The most characteristic feature of this blight is the sharp line of demarcation between the dead and live bark. When a spot has ceased to spread there occurs a breaking in the bark, sej^arating the diseased portion. This soon dries, and the spot appears like a crater. The appearance is most striking when isolated spots are seen on the larger branches. Treatment. — Cut out the dead and diseased tissue, clean and w^ash with bordeaux mixture ; cut off all dead and blackened limbs. Under date of July 27, 1896, Professor Woodworth adds : "We have made some progress in the study of the disease, in that we are very uniformly able to obtain pure cultures of a peculiar bacillus. Inoculation experiments have so far given only negative results. The disease occurs on many varieties of pears and only a few apples. The crater blight certainly occurs in Oregon. I have had very typical examples from there, and obtained the usual bacterial cultures from it. Economically, the crater bliglit in most localities is unim- portant, but in some places it has done an immense amount of injury." Report of State Board of Horticulture. 75 FOR PEAR SCAB, CRACKING, AND LEAF BLIGHT. These diseases, caused by two different species of fungi, are successfully combated by one line of treatment. In most sections all three diseases are found associated. Bordeaux mixture has given the best results in this work. The first spray- ing for these diseases should be made just before the buds swell. In ten or twelve days the second treatment should be given, followed by a third and fourth at the expiration of two and four weeks, respectively. In the nursery, pear blight is often exceedingly troublesome. It may be almost entirely prevented by spraying five or six times with the bordeaux mixture, making the first application when the leaves are about one third grown, and the others at intervals of ten or twelve days throughout the season. The leaf blight of the cherry, plum and quince, which so seriously affects trees, both in the orchard and nursery, may be held in check by using bordeaux mixture. FOR PRUNE AND PLUM ROT. Spray with bordeaux mixture as the buds are swelling, and again when the fruit has attained the size of a bean, with modified bordeaux mixture. FOR GUMMOSIS. Cut out gum pockets ; split the outer bark about one eighth of an inch deep from roots to branches on three sides when sap begins to flow, as all gum infected trees are barkbouud, and wash with bordeaux mixture ; care must be taken in splitting the bark not to cut through to the wood ; repeat in midsummer, if necessary. FOR BLACK ROT ON GRAPES. Spray w^ith bordeaux mixture just as the buds are swell- ing, and again immediately after blooming with modified bordeaux mixture. 76 Report of State Board of Horticulture. LATEST ADVICES ON THE BORDEAUX MIXTURE. The combination of bluestone and lime, known as the bor- deaux mixture, is almost indispensable in fruit-growing and gardening. It is almost a sovereign remedy against injurious fungi, and its use is general throughout the world. The best way to make the preparation is, consequently, a matter of the greatest moment. The division of vegetable pathology of the department of agriculture has just issued a bulletin on these lines which is very timely. It is four years since there was published, in Farmers' Bulletin No. 7, a summary of the more important methods of combating some of the destruc- tive diseases of fruit. During this time many improvements have been made in the work, and for this and other reasons it seems desirable to now bring together, in brief, practical form, our present knowledge on the subject. The question as to whether it will pay to spray has long since been answered in the affirmative, so it is not necessary at this time to enter upon any argument in regard to this phase of the subject. It is, furthermore, not necessary to go into details as to the rela- tion of spraying to hygiene ; suffice it to say, that if the work is properly done no danger whatever to health need be appre- hended. Superiority of the bordeaux mixture — During the past four years numerous solutions, powders, etc., have been tested, with a view of determining their value as economical, effect- ive, and practical preventives of fungous parasites. While a number of these preparations have given promise of value, none have been found which fill so many requirements as bor- deaux mixture and the ammoniacal solution of copper carbon- ate. Of the two preparations, bordeaux mixture has long been recognized as possessing the most valuable qualities, and it is probably more generally used to-day than all other fungi- cides combined. The chief points in its favor are, (1) its thorough effectiveness as a fungicide ; (2) its cheapness ; (3) its safety from a hygienic standpoint ; (4) its harmlessness to the sprayed plant ; and (5) its beneficial effects on plants other than those resulting from the mere prevention of the attack of parasites. Bordeaux mixture formula — All things considered, it is be- lieved that the best results will be obtained from the use of what is known as the fifty-gallon formula of this preparation, as follows : Report of State Board of Horticulture. 77 Ingredients — Water, fifty gallons. Copper sulphate, six pounds, Unslacked lime, four pounds. 3Iust be well made — It has been found that the method of combining the ingredients has an important bearing on both the chemical composition and physical structure of the mix- ture. For example, if the coppei- sulphate is dissolved in a small quantity of water and the lime milk diluted to a limited extent only, there results, when these materials are brought together, a thick mixture, having strikingly different charac- ters from one made by pouring together weak solutions of lime and copper sulphate. It is true, furthermore, that if the copper sulphate solution and lime milk are poured together while the latter, or both, are warm, different effects are ob- tained than if both solutions are cool at the moment of mix- ing. Where the mixture has been properly made there is scarcely any settling after an hour, while the improperly made mixture has settled more than half. How to make it — Briefly, the best results have been obtained from the use of the bordeaux mixture, made in accordance with the following directions : In a barrel, or other suitable vessel, place twenty-five gallons of w^ater ; weigh out six pounds of copper sulphate, then tie the same in a piece of coarse gunny sack and suspend it just beneath the surface of the water. By tying the bag to a stick laid across the top of the barrel no further attention will be required. In another vessel slack four pounds of lime, using care in order to obtain a smooth paste, free from grit and small lumps. To accom- plish this it is best to place the lime in an ordinary water pail and add only a small quantity of water at first, say a quart or a quart and a half. When the lime begins to crack and crumble and the water to disappear add another quart or more, exercising care that the lime at no time gets too dry. Toward the last considerable -water will be required, but, if added carefully and slowly, a perfectly smooth paste will be obtained, provided, of course, the lime is of good quality. When the lime is slacked add sufficient water to the paste to bring the whole up to twenty-five gallons. When the copper sulphate is entirely dissolved and the lime is cool, pour the lime milk and copper sulphate solution slowly together into a barrel holding fifty gallons. The milk of lime should be thoroughly stirred before pouring. The method described insures good 78 Report of State Board of Horticulture. mixing, but to complete this work the barrel of liquid should receive a final stirring for at least three minutes with a broad wooden paddle. Testing the mixture — It is now necessary to determine whether the mixture is perfect — that is, if it will be safe to apply it to tender foliage. To accomplish this two simple tests may be used. First, insert the blade of a penknife in the mixture, allowing it to remain there for at least one minute ; if metallic copper forms on the blade, or, in other words, if the polished surface of the steel assumes the color of copperplate, the mixture is unsafe and more lime must be added. If, on the other hand, the blade of the knife remains unchanged, it is safe to conclude that the mixture is as per- fect as it can be made. As an additional test, however, some of the mixture may be poured into an old plate or saucer, and while held between the eyes and the light the breath should be gently blown upon the liquid for at least half a minute. If the mixture is properly made, a thin pellicle, looking like oil on water, will begin to form on the surface of the liquid. If no pellicle forms, more milk of lime should be added. Preparing large amounts — The foregoing directions apply to cases where small quantities of the mixture are needed for more or less immediate use. If spraying is to be done upon a large scale, it will be found much more convenient and economical in every way to prepare what is known as stock solutions of both the copper and lime. To prepare a stock solution of copper sulphate, procure a barrel holding fifty gal- lons ; weigh out one hundred pounds of copper sulphate, and, after tying it in a sack, suspend it so that it will hang as near the top of the barrel as possible ; fill the barrel with water, and in two or three days the copper will be dissolved ; now remove the sack and add enough water to bring the solution again up to the fifty-gallon mark, previously made on the barrel. It will be understood, of course, that this second adding of water is merely to replace the space previously oc- cupied by the sack and the crystals of copper sulphate. Each gallon of the solution thus made will contain two pounds of copper sulphate, and, under all ordinary conditions of tem- perature, there will be no material crystalization, so that the stock preparation may be kept indefinitely. Stock lime may be prepared in much the same way as the copper sulphate solution. Procure a barrel holding fifty gal- Report of State Board of Horticulture. 79 Ions, making a mark to indicate the fifty-gallon point ; weigh out one hundred pounds of fresh lime, place it in the barrel and slack it ; when slacked, add sufficient water to bring the whole mass up to fifty gallons. Each gallon of this prepara- tion contains, after thorough stirring, two pounds of lime. When it is desired to make bordeaux mixture of the fifty- gallon formula, it is only necessary to measure out three gal- lons of the stock copper solution, and, after thorough stirring, two gallons of the stock lime ; dilute each to twenty-five gallons, mix, stir, and test as already described. One test will be sufficient in this case. In other words, it will not be necessary to test each lot of bordeaux mixture made from the stock preparation, provided the first lot is perfect, and no change is made in the quantities of the material used. Special care should be taken to see that the lime milk is stirred thoroughly each time before applying. As a final precaution, it will be well to keep both the stock copper sulphate and the stock lime tightly covered. PARIS GREEN SPRAY ARSENITE OF LIME SPRAY. These sprays are used for codling moth larvjr, tingis, cater- pillars, slugs, and all eating or biting insects. PARIS GREEN SPRAY. Proportions for first application — Paris green, four ounces. Lime, two pounds. Water, forty gallons. Proportions for later applications — Paris green, four ounces. Lime, one pound. Water, fifty gallons. Directions — Slack the lime ; make a paste of the paris green, mix thoroughly, and then add water to make the re- quired amount ; stir thoroughly while using, and should be thrown on the leaves and fruit in a fine spray. Paris green is one of our commercial articles which is shamefully adulterated. The foregoing formula is based upon pure paris green ; it is, therefore, of much importance that one be able to detect impurities. So far as we know but two adulterants are used — gypsum and Glauber's salts. The method generally given for the detection of adulteration is to 80 Report of State Board of Horticulture. dissolve a small sample of the paris green in ammonia. If there is any gypsum it will not dissolve, but form a sediment. Glauber's salts can not be be detected by this method, it being equally as soluble as pure paris green ; but if one has a strong microscope at hand the adulterant granules can be easily detected, they being white, while the pure article is green. Ammonia, however, is generally a good test, gypsum being most commonly used as an adulterant. THE ARSENITE OF LIME SPRAY, Professor Kedzie's formuke : Ingredients — Commercial white arsenic, one pound. Carbonate of soda, four pounds. Water, two gallons. Use one and one half pints to fifty gallons of bordeaux mixture. Directions — Dissolve one pound of commercial white arsenic and four pounds of carbonate of soda (washing soda) in two gallons of water, and use one and one half pints to fifty gallons of bordeaux mixture. The easiest way to make the solution is to put both the white arsenic and carbonate of soda in a gallon of boiling water and keep boiling about fifteen minutes, or until clear liquid is formed, then dilute to two gallons. One and one half pints of this solution should be added to each barrel of full-strength bordeaux mixture for earlier sprayings, and modified bordeaux mixture for late sprayings, increasing the arsenite solution gradually from one and one half pints to one quart as the season advances and foliage matures. If used without bordeaux mixture or lime, it is liable to burn the foliage. As there is nearly always fungus to contend with, it is recommended that the two sprays be combined, with the additional advantage of making the poison stick longer. Un- less combined with bordeaux mixture, it is very important to use enough freshly slacked lime to insure the complete decom- position of arsenite of soda and formation of arsenite of lime. Use six to eight pounds of quicklime, freshly slacked, to a barrel of water. FOR CODLING MOTH. Paris green or arsenite of lime. First spraying, ten days after blossoms have fallen, and then at intervals not exceeding three weeks, up to within three weeks of harvesting the apples Report of State Board of Horticulture. 81 or pears. The arsenite of lime is preferably used with bor- deaux mixture, and, as the season advances and foliage ma- tures, increase the arsenite solution gradually from one and one half pints to one quart to the fifty gallons of bordeaux mixture. FOR TINGIS, CATERPILLARS, AND SLUGS. Spray as they hatch and appear on the leaves. TOBACCO WASH. Used for green aphis and tingis as they appear on the trees. HOW PREPARED. Ingredients — Tobacco (sheep dip, sulj^hured tobacco), four pounds. Whale-oil soap (or good strong soap) , four pounds. Water, twenty gallons. Directions — Soak the tobacco in hot water for several hours ; dissolve the soap in hot water ; strain both ingredients ; add together and dilute to twenty gallons. On varieties of trees where the foliage is very tender, tests should be made before applying extensively. KEROSENE EMULSION. Used for woolly aphis and clover mite. FOR WOOLLY APHIS. Spray with kerosene emulsion diluted seven (7) times. FOR CLOVER MITE. Spray with kerosene emulsion diluted eight (8) times. HOW PREPARED— KEROSENE EMULSION (GOVERNMENT FORMULA). Ingredients — Kerosene, two gallons. Water, one gallon. Hard soap, one half pound. Directions — Make a suds of the soap and water and pour boiling hot into the kerosene ; churn with a force pump or a 6 82 Report of State Board of Horticulture. syringe, pumping out of and into a bucket or barrel through a nozzle until completely emulsified. If the mixture is suffi- ciently hot it will thicken in from five to ten minutes, and will be, when cold, of the consistency of butter or of soft soap. Dilute with seven to twelve parts of water to one of emulsion, as occasion requires, and this will kill almost anything in the form of plant lice. FOR CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY WORM. Spray the bushes just before blooming, and again after the fruit has set, with one large tablespoonful of powdered white helleboiie, dissolved in two and one half gallons of water. HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS FOR NURSERY STOCK. Ingredients — C. P. cyanide of potassium, twenty-eight percent, one ounce. Sulphuric acid, one fluid ounce. Water, two fluid ounces. Directions — First place the vessel in which the gas is to be generated in a convenient place in the shed, and then put in the cyanide of potassium ; pour the water over the cyanide, and then add the sulphuric acid very slowly. Close the door and submit the trees to the fumes for about forty minutes. Open the door and allow the gas to escape before attempting to remove the trees, as it is poisonous to inhale. REMEDY FOR APHIS (LICE) ON CABBAGE, CAULIFLOWER, TURNIPS, ETC. Ingredients — Quassia chips, one pound. Whale-oil soap, one pound. Water, one gallon. Directions — Boil quassia chips for five hours, then add whale-oil soap, while boiling ; when dissolved, dilute to ten gallons of water and spray warm. PEACH-ROOT BORER. The worst insect pest of the prune and peach trees in the Willamette Valley, and probably over the entire state, is the jDeach-root borer. The moth lays its eggs at the base of the Report of State Board of Horticulture. 83 tree in the months of May, June, July, and August. The eggs hatch in about a week, and the worm at once begins to gnaw the bark and bore its way down into the roots. It lives in the root for one year, and comes forth a winged insect the succeeding spring and summer, and lays the eggs for the next brood, as stated. The presence of the worm is always betrayed by the copious exudation of gum, which issues from the roots at tlie base of the trunk. Remedies — There are a large number of remedies for this pest which are more or less successful, but where trees are cultivated on a large scale many of the remedies become entirely too expensive. A very popular and successful plan in the peach region of the East is "mounding." Early in the spring, before the moth appears, the earth is drawn about the base of the tree to the height of twelve inches, and re- moved later in the season, about September 1 in this climate. The use of washes intended to poison the worm have been much used, the following formula being the most successful : Ingredients — Corrosive sublimate (poison), two ounces. Hard soap, five pounds to ten gallons of water. Alcohol, one pint. Water, sufficient. Directions — Dissolve the sublimate in the spirits ; stir it into the soap solution ; add water sufficient to make a good paint ; apply with stiff brush from three inches below to six inches above ground. This must be done as soon as the first moth appears in the spring. The worm will be poisoned by the corrosive sublimate almost at the first mouthful. Great care should be observed in using this wash, as it is very poisonous and dangerous to have about the house. Of all the remedies we have known none has proven so sure and practical as cutting the grubs out with a knife and pre- venting their return by wrapping. In the fall of the year remove the earth carefully from the base of the tree, locate the worms and cut them out with a knife. Repeat this in the spring about April, and at the same time wrap the trunk of the tree with stiff paper or other close material, allowing it to extend six inches above and three inches below the ground. This will prevent the moth from laying her eggs in the bark, and is the surest way we know of to defeat the ravages of this insect. Raubenleim and dendrolene are used in Europe. 84 Report of State Board of Horticulture. The best wash for borers, all considered, that we have seen or tested, is made by the union of all the above ingredients in the following way : Dissolve as much common washing soda as possible in six gallons of water, then dissolve one gallon of ordinary soft soap in the above and add one pint of crude carbolic acid and thoroughly mix ; slack a quantity of lime in four gallons of water, so that when it is added to the above the whole will make a thick whitewash ; add this to the above and mix thoroughly, and finally add one half pound of paris green or one fourth pound of j)owdered white arsenic and mix it thoroughly in the above. — Prof. J. M. Stedman. FOR NURSERY STOCK, Use sulphur, lime and salt solution as soon as the leaves have dropped ; again in spring, as first leaves appear, with modified bordeaux mixture ; fumigate all trees and shrubs with hydrocyanic gas before shipping. RECIPE FOR GRAFTING WAX. One of the best grafting waxes is made by melting together four parts — by weight — of resin, one part beeswax, one part tallow. When thoroughly melted, pour into cold water; when cool enough, take out and work by molding and pulling until it becomes quite stiff. It is necessary to have the hands well greased with tallow while handling this wax. — From the Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture. INSECTS. Prof. Willis G. Johnson says : "At the present time, spray- ing is an important part of successful fruit growing. The regular and systematic application of insecticides and fungi- cides is one of the most valuable and profitable pieces of work done on the farm. The spray-pump, properly used, is worth as much to the growers of fruits and vegetables as the policy covering the insurance on his house or barn. In fact, you must 'insure' your crops from destructive insects and fungi by practicing modern methods of spraying. There has been a decided awakening to the truthfulness of the above state- ment in the past few years, and thousands of growers are now spraying and seeking information, where only a short time ago they were counted by hundreds." Report of State Board of IloviicuUure. 85 In order that our readers may understand why one remedy is used for one insect and not for another it 'will be necessary for us to make some brief references to the structure and habits of certain tj^pes. For example, the great mass of injury to plants by insects falls under two heads : first, where the plant itself has been eaten ; c\\\A, second, where the juices have been sucked out, leaving the tissues. Biting insects — Insects causing injury of the first class are called biting or chewing insects, familiar examples of which are the beetles, grasshoppers, and caterpillars, such as the cabbage worm, army worm, etc. They have well-developed jaws, htted for cutting and chewing the plant. Such insects can be destroyed by use of direct poisons, such as the arsen- icals. When applied to the leaves or other parts of tlie plant it is eaten by the insect, causing its death. Sucking insects — On the other hand, the second type have long lance-like beaks, fitted for sucking. This class includes the scale insects, plant lice, squasli bug, harlequin or terrapin bug, etc. They obtain their food simply by inserting their beaks into the tissues of the plants, sucking the juices from within. The external application of arsenical poisons to plants would have little if any effect upon this group of insects, as the poisons do not enter into the cells of the plants. It is necessary, therefore, to employ some other substances for their destruction. To this end materials are used which will act externally on the bodies of the insects, either as a caustic or to smother or stifle them bvclosiu"- their breathing; organs. I might say in this place that insects do not breathe through their mouths, as do higher animals, but through small open- ings on either side of the body, called spiracles. By spraying anything of a caustic or oily nature over the body of an insect these spiracles are closed and the creature is destroyed. Some- times the fumes of poisonous gases are employed to suffocate insects, as will be described later on. Insects are sometimes repelled by obnoxious substances. The above remarks apply especially to insects which feed upon the exterior of plants or pass the greater portion of their lives in an exposed condition, where they can be readily reached by one of the methods mentioned. Certain other insects, of both classes, biting and sucking, are subterranean in their habits, that is, they feed and live upon the roots of plants below the surface of the ground. Among these the white grub and root lice are common examples. Still other insects live 86 Report of State Board of Horticulture. in stored grain, seeds, and the manufactured product of the mill, and even the mill itself. Here again the arsenics and irritants can not be used and we must resort to various fumes and gases. FUNGI. Prof. Charles 0. Townsend says : ' WHAT IS A FUNGUS? A fungus (plural fungi) is a low form of plant. It has neither green stem nor leaves and therefore depends for its food upon other plants or upon animals. Sometimes fungi live upon dead plants or animals or upon their products, and sometimes they live upon other living plants or upon living animals. They are very numerous and differ greatly among themselves in form, structure, and habits of life. All fungi sooner or later produce small round or oval bodies, called spores. These spores under favorable conditions produce new fungi. They are not destroyed by ordinary weather condi- tions and often live over the winter in the fields and orchards. Sometimes they remain alive for several years in the soil and other suitable places, and begin their growth when the con- ditions are favorable. Many fungi are very small and can be seen only when greatly magnified. WHAT IS THE HOST-PLANT? The host-plant is the plant upon which, or in which, the fungus lives and from which it draws its food supplies. WHAT IS A FUNGICIDE? A fungicide is any substance which may be used to destroy fungi or their spores, or which will prevent fungi from estab- lishing themselves upon the host-plants. Fungicides may be either solids, liquids, or gases. The most common form of fungicide is liquid ; the kind of fungicide used, however, must depend upon the nature of the fungus, the nature of the host-plant, and the part of the host-plant attacked by the fungus. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 87 WHY SHOULD WE SPRAY? Liquid fungicides are best applied in the form of a fine raist or spray. This is economy, both in the quantity of material used, and in the time required to apply it. The real object in spraying is to prevent the fungous spores that have lodged upon the foliage, branches or fruit, from germinating and producing fungous growths. Every fungus that grows into a leaf or into a fruit, and thus produces the destruction of the former or the decay of the latter, first lodges on the leaf or on the fruit as a tiny spore. If that spore can be destroyed without injury to the leaf or the fruit, disease may be pre- vented, and therefore the necessity of spraying. WHY SHOULD WE SPRAY EARLY? As already stated fungus spores are sometimes formed in the fall and remain in open fields all winter uninjured. These spores often lodge in the crevices of the bark of trees, or in other convenient places on the trunk and branches of trees. When the leaves and fruits appear the spores are blown onto these new^ly formed parts and cause them to be diseased. The object in early spraying, even while the trees are still dormant, is to kill the spores that are lodged on the tree and waiting for favorable conditions for development. Again, every spore must remain for a longer or shorter time in a domant state, even after it reaches the proper place for its development, just as seeds remain for a little time under proper conditions for germination before they begin their growth. If the leaves or other plant parts are covered with a fungicide before or immediately after the spores are blown onto them, the spores will be destroyed, and the plant will remain free from disease. WHY IS IT NECESSARY' TO SPRAY MORE THAN ONCE? After a plant has been sprayed new leaves or fruits are often formed, w^hicli are not covered with the fungicide. Spores may be lodged on these newly formed parts and develop into fungous growths, causing the parts attacked to be diseased. Or the fungicide originally sprayed onto the plant may be washed off by rains, thus leaving the plant unprotected against the spores that are constantly carried about in the air. 88 Report of State Board of Horticulture. HOW OFTEN IS IT NECESSARY TO SPRAY? No definite rule can be given in regard to the number of times any set of plants should be sprayed in a single season. The number of sprayings must depend to a large extent upon weather conditions. Warm, damp weather or a dry, hot season followed by rain, are favorable conditions for the development of fungi, hence, if these conditions prevail, it is important that the spraying should be frequent enough to keep well protected the parts liable to attack. Sometimes it is necessary to spray every day or every two or three days, while at other times ten days may elapse between sprayings. Spraying, like cultivation, pruning, and other field operations, is largely a matter of judgment, and the more thoroughly the subject is understood the more effective the work will be. WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO SPRAY^ EVERY YEAR? It is impossible to exterminate fungi. We may hold them in check, or we may even prevent entirely their growth upon certain plants ; but they are often so small, their habits of life so variable, and their spores so resistant that extermina- tion is out of the question. It is impossible to know at the beginning of the season whether the conditions will be favor- able or unfavorable for the development of fungi, hence, in order to be on the safe side, it is necessary to begin each sea- son with spraying. It is essential, therefore, that spraying should be as regularly a part of the fieldwork for successful crop raising as plowing, fertilizing, and the other ojDerations necessar}^ for crop production. Furthermore, the effects of spraying are cumulative, tliat is, the effects of spraying and keeping fruit trees free from disease this year will give a bet- ter crop next year. Even with trucking crops that die down in the fall the danger from disease next year in a particular field will be greatly reduced if the field is kept free from dis- eases this season. DOES SPRAYING SOMETIMES INJURE FOLIAGE AND FRUIT? If fungicides are not properly made they will burn the foliage and discolor the fruit. It is a well-known fact that the foliage on some plants is much more tender than it is on Report of State Board of Horticulture. 89 others, and for this reason it is necessary to suit the strength of the fungicide to the host-plant. Certain fungicides, like bordeaux mixture, can not be used in spraying fruit that is nearly ripe, since the fruit would be stained by the mixture, and thereby rendered unsalable. WHY DOES SPRAYING SOMETIMES FAIL TO PREVENT DISEASE? There are several reasons whj'- spraying sometimes fails to accomplish the results expected. It may be that the fungi- cide was not properly made, that the spraying was not done early enough in the season, or that the applications were not thorough or persistent enough. If we wait until we see the disease at work before we begin spraying our efforts will not result in success, for the reason that when we see the disease it is certain that the fungus spores have germinated and the fungus has grown into the affected part of the host-plant. In such cases it is impossible to destroy the fungus witliout de- stroying the diseased part of the host. The most that can be hoped for in such cases is that the disease may be pre- vented from spreading to the health}^ plants or plant parts. If the spraying is not thorough, so that all parts of the host are covered, spores may fall upon the unprotected parts and grow as readily as if no fungicide had been used ; or, if the applications are not frequent enough, so that the fungicide is washed off, or new plant parts are developed and left un- sprayed, attacks of fungi may take place as readily as if no spraying had been done. It should be remembered that no fungicide will restore any plant part once destroyed or injured, hence the necessity of preventing attacks of fungi, and this can be done by an early, thorough, and persistent use of fungicides. ' WILL SPRAYING PREVENT ALL PLANT DISEASES? Several plant diseases, of which "peach yellows" is an ex- ample, are not, so far as known, produced by organisms, and these diseases can be neither prevented nor controlled by fun- gicides. Other plant diseases are prorbiced by bacteria that live in the tissues of diseased plants. These minute organisms sel- dom appear on the surface of the host-plant and consequently would not usually be reached by spraying. Such a disease is 90 Report of State Board of Horticulture. the pear blight. It is often the case that a disease attacks only the underground portion of the plant. It is clear that a disease of this nature could not be prevented or controlled by spraying. Potato scab is an example of diseases of this kind. In short, it is only those fungous diseases that originate from spores on the above-ground portions of plants that may be pre- vented by spraying. WILL IT PAY TO SPRAY? Whether it will or will not pay to spray must depend upon circumstances. It is of prime importance to know whether the plants under consideration are subject to diseases that may be prevented by spraying. If so, and the crop is worth raising at all, it is worth bringing to the highest possible state of perfection, and it is now well known that spraying, if properly done, is one of the important factors in perfect crop production. However, unless one makes up his mind to use all possible pains in the preparation of fungicides, to be- gin spraying early and to carry it on persistently, the time, labor and money expended will be lost. On the other hand, if the fungicide is properly prepared and the work is timely and thorough, it is probable that no equal amount of labor and money expended will yield larger returns, taking it year in and year out. This statement has been demonstrated many times by farmers, gardeners, and fruit growers in nearly every section of the state. It is true that certain seasons are un- favorable for the development of fungi, but it rarely happens that they do not develop to some extent ; hence it will be an advantage to spray even during such seasons. Experience has shown that it pays to spray systematically and thoroughly, year after year, regardless of the season. • Report of State Board of Horticulture. 91 PLANTING TABLE. So many mistakes have been made in planting trees too close together, that again we give a general table, taking in consideration the strength of soil, variety and nature of the tree, as well as climatic conditions : — DISTANCES. Pears Apples Apricots Cherries Peaches Prunes and plums Nut^bearlng trees— Feet. 24 to 30 30 to 40 20 to 22 25 to 30 20 to 25 20 30 to 40 NUMBER OF TREES TO THE ACRE. Square. Triangular. Quincunx. Ten feet 436 mi 222 170 134 108 90 76 48 ■ Iff 500 347 255 195 154 126 103 86 56 831 Twelve feet 571 Fourteen feet 415 Sixteen feet 317 Eighteen feet - . - . 249 Twenty feet 193 Twentv-two feet _ 177 Twenty-four feet— . - — - im Thirty feet _ _ _ 83 Forty feet 92 Report of State Board of Horticulture. SPRAY FORMULAS. REQUISITES FOR SUCCESSFUL SPRAYING. Materials of standard strength, carefully compounded, ap- plied in thorough manner at regular intervals. Fruit thinned so that the spray liquid can reach every portion of that re- maining on the tree. INSECTICIDES. Used for codling moth larvae, caterpillars, slugs, and all biting and chewing insects. SPRAY NO. 1— ARSENITE OF SODA. 1 pound of white arsenic. 2 pounds of sal soda.* 1 gallon of water. Directions — Boil fifteen minutes, add amount of water equal to that evaporated, giving one gallon of arsenite of soda. For fifty gallons of water use one and a half pints of the arsenite of soda and six pounds of freshly slaked lime. Can be used safely. SPRAY NO. 2-PARIS GREEN. 1 pound paris green, i pound quick lime. 200 gallons water. Slake the lime in part of the water, sprinkling in the paris green gradually, then add the rest of the water. For the peach and other tender-leaved plants use three hundred gal- lons of water. Keep well stirred while syraying. SPRAY NO. 3— ARSENITE OF LIME. 1 pound white arsenic. 2 pounds fresh burned lime. 1 gallon water. * In Western Oregon, and moist sections, use three instead of two pounds of sal soda. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 93 Boil together for forty-five minutes and keep in a tight ves- sel. Add one quart of this to a barrel (fifty gallons) of water for use. This insecticide has been recommended by a number of ex- periment stations. INSECTS THAT SUCK THE JUICES OF FRUIT OR TREES. SPRAY SO. 4-SULPHUR, LIME, AND SALT. Oregon Foi-mula. 50 pounds unslaked lime. 50 pounds flower of sulphur. 25 pounds common salt.* Slake the lime in enough water to do it thoroughly ; add the sulphur and boil for an hour at least, adding water if necessary. Then add the salt and boil fifteen minutes more. Add water to make one hundred and fifty gallons and spray hot through a coarse nozzle. SPRAY NO. 5— SULPHUR, LIME, AND SALT. MarlaWs Formula, {from Smith). 30 pounds unslaked lime. 30 pounds sulphur. 15 pounds salt. 60 gallons water. Boil with steam for four hours and apply hot. SPRAY NO. 6— WHALE-OIL SOAP, OR QUASSIA CHIPS. Boil one pound of soap dissolved in four gallons of water ; or, boil for two hours one pound of quassia chips ; add water to extract to make four gallons. FUNGICIDES. SPRAY NO. 7-BORDEAUX MIXTURE. 6 pounds copper sulphate (blue vitriol) . 6 pounds lime (unslaked) . 50 gallons water. Dissolve the copper in hot or cold water, using a wooden or earthen vessel. Slake the lime in a tub, adding the water ♦Exhaustive experiments at Illinois station prove that spray No. 4 will be more effective by substituting for the salt one and one half pounds sulphate of copper for each fifty gallons of water. 94 Report of State Board of Horticulture. cautiously and only in sufficient amount to insure thorough slaking. After thorough slaking more water can be added and stirred in until it has the consistency of thick cream. When both are cold pour the lime into the diluted copper so- lution of required strength, straining it through a fine mesh sieve or gunny cloth, and thoroughly mix. It is then ready for use. Considerable trouble has fre- quently been experienced in preparing the bordeaux mixture. Care should be taken that the lime is of good quality and well burned, and has not been air slaked. Where small amounts of lime are slaked it is advisable to use hot water. The lime should not be allowed to become dry in slaking, neither should it become entirely submerged in water. Lime slakes best when supplied with just enough water to develop a large amount of heat, which renders the process active. If the amount of lime is insufficient, there is danger of burning tender foliage. In order to obviate this the mixture can be tested with a knife blade or with ferro-cyanide of potassium (one ounce to five or six ounces of water) . If the amount of lime is insufficient, copper will be deposited on the knife blade, while a deep brownish-red color will be imparted to the mixture when ferro-cyanide of potassium is added. Lime should be added until neither reaction occurs. A slight ex- cess of lime, however, is desirable. The bordeaux mixture is best when first prepared. Stock solutions of lime and copper can be made and mixed when required. SPRAY NO. 8— BORDEAUX MIXTURE WHEN TREES ARE IN FOLIAGE. 3 pounds of sulphate of copper. 6 pounds of lime. 50 gallons of water. SPRAY NO. 9— COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTION. (Strong solution for dormant trees). 1 pound of copper sulphate. 25 gallons of water. SPRAY NO. 10— COPPER SULPHATE FOR SUMMER SPRAY. 4 ounces of copper sulphate. 50 gallons of water. Report of State Board of Horticulture. 95 SPRAY NO. 11— FORMALIX. (FOR POTATO SCAB.) 8 ounces formalin (forty per cent solution) 15 gallons of water. Immerse seed potatoes for two hours. (Not poisonous.) COMBINED FUNGICIDE AND INSECTICIDE SPRAYS. SPRAY NO. 12. 4 ounces of paris green. 50 gallons of bordeaux mixture. SPRAY NO. 13. li pints of arsenite of lime. 50 gallons of bordeaux mixture. {See Formula No. 3.) SPRAY NO. U. li pints of arsenite of soda. 50 gallons of water. (See Formula No. 1.) FOR ROSE MILDEW, RED SPIDER, AND PLANT LICE. 1 pound bar ivory soap. 15 gallons of water. Apply warm, as it thickens after cooling. 96 Report of State Board of Horticulture. SPRAY CALENDAR. Apples. Apple scab Bitter rot First application. Use spray No. 9 before buds swell- Codling mot Scale Aphis Apple canker or dead spot Collar rot or mush- room disease Cherry. Aphis Cherry slug Gummosis Fears. Scale, codling moth, and scab Leaf blight Feach. Curl leaf Raspberries, Blackber- ries, Dewberries. Rust and anthracnose. This disease may be treated in essen- tially the same way as scab. As the liitter-rot fungus often continues its destructive work after the fruit is har- vested, care should be taken in stor- ing to remove all fruit showing ev - dence of the disease. Use No. 1 or No. 2 one week after blos- soms fall Use No. mant. 4 or No. 5 when trees are dor- Cut all dead and diseased tissue, clean and wash with bordeaux mixture. Dig a trench around the tree, cuttiug off all roots, as the disease is communi- cated from tree to tree through the i-oots; destroy all affected trees. "When aphis appear use spray No. 6. When fruit has set, if slug appears, dust leaves with air-slaked lime. Cut out gum pockets, split outer bark from roots to branches when sap be- gins to flow; wash with bordeaux mix- ture. Use same sprays as for apple. Use spray No. 8. Spray with No. 7 before buds open- Use No. 8 as buds begin swelling. Use either No. 12 or No. 13 just before blossoms open. Subsequent applications. Use spray No. 8 when buds are swelling. Repeat at intervals of two weeks, up to within three weeks of harvest. Use No. 6 whenever aphis appear on fo- liage. Spray with No. 8 after blossoms fall. Note.— Bordeaux mixture is a sovereign preventive for all fungous growths, using the modified form when trees are in foliage. Note.— Lime should always be fresh slaked and the combined fungicide and insecti- cide sprays should be used soon after making. RESOLUTIONS OF RESPECT. Whereas, our brother commissioner and fellow-worker Emile Schanno, having completed his earthly labors and gone to his last rest ; be it Resolved, that we, the members of the State Board of Horti- culture, do sincerely mourn his loss, and feel that in his death the State of Oregon has lost a faithful and worthy citizen, and the fruit growers an ardent helper, and we, personally, an esteemed member of the board, whose courtesies were always helpful. We extend our sympathies to the bereaved family, and move that these resolutions be placed on the minutes and become a part of the official records. W. K. NEWELL, A. H. CARSON, . Committee. i ■-^•^ THE LATE EMILE SCHANNO, COM. 4TH DISTRICT— 1902. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. With the publication of this volume the labors of the writer as president of the Oregon State Board of Horticulture will practically cease. For the past six years he has been identified with the hor- ticultural interests of the state, three years as president of the State Horticultural Society and a like term and relation with the State Board of Horticulture. These positions have been profitable only in the sense that they brought him in contact with better pomologists than himself, thereby adding to his own scant store of knowledge. He has also greatly enjoyed the social fellowship of the pro- fessors of the experiment stations and of leading fruit growers of Oregon and adjacent states, and when he recalls these pleasant associations he forgives the gentlemen who induced him to accept these positions. To Secretaries Dosch and Lamberson, for prompt and in- valuable services, to the commissioners of our five horticul- tural districts for earnest and intelligent co-operation, to the press, which has popularized the papers and bulletins of this board, to the Southern Pacific and Oregon Railway and Nav- igation Companies, for courtesies that practically supple- mented the modest appropriation of the state, and to our fruit growers, whose hospitality he has enjoyed, and who have taught him much, he would make grateful acknowledgment. E. L. SMITH. Hood River, Januarv, 1903. APPENDIX BACK ON THE FARM. When the roar of the city comes up from the street, There rises a vision ineffably sweet Of a scene far away, of a dear, tranquil spot — My old childhood home that shall ne'er be forgot. It is long, long ago since I bade it good-by, With a quivering lip, with a tear in my eye. And through all the years that have passed comes the charm Of those olden, those golden days back on the farm. Do the violets there in the meadow still grow? Does the little brook still through its leafy haunts flow? Are the fields just as green, are the forests as cool? Do the minnows still shimmer and flash in the pool? Ah, that dear scene, the fairest I ever looked on, I know is unchanged, though some loved ones are gone. It has still the old grace, it has still the old charm, With the world at its happiest, back on the farm. Some day when this struggle, this turmoil, shall cease, And, weary, I long for a haven of peace. May fate guide my footsteps again to the place The mem'ry of which time can never efface. Let me pass in its calm the last years of my life, Far away from the town with its feverish strife. May the old roof-tree shelter me, safe from all harm, While I rest, like a tired child, back on the farm. — Malcolm Douglas. Appendix. 99 REVISED CATALOGUE OF FRUITS RECOMMENDED FOR CULTIVATION IN THE VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE BRITISH PROVINCES BY THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. REVISED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE bOCIETY. W. H. Ragan, Chairman. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C, June 15, 1899. Sir: In my letter of transmittal of August 18, 1897, accompanying the matter embraced in Bulletin No. 6 of this division, the mutual arrange- ment that had been entered into between the Department of Agriculture and the American Pomological Society was fully set forth. The relation- ship thus established still exists, and the bulletin has been carefully re- vised and compiled for publication under the joint auspices of the so- ciety and the division. I now, therefore, have. the honor to submit to you this revision and trust that you may authorize its early publication. As heretofore this revision has been made by a regularly appointed committee of the American Pomological Society, of which Prof. W. H. Ragan is chairman, and Mr. T. T. Lyon, Prof. E. J. Wickson, Prof. C. S. Crandall, Mr. Silas Wilson, and Mr. L. A. Berckmans are members. Owing to the varied conditions of soil, climate, and elevation of the Pacific coast region it was thought advisable to make special investiga- tion of the pomological conditions in that section, and Prof. E. J. Wick- son, of California, was accordingly appointed a special agent of this di- vision for that purpose, and to him special credit is due for his valuable services rendered. While it is manifestly impossible to construct a general fruit list that will constitute an infallible guide to the planter, it is hoped an4 believed that this revised catalogue of fruits will be of service to him in the selec- tion of varieties adapted to his own locality. With the above explanations I have the honor to recommend the pub- lication of this catalogue as Bulletin No. 8 of this division. Very respectfully, G. B. BRACKETT, Pomologist. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. In accordance with agreement, publication as recommended is hereby authorized. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. 100 Report of State Board of Horticulture. INTRODUCTION. The revised Catalogue of Fruits prepared under the joint auspices of the American Pomological Society and the division of pomology of the United States Department of Agriculture is herewith submitted. In making this revision the chairman of the committee on revision has availed himself of the experience of his able predecessor, Hon. T. T. Lyon, and. through correspondence, of many practical pomologists. Many sources of information have been sought and repeated efforts have been made to secure accurate and conservative opinion on the merits of varieties and their adaptability to the several districts. But notwithstanding these ef- forts the chairman of your committee is aware that this revision is not without defects. The highest aim and desire of your committee has been to present re- liable data concerning the behavior of varieties in various sections of our country. If this desire has not been realized it has been largely due to the difficulties experienced in outlining districts sufficiently homogeneous in soil, climate, and other important features, and in securing responses to the numerous inquiries sent out to practical fruit growers. While these diffi- culties have been quite real, it is yet due the fruit growers to say that they are as a class very generous in giving out information gathered through their experience. Actuated by a desire to make the work as reliable as possible and there- fore a safe guide to planters and others seeking such information, the w^ork of this revision has been done at Washington, where easy access could be had to the library and records of the division of pomology as well as opportunity for frequent consultations with the pomologist and his corps of assistants. All uncertainties of origin, nomenclature, etc., have been carefully investigated with a view to arriving at correct con- clusions. The general plan of the catalogue is based on that of its immediate pred- ecessor, which was largely the work of that eminent pomologist, the former chairman of your committee on revision, Hon. T. T. Lyon, of Mich- igan. The districts have been somewhat changed in boundaries and in- creased in number, in order, if possible, to conform more closely to prac- tical as well as scientific principles. The map has also been enlarged and the boundaries of the districts made more distinct. In view of the lack of knowledge on the part of any but a resident ex- pert concerning the behavior of varieties and the true status of fruit grow- ing in that section of our country bordering on the Pacific coast, Prof. E. J. Wickson, of the University of California, was appointed by the pomolo- ' gist to prepare that portion of the catalogue which is embraced in dis- tricts Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19, and this revision is based almost wholly on his report. The thanks of your committee are extended to Professor Wickson for his valuable services. The list of public-spirited fruit growers generously contributing assist- ance is too large to attempt individual acknowledgment, but on behalf of the society and its committee, I feel bound to refer especially to the in- valuable aid of Colonel Brackett and his able assistant, Mr. William A. Taylor. Respectfully submitted, W. H. RAGAN, Chairman. Appendix. 101 PLAN OF THE CATALOGUE. This catalogue embraces species and varieties of fruits and nuts recom- mended for cultivation in the United States and the British American provinces. These are arranged alphabetically in three divisions, as fol- lows: Division 1. Species and varieties mainly adapted to culture in the Northern and Middle states of the Union and in adjacent portions of the British provinces. Division 2. More southern, tropical, and subtropical species and vari- eties. Division 3. Species indigenous and introduced, not included in the fore- going, which have not deviated under cultivation so far from their original types as to have deserved varietal names. The entire territory represented is divided into nineteen pomological districts, with little regard to state or provincial boundaries, but with primary reference to the influence of latitude, elevation, prevailing winds, and oceanic and lacustrine exposures upon their adaption to pomological pursuits (see map). Size and quality, as usually expressed in pomological phraseology, are stated in the tabulations of varieties upon the scale of 1 to 10, as follows: SCALE OF SIZE AND QUALITY. Size. Very small Small Small to medium Medium Medium to large- Large Very large Scale. Quality. 1 Very poor. '2-H Poor. 3-4 Poor to good. 5-6 Good to very good. 7-8 Very good. i^9 Very good to best. 10 Best. District No. 1. — Maine above five hundi'ed feet elevation; New Hamp- shire, Vermont, and New York north of latitude forty-four degrees; Onta- rio north of Lake Simcoe and east of longitude eighty degrees; Quebec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edwards Island. The dominant natural fea- ture of this district is the St. Lawrence valley. Many of the hardier fruits flourish within its borders. District No. 2. — Nova Scotia; Maine below five hundred feet elevation; New Hampshire and Vermont south of latitude forty-four degrees; Massa- chusetts; Rhode Island; Connecticut; New York south of latitude forty- four degrees, except Long Island; northern New Jersey above five hun- dred feet elevation; Pennsylvania east of the Susquehanna river and above five hundred feet elevation, north of latitude forty-one degrees west to the Allegheny river, and all of that portion of the state lying 102 Report of State Board of Horticulture. north of the Ohio river; Ohio and Indiana north of latitude forty degrees; and the lower peninsula of Michigan. The Annapolis valley of Nova Sco- tia, the North Atlantic coast, the lake region of western New York, 01;io, and Michigan, and the Hudson river valley are the leading features of district No. 2. This may be considered the northern grape, peach, and winter apple district. District No. 3. — Long Island; New Jersey, except a small portion north; eastern Pennsylvania below five hundred feet elevation; Delaware; and Maryland and Virginia below five hundred feet elevation. This is the Delaware and Chesapeake Bay district. Though a small district, its pro- ductive capacity is great of the fruits that succeed within its borders. District No. 4. — Pennsylvania above five hundred feet elevation and south of latitude forty-one degrees; Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama above five hundred feet elevation; West Virginia; Tennessee and Kentucky; Ohio and Indiana south of latitude forty degrees; southern Illinois below the general ele- vation of five hundred feet, from the Wabash to the Mississippi; Missouri south of a line from near St. Louis and along the elevation of one thou- sand feet to the southeast corner of Kansas; Oklahoma below two thou- sand feet elevation; Indian Territory; and Arkansas north of latitude thirty-five degrees, also south of it wherever the elevation exceeds five hundred feet. The Allegheny and the Ozark mountains and the valleys of the Ohio, the Tennessee, and the Cumberland, and portions of the Wa- bash, the Mississippi, and the Arkansas rivers are embraced within this district. Portions of it are noted fruit regions, while throughout its vast territory the hardier deciduous fruits flourish. Many of the varieties rec- ommended succeed best in certain localities within the district. An ex- ception to the general character of the district occurs in those portions of Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and southeastern Missouri lying near the Mississippi river, where varieties adapted to culture in districts 5 and 7 generally succeed. District No. 5.— Eastern North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia below five hundred feet elevation; and Florida north of latitude thirty degrees east of the Chattahoochee river and above one hundred feet ele- vation. This district embraces the southern Atlantic seaboard, with its many frith-like indentations and valleys. The climate is generally mild, and within its borders many of the more tender deciduous fruits flourish. District No. 6.— Florida south of latitude thirty degrees, and the re- maining portions of the state with elevations below one hundred feet, and those portions of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, lying below the one hundred-foot contour line as it skirts the coast from Florida to the Rio Grande. This is the Southern Peninsula and the Gulf Coast district. The successful culture of citrous and other subtropical fruits and nuts is restricted to the peninsula portion of Florida and to the delta of the Mississippi. Tropical species are only recommended for that portion of Florida lying south of latitude twenty-seven degrees, and are indicated by the letter "s" in connection with the starring. Appendix. 103 District No. 7. — Florida west of the Cliattahoochee river and above one hundred feet elevation, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas above one hundred and below five hundred feet elevation; and Texas south of Red river and above one hundred and below one thousand feet elevation. This may be denominated the valley district. It embraces portions of the Chattahoochee, Alabama, Pearl, Mississippi, Arkansas, Red, Sabine, Colorado, and Rio Grande valleys. The climate in the eastern and larger portion is warm and moist, in the extreme west more dry and tend- ing toward aridity. A wide range of the more tender varieties and species is adapted to culture in the district. District No. 8. — Illinois north of the five hundred-foot contour line as it crosses the state between thirty-eight degrees and thirty-nine degrees latitude; a small portion of southwest Wisconsin; Iowa south of about latitude forty-two degrees, thirty minutes; the Missouri river valley por- tion of southeastern South Dakota; Nebraska and Kansas below two thou- sand feet elevation; and Missouri north of a line drawn from near St. Louis and along the elevation of one thousand feet to the southeast cor- near of Kansas. The Missouri and Mississippi valley sections of the dis- trict are its dominant features. The hardy deciduous fruits succeed in most portions, and commercial fruit growing is a rapidly developing in- dustry. District No. 9. — Wisconsin except the southwest corner; Minnesota; up- per Michigan; Iowa north of about latitude forty-two degrees thirty min- utes; North and South Dakota east of longitude ninety-nine degrees; and the British provinces west of longitude eighty degrees and east of longi- tude ninety-nine degrees. This district embraces the upper lakes, in- cluding Winnipeg, the Upper Mississippi, and the Red river valleys. Only the hardier fruits succeed, but fair progress has been made in recent years in developing varieties adapted to this region. District No. 10. — Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma above two thousand feet elevation; Texas above two thousand feet elevation and north of Red river and latitude thirty-five degrees; also Colorado below five thousand feet. This is the central plain and foot hill district. It lies on the east- ern slope of the Continental divide. There are small sections, especially in eastern Colorado, where the apple and other hardy fruits are very suc- cessfully grown. District No. 11. — Texas above one thousand feet and south of Red river and latitude thirty-five degrees; and east of longitude one hundred and three degrees and the Pecos and Rio Grande rivers. This may be ac- cepted as an extension southward of District No. 10, with very similar con- ditions but a warmer and more southern climate. District No. 12. — Texas west of longitude one hundred and three degrees and the Pecos river, and New Mexico south of latitude thirty-five degrees. The Pecos and Rio Grande valleys are the characteristic features of this district. Considerable effort at growing fruit, especially the apple and the hardier vinifera grapes, is being made in many localities. 104 Report of State Board of Horticulture. District No. 13. — New Mexico and Arizona north of latitude thirty-five degrees; Utah; and Colorado above five thousand feet elevation. This district embraces the Continental Divide and the Great Salt Lake, and it also embraces the valley and canyon of the Colorado and the sources of the important streams south of the Missouri and Yellowstone. It af- fords a great diversity of soils and climatic conditions, and hence a wide range of fruit growing. The species successfully grown within the bound- aries of this district range from the vinifera grapes to the hardy ironclad apples. District No. 14. — The Dakotas west of longitude ninety-nine degrees; Wyoming; Montana east of longitude one hundred and eleven degrees; and the British provinces lying between longitude ninety-nine and one hun- dred and eleven degrees. The upper Missouri and Yellowstone valleys are the distinctive features of the district. There is perhaps no section of the district in which fruitgrowing has reached a very high state of develop- ment. Leading causes of this condition may be found in the compara- tively undeveloped, or unsettled, state of the country and its great ele- vation. District No. 15. — British America west of longitude one hundred and eleven degrees and east of longitude one hundred and twenty-two degrees; Montana west of longitude one hundred and eleven degrees; Idaho; Ne- vada; and Washington, Oregon, and California east of the general coast contour line of one thousand feet elevation, commencing at the British boundary near longitude one hundred and twenty-two degrees and south- ward on said elevation to its intersection of the Southern Pacific railway in the upper Willamette valley, thence along the line of said railway to the Sacramento valley, thence east and south on the eastern rim of said valley and that of the San Joaquin at an elevation of one thousand feet to latitude thirty-five degrees, thence east on said latitude to the Colorado river. The characteristic features of this district are the upper Colum- bia valley and the Sierra Nevada mountains. An exception to the gen- eral recommendation will appear in certain portions of Snake river val- ley, where the vinifera grapes and other tender fruits succeed. District No. 16. — The coast section of British America west of longitude one hundred and twenty-two degrees and of Washington, Oregon, and California north of about latitude thirty-nine degrees thirty minutes, and bounded on the east by districts Nos. 15 and 17. This district embraces the highly developed fruitgrowing sections on Puget Sound, the lower Columbia, and the Willamette. District No. 17. — The Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, bounded on the east by district No. 15, and on the west by the western rim of this great interior basin. The diversified fruit and nut products of this dis- trict are marvelous. There are localities in which the semitropical species and others in which the apple, pear, and other hardy fruits and nuts are grown to the highest perfection. Appendix. 105 District No. 18. — The coast section of California lying between latitude thirty-five degrees and about thirty-nine degrees thirty minutes and bounded on the east by district No. 17. Its characteristic features are the Coast range of mountains, the Russian river, the Sonoma, the Santa Clara, and the Pajaro valleys. District No. 19. — California and Arizona south of latitude thirty-five degrees. The dominant characteristics are the valleys of the Gila, the Colorado, the San Gabriel, and the Santa Ana and the Sierra Madre moun- tains. It includes the celebrated fruit districts of Santa Ana, Riverside, Santa Barbara, the Salt river valley, San Diego, and many others. Districts 16, 17, 18, and 19 are peculiarly adapted to fruit and nut cul- ture. Perhaps no portion of the earth's surface is more highly favored in climate and soil and affords a wider range of crop products than that lying within the boundaries of these four districts. The commercial value of the fruit and nut products of this section are already felt and recog- nized the world over. 106 Report of State Board of Horticulture. REVISED CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. This division includes such cultivated species, commonly designated "hardy" fruits and nuts, as have developed distinct varieties which are propagated on a commercial scale by some of the various methods of bud propagation. FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. [Key.— Size, scale 1 to 10 : 1, very small ; 10, very large. Form : c, conical ; i, irregu- lar; o, oblate; ob, oblong; ov, ovate; r, round. Color: d, dark; g, green ; r, red ; ru, russet; s, striped; w, white; y, yellow. Flavor: a, acid; m, mild; s, sweet. Quality, scale 1 to 10: 1, very poor; 10, best. Season: e, early ; m, medium ; 1, late; v, very. Use: c, cider; d, dessert; k, kitchen ; m, market. Abbreviations of names of places of origin : Am., America; Eng., England ; Eur., Europe; Fr., France; Ger., Germany; Holl., Hol- land; Ont., Ontario; Rus., Russia; Scot., Scotland.] APPLES. (P. MALU8.) Alexander Anisim Antonovka Arctic Arkansas (Arkansaw, Mammoth Black Thviff) Arnold Autumn Bough Autumn Swaar Babbitt {Western Baldwin) Bailey Sweet Baker Baldwin Beach { Richardson's Red, Apple of Com- merce) Belmont ( Waxen) Belle Bonne Ben Davis Benoni Bentley Bethel Bietigheimer Black, Jersey Bledsoe Blenheim Blue Pearmain Bogdanotr Bonum Borovinka Bough, Sweet Bradford (Kentucky Redstreak) Broad well Bryan, Mrs Buckingham [Pall Queen) Bullock (American Oolden Russet) Buncombe (Red Winter Pearmain) ('a mack Canada Baldwin Canada Reinette Cannon Pearmain Carlough Carolina Beauty Charter Blue I'hamplain (Nyack) Charlamoff ( 'henango ( "hristmas Clark Pearmain Description. Size. Form. Color. 9-10 4-5 6 7-8 7-8 5-6 5-6 6-7 5-6 8-9 8-9 7-8 7-8 6-7 7-8 6-9 4-6 5-6 7 8-10 5-6 7-8 8-9 8-9 6-7 5-6 6 7-8 5-6 6 7-8 6-8 .3-4 5-6 5-6 5-6 7-8 5-6 7-8 5-6 6-7 7 .5-6 6-7 4-5 5-6 Flavor. Quality Season Use. Origin. CO re ovc re ro o re re r r roc roc ob re rov rov ro ra oc oe ro o roc re ov o rob re re oc c oe oc robe re rov oei re re rob ro rob re obe r roc yrs yr y yr yr yr gy yrw r r yr yr r yr gy yrs yrs ygr ys wgr dr s yrs drs ry yr yrs y yrs yr or gyr yru wyr yrg r gru yrs gy dr gr yr grs yr yrs gyr a m ma m m s m s m m m m m s m m ma m m ma s m s m m m s m m m m a m a m 7-8 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 7-8 5-6 5-6 9 9 8-9 4-5 8-9 5-6 8-9 4 4-6 7 4 6 6-7 6 7 7-8 4 7 9 7-8 8-9 4-5 4 5-6 7-8 4-5 5-6 7 5-6 5-6 6 8 6 5-6 m m m 1 1 1 m em 1 1 1 1 vl 1 1 I e vl 1 em 1 me ml 1 1 ml em e 1 1 me 1 1 ml 1 1 1 vl 1 1 m em e e m m km dm km km km dm d d dkm dm cm km m d km m d k m m d km km dm dkm d km d dm dk dkm km d dm dk k dm dni m km d dm dm dm dk dm Rus. Rus. Rus. N. Y, Ark. Ont. Am. Am. Mo. N. Y. Conn. Mass. Ark. Pa. Fr. Ky. Mass. Va. Vt. Ger. N.J. Te.x. Eng. Am. Rus. N. C. Rus. Am. Tenn. Ohio. Ga. Va. N.J. N. C. N. C. Can. Fr. ? N. C. N. Y. N. C. Ala. N. Y. Rus. N. Y. Rus. N. C. Appendix. 10' APPLKS— Continued. Description. Name. Clayton Clyde Beauty Coffswell Collins {Champion) Colton, Early Cooper Cooper Market Cornell Fancy Cracking Cross CuUasaga Danvers Sweet Derby Domine Donneghan Doyle Dutch Mlgnonne Dyer {Pomme Royal) Early Cooper Early Harvest Early Joe Early Pennoek Early Ripe Early Strawberry English Russet Esopus Spitzenburg Evening Party Ewalt Fallawater (Thilpehocken) Fall Harvey Fall Jenneting Fall Orange Fall Pippin Fall Wine Fameuse (Snow) Family Fanny Farrar {Robin.son Superb) Fink Foundling Fulton Gano Garden Royal Garfleld (iarrettson -7 5-6 6-7 5-6 5-6 4-6 5-6 7-8 6-7 Millboy I 6-7 Milwaukee Minister Minkler Missouri Pippin Monmouth (Red Cheek Pippin', Moore Sweet Mother Munson Nansemond Nero 7 6 7-8 7-8 5-6 6-6 5-6 5-6 7-8 6-7 4-5 5-6 6-7 8-9 7-8 6-7 5-6 4-5 5-6 1-2 7-8 7-8 5-6 5-6 7-8 6-7 7-8 6-7 5-6 Form. Color, Flavor. Quality Newell Newton Spitzenburg Nickajack Northern Spy Northfield Northwestern Greening. Nottingham Brown Noyes, Doctor Oconee Ogle ( Winter Snow) Ohio Nonpareil 6-7 5-6 7-8 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 7-8 5-6 8-9 8-9 .5-6 8-9 8 6-7 8-9 5-6 o c rob r oc roc ro re c re roe ro r ro rob ci oci obi o rob re ro re ro ore roc re ro ob ob r ro ro ro roe ro rob o re oe ro ro o re roc ro roe re ro oe re re oc ro re o roc ro rob oe oc roc ro re ob ro ro ro r ywr r yr yrs yrs grs yr grs wrs wyr y y gyr ys gyr yr yro rs yr ygr grc yr wrs r y g gyr y we y y ys ygr r nyr yrs yr yrs yr yr yrs yg yr yr yr yr yr yrs r yrs yrs gyr yrs yr r yr yr yrs r yrs yrs yrs yrs rys gy yr ry yr r yr s m s m m m in a m ni m s m m m m m m m m m m m m m s m m in m m s m s m m m m m m m m m m m 7-8 5-6 7-8 8-9 8 6-7 8-9 4 4-6 3-4 4-6 7 3-4 7-8 5-6 5-6 3-4 6 6-7 6-8 7-8 3-4 5-6 5-6 6-7 7-9 3-6 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 4-5 5-7 6-7 5-6 5-6 4-5 7-8 5-6 5-6 6-8; 4-5 5-6 5-6 7-8 3^ 4-6 7-8 6-7. 5-6 5-6 6-8 3-4 6-8 5-6 8-9 5-6 4-5 5-6 5-6 7-8 4-5 8-9 6-8 6 8 8 4-5 7-8 Season Use. Origin. e me 1 1 8 em 1 1 me e ve 1 1 m vl em 1 e vl 1 1 1 vl m vl vl e vl e 1 e 6 e 1 1 ml m m 1 e vl m vl e 1 ml 1 1 1 me 1 ml 1 1 1 1 ml ml 1 1 1 1 1 ml me 1 1 e m vl m dm km km dm d dk d dkm km d em d km k dm k dk km dk dm dk dm m d dm dkm dm m k d km km km m dm dm d dm dkm km dkm d mk d d mk k mk dm d km dm m m dm k d k dk km km d m dkm dkm km dkm mdk dk dkm dm Mo. Wis. Mass. Pa. N.J. N. H. N. Y. Minn. N. C. Ger. N. C. Wis. Eng. N. C. Eng. Tenn. Am. Pa. Fr. N. Y. Md. N. Y. N. Y. Mo. Pa. Del. N. C. Rus. Ont. Am. Am. Rus. Ky. N. C. Ont. Conn. Wis. Vt. N. J. Vt. Ala. N. Y. Eng. Va. Md. N. C. s. c. N. Y. W. Va Wis. Mass. Pa. Mo. N.J. Am. Mass. Mass. Va. N. J. ? Wis. N. Y. «a. N. Y. Vt. Wis. Pa. Am. Ga. 111. Ohio. Appendix. 109 APPLES— Continued. Ifame, Ohio Pippin (STiannon) Oltabeiia Oldenburg, Duchess of Oliver {Senator) Onlario Ortley Parajjon Patten Greeninp Peach of Montreal Pease, Walter Peek Pleasant Peerless Perfection Perry Russet Peter Pewaukee Plumb Cider Poiniue Gris Porter Primate Pryor Red Pumpkin Sweet (Pound Sweet}- Quince, Oole Ralls Genet (Janet, JS'ever/ail)-. Rambo 1 Ramsdell Sweet Raspberry Red Astraehan Red Canada Red June, Carolina Red Stripe Repka Malenka Rhode Island Greening Ribston Ridge Pippin RoUe (Macomber) Ronianite, South Roman Stem Rome Beauty Roxbury Russell Russian Baldwin Salome Saint Johnsbury Saint Lawrence Scott Winter Shiawassee Shocklev Smith Cider Smokehouse Sops of Wine Stark Starkey Stayman Winesap Stephenson Sterling (American Beauty) Summer King Summer Pearmain Summer Queen Summer Rose Sutton Swaar Swazy Pomme Gris Sweet Winesap Switzer Taunton Description. 8-9 5 5-6 7 5 7-.S 7-S 8-9 5-0 8-9 7-8 5 7-8 5-6 7-8 8-9 5-6 3-4 7-8 5-6 5-6 8-9 7-8 5-6 5-6 7-8 3-1 7-8 5-6 iM 5-6 3-4 8-9 5-6 7-8 7-8 3-4 5-6 8-9 5-6 Terry Winter Tetofski Titovka Tolman Sweet --- Tompkins King- 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5 5-6 3-4 6-7 6-7 5-6 8-9 7-S 8-9 5-6 8-9 7-8 5-6 6-7 4-5 6-7 7-8 2-4 5-6 5-6 7-8 2-3 5-6 7-8 5-6 8-9 ro rob o ob rob re r re rob ro or r re r ro re ro obc re oi r ro CO o obc obi re oc ovc obc re ro r rci o re r re ro rov or rob r oc re o re roe ro r robe ocr re rob re ro re re r roc ro ro oc r oc re roc oci ro roc yr rs yrs r wyr gyr yr y yrs rys yr s yrs yru gy yrs yrs yrur y»" yr gyr gw y yrs wyr r r rgy yr rs wrs rs gy yr yru yrs yr wyr yrs yru yr grs yr yrs yrs rs wrs yr yrs yr yr yrs ys r yrs yr yrs rru yrs yrs yrs gy or r wr yrs yr yrs yrs y yi's Flavor. (Quality a 5-6 4-6 a 4-5 7-S a 6 m 7-8 ni 8 5-6 i m 0-6 7-S m 7-8 5-6 5-6 m 5-(i m 6-7 m 4-5 m 5-6 m 8-9 m 8-9 m 9 m 7-9 s 5-6 a 5-6 in 6-7 m 7-8 1 s 6-7 6-7 a 5-6 m 8-9 m 6-7 ! m 5-6 i m 5 a 7-8 a 7-8 m 5-6 m *^ m 6-7 m 8-9 m 6-7 m 6-7 7-9 1 7-8 7-8 s 7-8 m 6-7 a 5-7 m 7-8 m 5-6 ' m 5-6 ; m 6-7 ! ! ^ 5-6 i ; m 5-6 I '^^ 8 8-9 m 5-6 m 7-H m 6-7 m 9-10 a 5-6 m 6-7 1 m 7-S : 1 m 7-S am 8-9 s 6-7 : m 6-7 a 5-6 5-6 a 4-5 m 5-6 s 6 7 m 8-9 1 ml me e ml e ml 1 ml 1 me 1 1 me ml m 1 m ml 1 m 1 m 1 1 ml e 1 ml 1 1 1 e em e ve 1 1 1 1 e m 1 e m 1 1 km km 1 km m m dm din km dm dk dkm ra km dk km km dm d em I dm e d 1 dk ml k e k vl m m dk m km me km e km 1 dm ve dm e km Im k 1 dkm 1 dk 1 m m dkm 1 d 1 dk ml dkm 1 km e d 1 dkm vl dkm dkm dm km dkm dm km k d m dkm mdk dm d dk d km d dm d dm dk k k dm m km km dm Ohio. Minn. Rus. Ark. Ont. N.J. Tenn. Iowa. Fr. Conn. R. I. Minn. Iowa. N. Y. Minn. Wis. Wis. Eur.? Mass. N. Y. Va. Conn.. Me. Fr. Pa. Am. Rus. Rus. Am. N. C. Ind. Rus. R. I. Eng. Pa.? Me. Am.? N. J. Ohio. Mass. Am. Rus. 111. Vt. Am. Vt. Mich. Ga. Pa. Pa. Eur. ? Ohio. Me. Kans. Miss. Mass. N. C. Am. Am. N.J. Mass. N. Y. Can. Pa. Rus. (Ala.? JGa.? Ga. Rus. Rus. R.I. N.J. liO Report of State Board of Horticulture. APPLES— Concluded. Name. Townsend Trenton Early Twenty-Ounce {Cayuga Redstreak) Utter Vandevere Vanhoy Virg-lnia Greening Wagener Wal bridge (Edgar Redstreak) W iiahinirlon Strawberry Watson Carolina Wealthy Westfleld Seek-no-furiher Wetmore Whinery White Juneating { Yelloiv May) White Pearmain ( ir. W. Pearmain) White Pigeon White Pippin Williams Favorite Willow Twig M'indsor Wine Hays Winesap Winter St. Lawrence Wistal Wolf River Wythe Yates Yellow Bellflower Yellow June Yellow Newtown (Albemarle) Yellow Transparent Yopp York Imperial (Johnson's Fine Winter) Description. Size. Form. Color. Flavor Qvality Season^ Use. Origin. 5-6 DC yrs m 6-7 1 dm Pa. 6-7 CI yg m 7-8 6 km Am. 9-10 r yrs m 6-7 ml km Conn. 7-8 r yr 6-7 m dm Am. 5-« o yrs m 6-6 ml km Del. 8-9 ro yrs 6-7 1 dm N. C. S-9 o gyr m 5-6 1 m Am. 6-7 ro yrs m 7-8 1 dm N. Y. 5-6 oc yrs m 5-6 1 m 111. 8-9 oc yrs m 7-8 e dm N. Y. 8-9 oc grs m 5-6 e d Am. 6-7 ro yrs m 6-7 m dkm Minn. 5-6 re gr ni 8-9 ml dm Conn. 5-6 r r 7-8 1 dk Tenn. 6-7 re rs 5-6 1 kin Ohio. 4-5 r yr 6-7 6 d 5-6 robe yr in 8-9 1 dm Am. 5-6 re ruy s 6-7 me dk Rus. 7-8 ro wyr m 8-9 1 dm Am. 5-6 robe r m 6-7 e dm Mass. 6-7 roc yr m 5-6 vl m Va. ? 5-6 r yr m 6 ml m Wis. 7-8 ro yr m 6-7 1 dm Del 5-6 rob yr a 7-8 vl dkm N.J. 5-6 r rs 7-8 1 d Eng. 7-8 r y 7-8 me km Tex. 9-10 ro wrs m 5-6 m km Wis. .5-6 oc wrs m 5-6 1 dk 111. 2-3 oc yrs m 5-6 vl m Ga. 8-9 obc yr a 8-9 1 dkm N. J. 3-4 ro y a 5-6 e dk Am. 7-8 ro yr a 9-10 vl dkna N. Y. 6-7 re wy a 5-6 6 km Rus. 8-9 re gyr m 5-6 m dk Ga. 7-8 oi yrs m 6-7 1 dm Pa. BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES. BLACKBERRIES (-K. VJLLOSUS.) (Rubus. [Key.— Size, scale 1 to 10 ; 1, very small ; 10, very large. Form : c, conical ; o, oblong ; ov, oval ; r, round. Color : b, black. Quality, scale 1 to 10 ; 1 , very poor ; 10, best. Season • e, early ; m, medium ; 1, late ; v, very. Use : d, dessert ; k, kitchen ; m, market. Abbre' viations of names of places of origin : Am., America.] Name. Agawam Allen Briton, Ancient Brunton Cran^all Dallas Early Harvest Eldorado Eric Kittatinny Lawton Minnewaska Robison Snyder Stone Taylor Triumph, Western- Wachusett Wilson Description. Size. Form. Color. Quality Season Use. Origin. 7-8 7-8 5-6 5-6 7-8 4-5 7-9 8-9 7-9 8-9 9 7-8 6-7 5 6-7 5-6 ,5 8-9 ro oc oov o ro o rov ro ov ov ro o ro ro oov oov oov b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 8-9 9-10 5 9-10 7-8 7-8 7-9 5 7-8 7-8 6 7-8 7-8 7-8 7-8 6 7 7-8 e ve m e ve m 6 e m ml m m em ml 1 1 1 e m dm dm m dm dkm dm dkm m d m din km dm d d d d m Am. Pa. Wis. Am. Tex. ? Tex. 111. Ohio. Pa. N.J. N. Y. N. Y. Tex. Ind. Wis. Ind. Am. Mass. N.J. Appendix. Ill DEWBERRIES, (i?. CAJSTADEXSIS.) Lucre tla Mayes (Austin) . Dfsct'iption. Size. Form, Color. <}uality\ Season 9-]0 OOV b 9-10 i cov i b 6 5-6 e ve Use. dk dm Origin. W.Va Tex. CHERRIES (Cerasus.) HEARTS AND BKJARREAUS. (C. AVIUM.) [Key.— Size, scale 1 to 10 : 1, very small ; 10, very large. Form : c, compressed ; h, heart shaped; o, oblate; r, round. Color: a, amber; b, black; p, purple; r, rod; y, yellow. Quality, scale, 1 to 10: 1, very poor; 10, best. Season: e, early; ni. medium; 1, late; V, very. Use : d, dessert ; k, kitchen; m, market. Abbreviations^of names of places of origin : Am., America; Eng., England ; Eur., Europe; Fr., France; Ger., Germany; Ont., Ontario ; Rus., Russia.] Name. Bing 7-8 Black Heart C-T Centennial • 9-10 Coe Transparent 5-6 Downer 5-6 Eagle, ^/oc^• 0-7 Early Purple Ouigne 3-4 Elkhorn 8-9 Elton 8-9 Hoskins 9-10 Knight Early , 8-9 Lambert I 9-io Lewelling Mezel Napoleon {Royal . Oxheart Republican, Black. Rock port Description, Size. Form. Color. Ann)- 8-9 9-10 8-9 7-8 8-9 8-9 Spanish, Yellow I 9-10 -10 8 Tartarian, Black- Windsor Wood, Governor- Use. Origin, dm dm dm d dm dm d dm dm dm d dm dm d m dm dm dm d dm dm dm Oreg. Eur. ? Cal. Conn. Mass. Eng. (?) Eng. Oreg. Eng. Oreg. Oreg. Eur. Eur. Oreg. Ohio. Eur. Rus. Ont. Ohio. 112 Report of State Board of Horticulture. NECTARINES AND PEACHES. (Persica vulgaris.) NECTARINES. {P. VULGARIS var. L.EVIS.) [Key.— Size, scale 1 to 10: 1, very small; 10, very large. Form: c, compressed; o, oblate; ov, oval ; r, round. Color: c, creamy ■ g, green; r, red; w, white; y, yellow. Adhesion: c, cling; f, free; s, semicling. Quality, scale 1 to 10; 1, very poor "; 10, best ; Season, e, early ; m, medium ; 1, late ; v, very. Use : d, desert ; k, kitchen ; m, market. Abbreviations of names of places of origin: Am., Ameiica; Belg., Belgium; Eng., England; Eur., Europe; Fr., France.] Name. Boston Down ton Early Newington Early Violet Elruge New White Stan wick 7-8 7-8 7-8 7-8 5-6 6-7 6-7 Description. Size. Form rov rov rov r rov r rov Color. Skin. Flesh yr gr yr gr w gr y gr gwr wr g w w Adhe- sion. f f C f f f f Quality Season r>6 5-6 9-10 7-8 7-8 6-7 4-5 m ve 6 ve 1 d d d d d dm d Origin. Mass. Eng. Eng. Fr. Eng. Eng. PEACHES. (P. VULGARIS.)^ Albright Alexander Allen October Amelia Ameliaberta Angel Banner Beers Smock Bequett Cling Bequett Free Bergen Yellow Bidwell Early Bidwell Late Bllyeu Bishop Early Blood Cling Blood Free Brandywine Brigdou (Garfield) Cabler Indian Chairs Choice ._ Champion Chili, Hills Chinese Cling Columbia Connett Hovthern Early. Cox Cling Crosby Curtis Early Barnard Early China Early Crawford Early Toledo Early York Eaton Elberta Emma Family Favoi'ite Fitzgerald Forrester Foster Fox Seedling Galveston Georgia, Belle of Globe Golden Cling Greensboro 7-8 5-6 7-8 7-8 6 7-8 w wr yr wr y wr cw yr w y gw c s f f f f 7 5-6 5 7-8 7-8 1 ve 1 e dm dm dm dm dm N. C. 111. Mo. N. c; Ga. Fla. 7-8 7-8 7-8 8-9 4-6 5-6 7-8 7 8-9 8-9 8-9 5-6 8-9 7-8 7-8 5-6 9-10 7-8 8 7-8 6-7 ov roi roi r ov ov r r rov rov roi rov r r r ovc re r Ob r r yr gwr gwr yr wr wr gw w .V y ygr yr r yr or yr cwr w w gw yr yr y gw gw w •yr yr yr r yr w yr wr y g y f c f f c c f f c f f f c f f f c f s c f 5-6 6-7 6-7 8-9 5-6 7-8 6-7 8 .5-6 5-6 6 7-8 4-5 6-7 7-8 5-6 7-8 5-6 7-8 7-8 7-8 1 me me m ve 1 vl ml vl vl me m m m era me m ml m m km mk m d dk dk dkm m k k m dm k km dm m km m m dm m N.J. Tex. Tex. Am. Fla. Fla. Md. Cal. Am. Am. Del. N. Y. Tex. Md. 111. N. Y'. Am. Ga. N. C. Tex. Mass. 5-6 5-6 8-9 7-8 5-6 6-7 8-9 8-9 7-8 7-8 8-9 9-10 7 4-5 7 8-9 8-9 7-8 r ov rov r rov r re re ro ov r r ro rob rov ovc r yr w yr wr wr yr yr yr gw ry yr yr w yg wr yr yr r y w y w w y y g yr f f f f f c f f s f y cw yg w y y w f f c f f c s 6-7 7-8 8-9 7-8 8-9 5-6 7-8 8-9 7-8 8-9 8-9 9-10 7-8 6-7 7-8 7-8 7-8 7-8 m ve m e e m ml ml e me m m 1 1 e in 1 e m dm dm dm dm dm m m dm dm dm dm m d km ni km m 111. Tex. N.J. Ohio. Eug. N. C. Ga. Ga. Tex. Can. Ga. Mass. N.J. Tex. Ga. Pa. Cal. N. C. Appendix. 113 PEACHES— Concluded. Description. Name. Hale Heath Cling Henrietta Honey Hynes Surprise InKold, Lddy Kalamazoo Keri', Jessir Key port liurge York I^ate Admirable Lute Crawford Late Rareripe Lee, Generul Ijemoii Cling lienion Free Lewis Louise Lolo, MiHs Lovell Mamie Ross Mary Choice Morris White Mountain Rose Miiir MeDevitt t )ldmixon Cling Oldniixon Free Onderdonk ()ran£:e Cling Pallas Parhani Peen to Peninsula Phillips Cling Pic-qnet Prize Red Cheek Melocolon Reeves' Favorite Richmond Rivers Royal George Russell Sal way Smock Sneed Snow Stevens Rareripe St. John Slonewall Jackson Strawberry Stump Susquehanna Texa Thurber Till ot son Tippecanoe Triumph Troth Tuskena \\'ager Waldo Walker Var. Free Ward Late Waterloo Wheatland Yellow Rareripe ^ The distinctive peculiarities of the families or strains of peaches known as Chinese, Persian, and Spanish being more or less ill-deflned and obscured by crossing or hybridization, a correct classification of varieties under these heads is not deemed practicable. 8 114 Report of State Board of Horticulture. PEARS. (Pyrus communis and sinensis.) [Key.— Size, scale 1 to 10: 1, very small ; 10, very large. Form: i, irreojular; o, oblate; ob, oblong; obo, obovate; obt, obtuse; ov, ovate; p, iiyriform ; r, round ; t, turbinate. Color: b, brown: c, crimson; g, green ; r, red; ru, russet; y, yellow. Texture: b, buttery; f, firm ; g, granular ; m, naelting; t, tender. Flavor: a, acid ; as, astringent ; j, juicy; s, sweet; v, vinus; p, perfumed. Quality, scale 1 to 10 : 1, very poor; 10, best. Season : e, early; m, medium; 1, late; v, very. Use: d, dessert; k, kitcben; m, market. Ab- breviations of names of places of origin: Am., America; Belg., Belgium; Eog., England; Eur., Europe; Flem., Flemisb Provinces ; Fr. France; HoL, Holland.) Alamo Ananas d'Etc Andrews Angouleiue, Duchess de- Anjou Ansault Bartlett Bessemianka Bloodg( )od Bordeaux, Duchess de Bosc Boussock Brandywine Bufl'uni Chambers Clairgeau Clapp Favorite Columbia C'omice, Doyenne du Danas Hovey Diel Drouard, President Easter Beurre Elizabeth Manning'' s Flemish Beauty Fredei-ick Clapp Garber Ghislaiu Giflard Glout Morceau Goodale Gran Isle Gray Doyenne Hardy Beurre Ileyst. Eiidle de Howell Idaho KietTer Kirtland Langelier Lawrence Le Conte Lawson Lincoln Louise Bonne de Jersey Ijucrali\'e Belle McLaughlin Madeline Magnolia Malines, Josephine de Marguerite, Petite Marie Louise Merriain Mount Vernon Napoleon Onondaga {Swan's Orange) Osband Summer Ott Paradise d' Antonme Pound Description. Size. 6-7 ()-7 9-10 7-S 4-5 S-9 7-8 .5-(i 4-5 5-6 8-0 7-8 5-6 5-6 4-5 7-8 7-8 8-9 8-9 3-4 8-9 8 7-8 4-5 8-9 6-7 7-8 5-6 5-6 6-7 7-8 5 5-6 7-8 8-9 6-7 8-9 7-9 4-5 5-6 5-6 7-8 6-7 6-7 (i-7 5-6 7-8 4-5 7-8 .5-6 4-5 6-7 5-6 6-7 6-7 8-9 3-4 3-4 7-8 8-9 Form. Color. Text- ure. P pi obobo obtp rob obop i oboptpj oobo topo I rop I P obop P obobo robo P obop obo rp obop obop ovi robo obop obobt rp robtp P P obop obp c ovobo obop obp rp obot j rov j obtobo obop I obop 1 robtp obo obop obp [ obop I obtp obop obgr rcjp obtp obp ro obtp obtp obtp obop robo obp P ybru g.vr g.vru grc gyru yru yrur y yru yru yrur yru ygru |yr yr yc yc y yc yru yru gy ygru yr yrur y yr y gyr gyb ycru gy ru grur yru vr yru yru yrru ycru yru yr yr yr gbr ygru gyru ygb ru gyru yb gyru yru yrur gy yru y gyrur yru ygb bm bm m b m m bm bt g bm t mb bm m b gf bg bm m mb in gb t bm m m in Ig b m bm mg m bm bm m m m gm m mg m m fg bm m m m m m m bm bm gm gm m bmg m m gm fg sp v V vp sv jp jop .is sp .!« P jp jop sv s JSP jsv Jsp Jsp jsp sv sp js j-^p jsp jvp ja jrich jvp srich svp s rich jv svp jv sv js jsp V sp s s s j s jvp sp jsp jsp jvas jvp jvp js jv jsp sp jvp V Quality] Season 5-6 4-5 5-9 8-9 4-5 4-5 6-8 4-5 6-7 (>-7 8-9 6-8 6-7 6-7 4-5 4-0 5-6 6-7 8-9 9-10 5-6 5-6 0-6 6-7 6-7 5-6 3-4 4-5 7-8 6-9 5-6 8-9 6-8 8-9 5-6 8-9 3-5 7-8 3-4 7-8 3-4 3-4 7-8 5-6 7-9 4-5 6-7 5 7-8 .5-6 5-6 4-5 5-6 5-6 6-7 5-6 4-5 5-6 2-;^ em 6 m m e m em e e 1 m m e m ve 1 em 1 ml 1 m 1 vl e em m ml rn e 1 m me m m ml m m ml e 1 1 m e m m m 1 e e 1 e ml m ml ml ml ve e m vl me. d d dm dm m m dm m d m dm m m km d m m m dm d d m d d dm dm km d dm d dm dm d m d dm dm mk d d dm m m dm dm dm dk d mk dm d dk din dm km km dm dm dk, k Origin. Tex. Hoi. Mass. Fr. Fr. Fr. Fr. Eng. Rus. N.Y. ? Fr. Belg. Belg. Pa. R.I. Md.? Fr. Mass. N.Y. Fr. Mass. Belg. Fr. Eur. Belg. Belg. Mass. Pa. Belg. Fr. Flem. Me. Vt. Fr. Eur.? Belg. Conn. Idaho Pa. Ohio Eng. N.Y. Am. N.Y. 111. Fr. Flem. Me. Fr. Ga. Belg. Fr. Belg. Mass. Mass. Belg. Con n . N. Y. Pa. Belg. Eur. Appendix. 115 PEARS— Continued. Kostiezti llutter Secke Sheldon Smith Souvenir du Congress Sterling Stevens Summer Doyenne {Doyenne d Etc) Superfine Tys^on Urbaniste Vermont Beauty Vicar of Winkfiehl Wasliint^ton Wliite Doyenne AVilder Early Winter Nelis Description, Size. 3-4 6-7 3-4 (J-8 7-8 7-9 5-6 7-« 2-3 6-7 4-5 5-6 4-5 7-8 5-6 5-6 4-5 5-6 Form. obop rp obo robo rov obobtp rop r robo rp .P obop obob P, ovobo obo iobobbr robo Color. Text, tire. yrb gyru I gm bgrur bm gyriib I m ry y yruc y yr yeru yruc yru yru yb yr yi" yr ygru t bt m b m bm m bm t b m bm t bra Flavor. Quality Season mb svp sv •iP\ jsvp vas jvp js sp js V JSP jp s js js jsv sv jsp 8-9 5-6 9-10 7-8 3-4 5-6 4-5 4-5 6-7 6-7 8-9 7-8 8-9 4-5 5-6 8-10 7-« 8-9 e ml ml ml m em e e ve m m ml 1 1 e ml e 1 Use. d dm d dm km ni dm d d km dm dm dm km d dm dm dm Origin. Eur. Pa.' Pa. N. Y. South Fr. N. Y. N. Y. Bclg. Fr. Pa. I^elg. Vt. Fr. Del. Fr. N. Y. Belg. PLUMS. (Prunus.) (P. AMERICANA.) [Key.— Size, scale 1 to 10; 1, very small; 10, very large. Form: c, compressed: f, flattened ; o, oval ; ob, oV^ovate ; obi, oblong; r, round. Color: b, black; br, brown ; -^, green; p, purple; r, red; v, violet; \v, white; y, yellow. Quality, scale, 1 to 10; 1, very poor; 10, best. Season: e, early; m, inofliiini ; 1, late; v, very. Use: d, dessert; k, kitchen ; ni, market; c, curing. Abbrevialioiis of names of places of origin : Am., America; Belg., Belgium ; Eng., England ; Kur., Europe; Fr., Fi'ance ; Ger., (Termany; Jap., Japan ; Ont., Ontario ; Rus., Russia. Name. Aitkin American Eagle Black Hawk Comfort Cottrell De Soto Forest Garden _.. Gaylord Hawkeye Louisa New Ulni Ocheeda Piper Quaker Rockford Rolliugstone Stoddard Surprise Weaver Wolf Wyant Vescripliun. Size. 8 6-7 8 8 8 5-6 5-6 8 5-6 6 9-10 6 5-6 6-7 8-9 7-8 5-6 6-7 4-5 Form. O ro ro r ro ro r ro r ro ro ro r ro ro ro r o oe ro ro Color. Qualit!/ Season T T r r ry yr r ry r r yr ry r ry yr r r dr r r yr me me ml Use. |dkm 1 m dkm 5 1 dkm 7 me km 5-6 m km 5 em k 7 1 dk 6-7 ml km 5 ml m 7 1 dk 8 ml dk 8 1 dk 8 e dk 8-9 m d 6-7 m dk me m 9-10 m dm 5-6 m km 6-7 m km 5-6 m k Origin. Minn. Mo. Iowa. Iowa. Minn. Wis. Iowa. Iowa. Iowa. Mo. Minn. Minn. Minn. •> Iowa. Minn. Towa. Minn. Iowa. Iowa. Iowa. 116 Report of State Board of Horticulture. PLUMS— p. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Description, Name. Size. Form. Color. Quality Season Use. Origin, Caddo Chief _ . . _ 5-6 5 2-3 5 5-6 5-K 5-(i 7-8 O ro o ro o r r o I r r r y 6 5 3 5 3-4 3-4 "5^6' ve me m me m ml m e dm m k m km km km La. Cluck Lone Star Miinson. _ _ - - Tex. Tex. Tex. Newman Pottawattamie Tenn. Texas Belle (Paris Belle) Yellow Transparent Tex. Tex. P. CERASIFERA.^ De Caradeuc _ _ .5-6 .5-6 r r dr r 3-4 2-4 e 1 k km S. C. Marian na _ _ Tex. 1 Includes supposed hybrids. THE SOCIETY'S RULES FOR EXHIBITINCx AND NAMING FRUITS. The rules of the American Pomological Society for exhibiting and nam- ing fruits are as follows: SECTION I. NAMING AND DESCRIBING NEW FRUITS. Rule 1. — The originator or introducer (in the order named) has the prior right to bestow a name upon a new or unnamed fruit. Rule 2. — The society reserves the right, in case of long, inappropriate, or otherwise objectionable names to shorten, modify, or wholly change the same, when they shall occur in its discussions or reports; and also to recommend such changes for general adoption. Rule 3. — The name of a fruit should preferably express, as far as prac- ticable by a single word, a characteristic of the variety, the name of the originator, or the place of its origin. Under no ordinal^ circumstances should more than a single word be employed. Rule 4. — Should the question of priority arise between different names for the same variety of fruit, other circumstances being equal, the name first publicly bestowed will be given precedence. Rule 5. — To entitle a new fruit to the award or commendation of the society it must possess (at least for the locality for which it is recom- mended) some valuable or desirable quality, or combination of qualities, in a higher degree than any previously known variety of its class and season. Rule 6. — A variety of fruit having been once exhibited, examined, and reported upon as a new fruit by a committee of the society will not there- after be recognized as such, so far as subsequent reports are concerned. SECTION II. COMPETITIVE EXHIBITS OF FRUITS. Rule 1. — A plate of fruit must contain six specimens, no more, no less, except in the case of single varieties not included in collections. Ajypendix. li' Rule 2. — To insure examination by the proper committees all fruits must oe correctly and distinctly labeled and placed upon the tables during the first day of the exhibition. Rule 3. — The duplication of varieties in a collection will not be per- mitted. Rule 4. — In all cases of fruits intended to be examined and reported by committees the name of the exhibitor, together with a complete list of the varieties exhibited by him, must be delivered to the secretary of the society on or before the first day of the exhibition. Rule 5. — The exhibitor will receive from the secretary an entry card, which must be placed with the exhibit, when arranged for exhibition, for the guidance of committees. Rule 6. — All articles placed upon the tables for exhibition must remain in charge of the society till the close of the exhibition, to be removed sooner only upon express permission of the person or persons in charge. Rule 7. — Fruits or other articles intended for testing, or to be given away to visitors, spectators, or others, will be assigned a separate hall, room, or tent, in which they may be dispensed, at the pleasure of the exhibitor, who will not, however, be permitted to sell and deliver articles therein, nor to call attention to them in a boisterous or disorderly manner. SECTION III. COMMITTKE ON XOMKNCLATllii:. Rule 1. — It shall be the duty of the president, at the first session of the society, on the first day of an exhibition of fruits, to appoint a committee of five expert pomologists whose duty it shall be to supervise the nomen- clature of the fruits on exhibition, and in case of error to correct the same. Rule 2. — In making the necessary corrections they shall, for the con- venience of the examining and awarding committees, do the same at as early a period as practicable, and in making such corrections they shall use cards readily distinguishable from those used as labels by exhibitors, appending a mark of doubtfulness in case of uncertainty. SECTION IV. EXAMINING AND AWARDING COMMITTEES. Rule 1. — In estimating the comparative values of collections of fruits committees are instructed to base such estimates strictly upon the varieties in such collections which shall have been correctly named by the ex- hibitor prior to action thereon by the committee on nomenclature. Rule 2. — In instituting such comparison of values committees are in- structed to consider: First, the values of the varieties for the purposes to which they may be adapted; second, the color, size, and evenness of the specimens; third, their freedom from the marks of insects, and other blemishes; fourth, the apparent carefulness in handling, and the taste dis- played in the arrangement of the exhibit. 118 Report of State Board of Horticulture. THE CODLING MOTH AND LATE SPRAYING IN OREGON. By Prof. A. B. Cobdley. Wonderful stories of the codling moth are told "where rolls the Ore- gon." From the dealer in real estate and from the optomist who depicts the advantages of his particular region in the most glowing terms, comes the story of an apple grower's paradise where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt. From the horticulturist, who by the sweat of his brow has brought forth a bearing orchard only to see the golden and crimson fruits of his labor become the noisome habitations of disgusting caterpillars, comes lamentations like unto those of the prophet Joel: "That which the palmer-worm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that which the locust hath left hath the canker-worm eaten; and that which the canker-worm hath left hath the caterpillar eaten." Seen through the blue spectacles of his experience, nowhere else is the codling moth so destructive as in his own orchard or locality. From the entomologist comes stories of the wonderful powers of repro- duction exhibited by an insect, which, in other apple growing regions de- velops but one or two broods a year, yet, under the revivifying influence of an unknown something in our climatic, geographical or geological con- ditions, multiplies even unto the third and fourth generation in a single season. Is it not possible that there is a happy middle ground of truth for all these stories? Is it not possible that we have all been mistaken? Is it not possible that even in the land of the real estate dealer and the optomist an occasional codling moth may be found? Is it not possible that other horticulturists in other regions have likewise had equal cause with us to echo the lamentations of Joel? Is it not possible that even the ento- mologist has been mistaken and that here as in less favored regions, the codling moth has refused to be stampeded by the wonderful prospects of new worlds to conquer and still goes on the even tenor of its way pro- ducing but two broods annually? Is it not time that we call a halt until the grounds on which these claims have been made can be thoroughly reconnoitered, that we may not be unduly elated by false hopes nor un- duly discouraged by imaginary difficulties? ABE THERE IMMUNE REGIONS? It is undoubtedly true that there are small apple growing sections scat- tered here and there throughout the entire Pacific Northwest that are still free, or practically free, from the codling moth. But does this neces- sarily imply that they are to remain free? Does it necessarily imply that Appendix. 119 the climatic or other natural conditions are such that the moth cannot thrive there? May not the present immunity be accounted for on other grounds? During the past six years it has been my privilege to visit sev- eral of these favored sections and to note the conditions, both by ob- servation and by conversation with resident fruit growers. Six or seven years ago Hood River, probably the most famous apple growing region in the state, was said to be practically free from this pest. Its presence in small numbers was admitted by little damage had been done and little fear was felt for the future. The cold evening breezes that come down from the mountains were said to prevent the moths from depositing their eggs. Today the mist from the spray pumps as it floats over the orchards of that region demonstrates alike the progressive nature of the fruit growers and the error of their former belief. There are still scattered here and there throughout the eastern part of our state, communities that indulge in this same hope of immunity from the codling moth and for the same reason. It is seriously to be doubted whether their expectations have a firmer foundation of facts than existed at Hood River. West of the Coast range of mountains there are other communities which also indulge in this same hope of immunity but for other reasons. There, it is not the cold breezes which come down from the mountains— the breezes do not come that way — but the moisture, the temperature, the "salt" or some other unknown feature of the ocean winds which kiss the orchards of those regions, that is supposed to carry death and destruc- tion to the codling moth and joy to the hearts of the apple growers. During the last few days of August and the first of September, 1899, I took a hurried trip through portions of Coos county, Oregon, for the special purpose of demonstrating, to my own satisfaction, the presence or absence of the codling moth and in case of its absence to investigate so far as the time at my command permitted, the conditions under which this immunity existed. Leaving the railroad at Drain I went by wheel to Scottsburg, the head of navigation on the Umpqua, a distance of some twenty-five or thirty miles. Apple orchards along the route were visited and in every one the codling moth was present. One grower, within a few miles of Scottsburg, told me that it had been in his orchard about six or eight years. From Scottsburg to Gardiner, I went by boat and no orchards were visited. In- • deed if any exist they are probably moth free since they are separated from each other by considerable distances and completely shut off from Inter- course with the outside world except by boat. From Winchester, across the bay from Gardiner, to Coos Bay, the road leads along the beach and no orchards are present. In the immediate vicinity of Empire and Marsh- field, the principal cities of the Coos Bay region, and the points at which the moth would the most likely be introduced in imported fruit, no or- chards were seen. Across the bay from Marshfield I visited the orchards of Mr. Anton Wirth and Mr. Mcintosh. In neither of these orchards was there to be found any evidence of the codling moth and Mr. Wirth in- 120 Report of State Board of Horticulture. formed me that it had never been seen there. The Mcintosh orchard is an old one and showed evidence of neglect, conditions favorable to the de- velopment of the moth had it ever been introduced. Mr. Wirth, who has been a deputy fi'uit inspector of that region, did not know of any codling moth in that immediate vicinity but had heard that it is present in some orchards about the headwaters of Coos river, presumably along the Rose- burg and Coos Bay stage route, as that would correspond with the con- ditions I found on going out by way of the Myrtle Point-Roseburg route. From Marshfield to Myrtle Point, several orchards were noted along the line of the railroad but none were visited. At Myrtle Point I spent one day in examining orchards but found no wormy apples. Mr. T. F. Perkins, a nurseryman of Parkersburg, who has canvassed the county thoroughly each year, told me that the codling moth has appeared at a certain ranch on the Fishtrap between Coquille and Myrtle Point, in the North Carolina settlement on the headwaters of the South Fork and in an orchard on Big Creek near Bridge P. O. Mr. A. H. Black, a merchant who handles a large amount of fruit, reported that "wormy" apples are very scarce, but that a few had been found in the fruit from one orchard near Myrtle Point and one near Norway. One of these orchards was visited later but no codling moth could be found and the owner assured me that he had never seen a wormy apple in his orchard. Near Big Creek, about ten or twelve miles out from Myrtle Point on the road to Roseburg, 1 was informed by two ladies that the codling moth had been present in the orchards of that vicinity for several years past. "In cutting up a pan of apples they us- ually found two or three wormy ones." No more orchards were seen until the home of Mr. L. B. Feller was reached, seven or eight miles farther out on the Roseburg road. Here I found the first codling moth larvae I had seen on the entire trip, and was told by Mr. Feller that they had been present each season for the past three or four years. From Mr. FeUer's place, a ride of some sixteen miles, during which no orchards were passed, took me to Camas. Here wormy apples were to be found in every or- chard, a condition of affairs that proved to be true in the orchards between Camas and Roseburg. As a result of this trip I became convinced that at the time (1900) the codling moth was not present, to any great extent at least, in the Coos Bay region. I also became convinced that the present immunity can be accounted for on the ground of isolation rather than that of peculiar cli- matic conditions, and that it is not likely to be permanent. Coos county is a beautiful region, broken, mountainous and timbered. Its only connection with the outside world is by boat, or by wagon roads over the mountains from Drain or Roseburg. The codling moth must of necessity be introduced by one or more of these routes. As shown above, the ab- sence of orchards in the immediate vicinity of Empire and Marshfield, render it unlikely that the moth could obtain a foothold even though re- peatedly introduced at these points in imported fruit. From Drain it has advanced from orchard to orchard nearly to tide-water at Scottsburg, where it has been checked by the absence of other orchards to conquer. From Appnulix. 121 Rosebiirg it has spread along the Roseburg-Myrtle Point route over the mountains to within ten or twelve miles of the latter place and is re- ported in several orchards about there. It is also reported in orchards about the headAvaters of Coos river, having probably advanced from orchard to orchard along the wagon road from Roseburg to Coos Bay as it has along the Roseburg-Myrtle Point route. It seems evident that the reason for the present immunity from codling moth ravages in the orchards of the Coos Bay region is not far to seek. On account of its geological conformation, the highways leading to this region mostly follow the windings of the streams in and out among the timber-covered mountains. The orchards, mostly home orchards, are lo- cated here and there along the highways in little valleys or pockets be- tween the mountains, often at considerable distances apart. Each orchard, or little group of orchards, is therefore protected by a natural barrier of timber and mountains, practically insurmountable to the codling moth unless it be carried over or around it by human agencies. I believe the idea that climatic conditions are responsible for the ab- sence of codling moth injury has been decidedly harmful. It has car- ried with it the idea that no effort is necessary to keep the orchards free from this, the greatest apple pest. I believe that by a rigid system of orchard inspection put in operation a few years ago along the highways leading from Roseburg to Myrtle Point and Coos Bay, and a rigid quar- antine of infested fruit, that it would have been possible to exclude the codling moth from this entire region for years to come. It is probably too late now. Still there are undoubtedly many isolated orchards in which it is not yet found and which can be kept free from its ravages for years by a little effort. The utmost care should be taken to prevent its intro- duction into such orchards either in infested fruit or in the packages in which such fruit has been packeo. So far as the codling moth is concerned the Yaquina Bay region is es- sentially the same as the Coos Bay region. The codling moth has as yet caused no serious injury there; and the impression is quite generally held that conditions are such that it 'will not thrive. That it is present, how- ever, is shown by the presence of wormy apples in the horticultural ex- hibit at the county fair held at Toledo in the fall of 1901. There as else- where in the state, where the pest has not as yet gained a firm foothold, it would seem far better for the fruit growers themselves to establish a strict orchard inspection and fruit quarantine in the attempt to check its spread rather than to rely on the vain hope that ocean breezes will com- pass its destruction. Other localities have been buoyed up with the same hope only to have it shattered with the passing of the years. In the Oregon Agriculturist and Rural Northwest, January 15, 1899, occurs the fol- lowing quotation from the Pajoronian of Watsonville, California: "The codling moth has not been kept out, for any great length of time, of any of the districts where apples are produced for general sale. Every new apple district is 'without the codling moth territory.' We have talked that way about Pajaro valley; but the codling moth has not kept away 122 Report of State Board of Horticulture. because of fogs or the fact that this district is within ten miles of the coast. * * * It will not be kept down by fogs and ten-miles-from-the- coast belts, alone. Active and intelligent work is necessary to check the ravages of this great apple pest, the most serious foe of Pajaro valley's greatest crop." The mere fact that the codling moth is a serious pest in England, on the continent of Europe from Mediterranian regions to the northern limits of apple growing in Siberia, in southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, China and most of the fruit growing regions of the United States and Canada, would indicate that the slight variation in climatic conditions which occurs between localities in this state in which the codling moth is a serious pest and those other localities only a few miles distant in which it is yet scarce or absent is not enough to account for its absence or scarcity. XOT MORE DESTRUCTIVE HERE THAN ELSEWHERE. While I cannot, therefore, concur in the optomistic belief that any of the sections of the state devoted to apple growing are to remain perma- nently free from codling moth injury, neither can I agree with the pes- simistic statement sometimes heard that such injury is much more serious here than elsewhere. Even approximately accurate estimates of the losses caused by any insect are difficult to make. In 1897, Mr. H. B. Miller, ex- president of the State Board of Horticulture, stated that a very moderate estimate of the loss in that year from scale, moth and scab was one hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars. An editorial in the Oregon Agriculturist and Rural Northwest, December 15, 1898, states that "The codling moth is about as interesting an insect to the freight managers of Oregon rail- ways as to the fruitgrowers themselves. If it had not been for the ravages of that insect it is probable that the shipments of apples from the state this season would have been increased by at least a thousand car- loads." Simpson* states that fifty per cent of the apple crop of Idaho was de- stroyed by the codling moth in 1900, the Injury ranging from five per cent in some well cared for orchards to one hundred per cent in small orchards and isolated trees. I have myself repeatedly observed individual trees, both in Oregon and Washington, on which it was practically impossible to find a wormless ap- ple although the trees were loaded with fruit. I have not noticed, how- ever, that the average annual loss is relatively greater here than in Michi- gan. I believe it is not. Eighty years ago Kollar wrote that in Germany more than half, par- ticularly of the choice fruit, was eaten into by the apple worm, and Stain- ton, a celebrated English entomologist, stated * that in 1868, in the vicinity of London it was scarcely possible to find a single fruit uninfested by the codling moth although there was an abundant apple crop. Recent reports * Bui. 30, New Series. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. * See Am. Ent. Vol. I, 1869. Appendix. 123 seem to indicate that the injury is still as great in some parts of Europe as in America. During the past half century the losses in this country from the ravages of this pest have been enormous. Hardly a horticul- tural report from any apple growing region is to be found that does not mention its destructive work. In 1887, Forbes ;■ made careful observations that led to the conclusion that the annual loss in Illinois from the codling moth is not less than $2,375,000 — one-half the value of the average apple crop of the state. In 1892, the loss in Nebraska is said to have reached at least $2,000,000. Slingerland $ estimates that in New York, with many growers employing modern methods of fighting the insect, the average loss is fully one-third of the total crop — a loss of $2,500,000 worth of ap- ples and $500,000 worth of pears. He also also states that "conservative estimates put the annual loss from its ravages, in all countries where it is noticeably destructive and but little is done to check it, at from twenty- five to seventy-five per cent of the crop of apples, but with pears the loss is considerably less." I do not intend to argue that the codling moth will become equally de- structive in all localities or that the degree of its destructiveness is entirely independent of climatic conditions. It is known that the seriousness of its depredations varies both with the locality and with the season. It is ad- mitted that "temperature is the great factor which controls the geographical distribution of life, and temperature is at the back of all those apparent liv- ing first causes which control the abundance of a species in a given region, provided we trace them far enough." 1 do wish to suggest, however, that in the case of an insect that has exhibited such a wide range of adaptability to varied climatic conditions as has the codling moth, that it is not likely that anywhere within the limits of this state are these conditions to be relied upon to prevent its development in injurious numbers. I believe that neither actual nor prospective fruit growers should allow themselves to be in the least discouraged by reports of the unusual de- structiveness of this insect in the Pacific Northwest. Its ravages are serious to be sure, but so they are in other apple growing centers. No doubt there are localities in which the codling moth has been present but a comparatively short time, where the injury has been excessive during one or perhaps several years. The balance of nature has not been struck. The various enemies of the moth are not yet doing their share in reducing its numbers. Such conditions have occurred and do still occur elsewhere, seasons of excessive loss alternating with seasons of comparatively little injury. I believe a candid examination of the facts should give hope for the future. NUMBER OF BROODS IN OREGON. I feel somewhat more diffident about touching upon the story told by entomologists regarding the numbers of annual broods of the codling moth t Bui. 1, State Ent. of 111. i Bui. 142, Cornell Univ. Expt. Sta. The best account of the Insect ever pub- lished. ]24 Report of State Board of Horticulture. in the Pacific Northwest. Observations for the past six years have led me to a different conclusion than that arrived at by my associates. Washburn* states that there are at least four broods in Oregon. Aldricht reports three broods in the section from Boise to Weiser and about Lewiston and part of a fourth about Boise. SimpsonJ states that there are three broods about Boise and the greater part of the bnake river valley. Parts of eastern Oregon are similar to the sections of Idaho mentioned, and should the conclusions of Aldrich and Simpson prove to be correct, three broods may likewise be expected in the eastern part of the state. However, I have been entirely unable to find any evidence to support Washburn's conclusions and I believe the others, likewise, will eventually prove erroneous. In every instance, so far as I have been able to determine, statements regarding third and fourth broods are based on inferences and not on actual breeding records. Washburn, judging from his published account, determined the length of time required for the development of the first brood. Having done this by a process of simple division, he showed "how easily four broods can appear during our long warm seasons." To make his ideas more easily understood he embodied them in the fol- lowing table;* Moths emerge from cocoons Egg laying (when moths are about 10 days old) Hatching of eggs (5-10 days) Lifeof larvfe in apple (4 weeks) End of larvel and pupal stages in cocoon (3 weeks) and emergence of moths A B c z> E June 1 June 20 Aug. 9 Auff. 28 Oct. 17 June 11 JuneSO Aug. 19 Sept. 7 Oct. 27 June 21 July 10 Aug. 29 Sept. 17 Nov. 6 July 19 Aug. 7 Sept. 26 Oct. 15 Dec. 4 Aug. 9 Aug. 28 Oct. 17 Nov. 5 or following spring • Emerged following spring Columns A, C and E are supposed to represent the broods which might develop from moths that were assumed to have emerged June 1 and depos- ited eggs June 10. Columns B and D represent the broods that should develop from moths that emerged June 20 and deposited eggs June 30. So far as the latter columns are concerned it may be assumed that they are approximately correct except for the implied inference that at least a partial brood of moths would appear November 5. The data furnished do not support the conclusion he draws from columns A, C and E that "the moth is at least four broods in Oregon." Moths are assumed to emerge June 1 and deposit eggs June 11, but on the same page the statement is made that eggs were found (June 28) long before any wormy apples were found. Further, according to his calculations the moths that are to deposit eggs for the third brood of larvae should issue about the middle of October. There is no evidence, however, that he ever bred any moths at * Bui. 25, Or. Expt. Sta. t Bui. 21, Idaho Expt. Sta. % Bui. 30. New Series. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. * See Bui. 25, Or. Expt. Sta. Appendix. 125 this time, or even attempted to. I have made the attempt and have as repeatedlj' failed. The first brood runs through very nicely at Corvallis on Washburn's schedule B and the second brood follows it very well until the larvae are fully grown and have left the apples and spun up in their cocoons, but there they remain. Instead of transforming to moths that should deposit eggs for a third brood of larvae they persist in remaining as larvae until the following spring. In other words, instead of four esti- mated broods I find only two actual broods. I cannot be so certain regarding the number in eastern Oregon. The Willamette Valley lies wholly within the transitional faunal zone. Parts of eastern Oregon, Washington and Idaho lie In the upper austral. It is possible that there as well as in southern Oregon an additional brood may develop. So far as I can determine from published accounts, however, the development of a third brood has never been proved — it is inferred from the presence of numerous larvae in fruit late in the fall and from band records, both of which may be misleading. Thus Forbes* was lead to suspect the presence of a third brood in southern Illinois in 1886 from the unusual abundance of larvae late in fall, but Le Baronr had bred but two broods at Chicago and Riley:;: had invariably found it double brooded at St. Louis. A third brood has been reported in Kansas and in Nebraska and Gillette was for a time under the impression that it also developed in Colorado, parts of which, together with Kansas and Nebraska, lie in the upper austral zone, but in a recent letter he writes me that there is not the least evidence of even a partial third brood any where in the state. In California, Coquillett'sS notes indicate that it is three brooded, but Koebele|| reports it as two brooded as a rule in the Santa Cruz mountains and that it will not differ in its habits to any extent ihroughout California. Washburn's statements regarding the third and fourth broods at Corvallis is without any foundation of facts; while those of Aldrich and Simpson for Idaho seem to be based principally on band records which may be misleading from the fact that the relative number of larvae found under the bands at different times may depend upon whether the evening tem- perature some four or five weeks previously to the time the record was taken was favorable or not for active egg laying by the moths, as well as upon the appearance of another brood of moths. Cockerell§§ alone seems to have established pretty conclusively the presence of a third brood in parts of New Mexico, but since the moths of this brood began to appear as early as August 21, it is possible that a wrong interpretation has been placed upon the observed facts. So far as the evidence available at present can be relied upon it would seem that the burden of proof still lies with those who maintain the existence of a third brood. One and two broods have been repeatedly bred in various parts of the world. A third or fourth never * Fifteenth Report State Entomologist (1885-1S86). ^ Third Report on Insects. 111. t Am. Entomologist. Vol. II (1870). § Bui. 30. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. :i Bui. 22, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. §§ Bui. 25, New Mexico Station. 126 Report of State Board of Horticulture. has been bred, and I believe it is at least doubtful whether it ever develops. If the number of broods is governed at all by faunal zones it would seem from the evidence that one brood only is to be expected in the boreal zone, a partial or complete second brood in the transition zone and a complete second with a bare possibility of a third brood in the upper austral. Whether or not a third brood ever develops is of very little practical importance to fruit growers. Owing to irregularity of development, the different broods so overlap that the insect can be found in all stages during most of the time from July 1 to September 15. The facts remain that throughout this western country the larvae are very abundant late in the season and cause far more loss than all other apple pests combined. There is thus a constant demand from apple growers for information as to the habits of the insect, and the best methods of reducing its ravages. It is the purpose of this bulletin to supply this information and at the same time to record my own observation and experiments. DESCRIPTION AND LIFE HISTORY. When fully grown in fall, each larvae usually leaves the fruit in which it developed, seeks some secluded spot and spins about itself a silken cocoon in which it passes the winter. Late in March, some of these larvae transform to pupae from which the moths emerge about the first of April, and from this date moths are continually emerging until the first part of July. The accompanying illustrations show the size and general characteristics of the moths. They are really beautiful little creatures. The abdomen and the hind wings, which are covered when the insect is at rest, are of a modest greyish brown color. The ground color of the fore wings is similar, but is relieved by transverse, wavy, alternating bands of grey and brown. Perhaps the most characteristic marking is a large golden-bronze spot at the inner hind angle of each front wing. I know of no other common insect with this mark and no insect in which it is absent need be mistaken for the codling moth. The males are further distinguished by a narrow pencil of black hairs on the upper surface of the hind wing and an elongated blackish spot on the under surface of each front wing. Owing to its peculiar coloring which harmonizes well with the color of the bark, and the habit of usually remaining quiet during the daytime, it is rare indeed to find a fruit grower who is acquainted with this beautiful but destructive little insect. Indeed, I find that commonly the most widely divergent ideas are held as to its appearance, and unscrupulous persons rely upon this widespread ignorance to advertise and sell "trap lanterns" and other worthless devices for capturing the moths. Only a slight knowl- edge of the appearance of the moth is needed to convince even the most credulous that the masses of insects caught by such means rarely contain a codling moth. Such a knowledge can readily be obtained oy picking some wormy apples in July or August and placing them in some closed receptacle. In the course of a few weeks the moths will emerge. When once familiar with their appearance one may detect them flitting about the Appendix. 127 trees at dark depositing their eggs upon the fruit, and more rarely upon the foliage, and may occasionally observe them during the daytime resting quietly upon the leaves or bark. I have also rarely found them resting upon the ground. It is usually stated that the moths appear in spring about the time the apple trees are in bloom. Slingerland* sums up his own observations as well as those previously published by other observers with the statement that "what little definite evidence there is upon this point indicates that the majority of the moths do not emerge until several days after the petals have fallen." At Corvallis there seems to be no relation, whatever, between the time at which the apple trees are in bloom and the dates on which the moths emerge. In 1896, apple trees were in full bloom April 20 and most of the petals had fallen by May 1. Only a few moths were reared that season, but some of these emerged as late as the middle of June. In 1898, the trees were beginning to blossom April 10 and the blossoms had mostly fallen by April 28. In a storeroom moths began to appear as early as April 10 and on June 16 two perfectly fresh specimens were captured in the orchard. In 1899, moths began to appear in breeding cages April 10 and continued to emerge to July 1. April 21, the earliest apple trees were just coming into blossom and the petals were not all off before May 10. Although the apple trees were in blossom nearly two weeks later in 1899 than in 1898, the moths began to appear at practically the same time . (April 10-11) and continued to emerge for nearly or quite two months after the blossoms had fallen. A still more remarkable variation from the usual habits of the insect as recorded from other localities, exists in the times at which the moths deposit their eggs. The idea held until recently was that the eggs are laid in the calyx or blossom end of the fruit soon after the blossoms fall. This idea was first shown to be erroneous by the observations of Koebele in ISSS.* In September he found only about one pear in twenty without eggs or young larvae of the codling moth. "As many as eleven eggs were found upon a single pear. One was found on the stem, six on the pear surrounding the stem, two on the upper half and the other two near the calyx."' Since then the fact that the eggs are not laid in the calyx but upon the exposed surface of the fruit, has been verified by Washburn, Slingerland, Card, and others, and Card has also called attention to the fact that they are sometimes deposited upon the leaves. In New \ork, Slingerland found eggs upon the fruit the last week in May (1896-97), a week or more after the blossoms had fallen. Gillette states that in Iowa in 1889 no larvae had hatched until nearly a month after the blossoms were off. Allowing for an existence of a week or ten days for the egg stage would bring the date of oviposition from two to three weeks after the petals fell. In 1887, Card observed that while the * Bui. 142, Cornell Univ. Expt. Sta. * Bui. 22, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. (1890). 128 Report of State Board of Horticulture. petals were mostly off by May 10, the first eggs were not found until about three weeks later. At Corvallis egg laying is delayed until a much later date. April 10, 11 and 12, 1898, moths were placed in breeding cages with fresh blossoms for the purpose of obtaining eggs. None were obtained, however, and neither eggs nor larvae were seen upon fruit out of doors until July 1, when a single recently hatched larvae was foimd just beneath the skin of a Waxen apple. July 4 three more were found, and on July 7, 97 of the 475 apples on the tree were found to contain young larvae. Allowing a maximum of ten days for the egg stage brings the date at which the very first eggs were deposited at June 21, while egg laying evidently did not become general imtil about June 28. As shown above, the petals had fallen by April 28, about two months before, in 1899, however, moths were placed in breeding cages with fresh blossoms on April 21, 22, 25, 29, May 4, 5, 8, 9; and on May 11 ten eggs were deposited. At this time the petals had been off the trees scai'cely more than two weeks. However, no eggs or larvae were obtained on fruit on the trees until June 28 when numerous eggs and very young larvae were found on Ben Davis apples. In 1900 the blossoms were mostly off by May 1. The first egg was seen June 11, another June 14 and the first larvae June 26. It appears from the above observations that while the blossoms fell at various dates from April 28 to May 10, egg laying rarely begins before the middle of June and is not general, much if any before June 25. This does not hold true for the dryer and warmer parts of the state, nor is it necessarily true for the entire "Willamette valley. In southern Oregon and parts of eastern Oregon egg laying certainly begins in May, and reports from various parts of the Willamette valley indicate that the date at which the first larvae begin to work in fruit at Corvallis is unusually late even for this section. EFFECT OF EVENIXG TEMPERATURE ON HABITS. I have been somewhat at a loss for a satisfactory explanation of this variation from the normal habits of the insect. Knowing that the moths are most active just as dusk, I have attempted to account for it on the ground that our evenings are unusually cool throughout May and the greater part of June. Corvallis lies directly opposite a gap in the Coast range of mountains, which may account for the fact that it is daily blessed with a cool sea breeze which rapidly lowers the temperature after three or four o'clock in the afternoon. It is possible that this low temperature may account for the delayed oviposition. To bring out this point more clearly I have compiled the following table showing the daily temperature at 8 p. m. from May 1 to October 1, practically the entire period during which moths are on the wing here, for the years 1898, 1899, 1900 and 1901. The record for May and September, 1898, was not available. Records of this character for only four years, and for one locality only, do not prove anything. They may, however, be suggestive. In this in- stance, if they show anything, it is that the moths do not deposit eggs when the evening temperature falls much, if any, below sixty degrees, and Appendi. 129 that as the temperature raises above that point the activity of the moths increase. I have never seen eggs of the codling moth out of doors here in May. A glance at the table will show that very rarely indeed does the evening temperature reach sixty degrees during that month. The average for the month is only fifty-three degrees. Egg laying, as shown above, ordinarily begins about the middle of June and becomes general towards the close. The average evening temperature for June is just sixty degrees, and rarely does it go above sixty-five degrees. It is also continued during the first part of July, but since the emergence of but few moths of the first brood is delayed until the latter part of July, and but few of the second bi ood emerge so soon, the temperature of the latter part of July need not be considered. A very large proportion of the total injury done by the moth in the state occurs during August and the first part of September, when the average evening temperature is highest. During this time a con- siderable number of evenings occur with a temperature of seventy to eighty-five degrees. TABU-: SIIOWIXG DAILY TEMPEUATUUE AT 8 P. M. FROM MAY 1 TO OCTOHEK 1 FOR THE YEARS 1898, 1899, 1900 AND 1901. 1898. 1899. 1901). 1901. Avg. May. June. Jmly.'Au!i.\ Sept. May Jane.^July. Avg. Sept. ,May. June •July Tem 1 ■ (53 61 61 62 65 67- Avg Tem 64 ()7 65 62 «2 0/ Sept. Tem. 59 66 54 60 (>6 64 May Tem 150 48 51 51 51 55 June. July Sept. \Tem. Tern. '.Tern Tem. Tem. Tem. Tem. Tem. Ttm Tem. Tem i Tem. Tem. Tem. Tem. Tem. 1 ' m 84 43 48 53 50 47 54 50 67 1 67 59 58 55 57 54 1 i 60 ' 64 ' 69 |58 55 1 54 < .59 65 61 67 58 72 1 57 .53 7ft m '> 65 66 - - 58 65 52 i 52 53 : 50 47 54 53 m 73 75 74 l\ 70 1 65 53 70 63 8 — ! 62 68 79 67 i 52 1 57 5.5 64 56 63 : .5:^ 62 SO 85 82 78 62 4 59 59 .5 67 .55 6 . 71 68 HI 56 71 6.-) ' m 60 60 52 6:^ 62 160 71 70 59 57 55 ! .52 55 69 61 S 73 (iO ' 64 52 67 5-5 61 66 ; 62 6;i 73 .53 62 56 53 tXi 69 (iO 9 69 (>5 1 75 55 67 55 62 67 59 76 73 62 Oi .56 64 71 70 10 55 68 t 64 56 60 54 66 71 1 56 68 W 59 66 60 t& 73 (H 11 J59 (K) 68 48 52 ] 60 70 63 1 52 75 52 61 64 55 61 1 74 63 12 60 l» 71 49 53 1 60 62 58 Si 72 58 60 60 .56 ,58 60 76 (!2 13 57 60 70 45 60 64 55 55 i69 63 58 82 no 58 52 60 77 61 14 59 70 71 51 63 64 59 08 162 58 (X) 81 54 55 62 67 85 70 ir, .58 61 69 46 70 61 61 59 ^55 60 5;^ 73 54 58 65 64 68 78 k; 62 61 67 47 71 71 59 60 [JA 61 57 ' .58 1 61 61 74 55 55 71 61 71 77 17 67 6.5 63 46 70 73 66 m 75 55 49 72 63 65 80 18 .58 : 60 : 63 47 75 73 (iO : 56 ! 66 77 1 76 59 50 ■59 60 59 59 m 55 57 62 48 55 69 61 1 59 69 76 80 61 48 61 62 62 58 20 52 ; 49 ; 64 50 oo 65 54 i 62 m 72 57 62 58 58 65 62 54 21 50 1 57 61 56 67 62 56 ' 58 61 65 69 .56 .55 •TO 67 70 56 22 50 : 51 ; 68 ■■ 1 52 67 67 60 i 56 67 60 69 51 54 51 68 70 54 23 60 i 55 1 78 54 60 80 66 , 5"^ 67 62 64 55 o.^ 51 64 61 53 24 52 56 63 50 .58 70 61 58 60 63 68 54 70 .54 65 65 56 2.5 58 74 : 59 52 56 (O 60 71 48 1 62 64 a5 55 74 .55 ! 65 59 .58 26 .54 78 i 61 52 54 73 01 69 ,54 72 62 66 60 59 as ! 65 65 ,5(> •n - - 87 61 mil 50 52 48 5S 70 58 GO 57 62 62 (i2 96 64 51 60 72 75 80 60 64 60 55 53 49 58 54 60 66 ■ 68 .54 •"S I 85 69 59 59 55 61 63 58 56 I (i6 54 ! 65 69 71 61 2t» 64 : 85 6:$ m 55 J SO 55 ,52 .57 60 74 bo 62 62 82 65 .52 62 60 62 61 • 56 31 60 80 53 56 --| «^ 59 57 83 60 67 70 63 Av. 59t 65ti 66 50\ 59ti 63ti &^ ! 1 61- 54t 64t 66 66- 57t 56t ,57t 60- 70-^ 61 130 Report oj State Board of Horticulture. THE EGG. The eggs of the codling moth are minute scale-like objects about one- twentieth of an inch in diameter. They may be likened to a very small trout scale glued to the surface of the leaf or fruit. Being so small and at the same time transparent, or with only a slight yellowish tinge, they can be detected only with difficulty by those unfamiliar with their appear- ance. When once familiar with them, however, and every apple grower should become familiar with them, one can readily find them in this vicinity at any time from late in June until at least October 1, and prob- ably later. So far as my observations go, they are found much more com- monly upon the fruit than upon the leaves, although undoubtedly when fruit is scarce they may be more abundant upon the leaves. The white spot on the apple, c, in the illustration is to represent the size and position of an egg. The duration of the egg stage probably depends somewhat upon tem- perature. According to recorded observations, it may range from four to ten days. A large number of eggs were deposited in one of my breeding cages, September 5, 1898. September 10, the developing larvae could be plainly seen through the shells and most of them emerged September 12, seven days after the eggs were deposited. This corresponds with Slinger- land's observations in New York and is undoubtedly, as he suggests, about the average duration of this stage. Several of the larvae were seen to emerge from the egg. In every instance they broke through the upper shell and entered the fruit at some other point. Simpson, however, men- tions instances in which the larvae had evidently eaten directly through the lower surface of the shell into the fruit. If such a habit were general our poison sprays would, of course, be valueless. THE LARVAE. When first hatched the young larvae are scarcely more than one-six- teenth inch long, semi-transparent or whitish in color and marked with little black spots each of which bears a minute hair. The head, and the thoracic and anal shields are black. True to the instinct of self preservation, the young larvae attempt to get uuder some protecting cover as soon as possible. Crawling here and there over the surface of the fruit, they seek some secluded spot where they may be hidden from their numerous enemies. This undoubtedly accounts for the fact that a large proportion of them enter the fruit at the blossom end, THE CODLING MOTH. Fig. a. The moth with wings folded and with wings expanded. Enlarged iy, dia. Fig. c. The white spot on the apple is intended to represent the position and'size of an egg. Figs. dd. The full grown larva resting on the surface of an apple. Dorsal and lateral views. Both natural size. Fig. i. Shows point of entrance of larva at side of growing apple. Somewhat re- duced. Fig. j. A cocoon on the under surface of a piece of apple bark. Cocoon has been torn open to show inclosed pupa. Enlarged 1}4 dia. Fig. k. A clod of soil containing a pupa of the codling moth. Position of pupa indi- cated by X. Reduced one half. THE CODLING MOTH (Original.) Appendix. 131 at the point of contact of two apples, or where a leaf rests upon a fruit. Failing to find such a sheltered spot, the young larvae spins a web of a few silken threads on the surface of the fruit, evidently to give a firmer foothold, and immediately attempts to bite through the skin. One that I observed succeeded only after several ineffectual attempts, and while making these attempts and in burrowing into the fruit, as much haste was exhibited as a soldier under fire would probably exhibit in constructing a rifle pit. In a little more than an hour it had excavated more than its full length into the fruit, enlarged the cavity so that it could turn about in it and spun a silken protecting web across the entrance. The reason is evident why the codling moth in its larval stage within the fruit is subject to the attacks of so few enemies. Once beneath the skin or within the protecting folds of the calyx, the young larvae may feed for several days near the surface, or it may proceed at once towards its objective point, the core, where it feeds upon the seeds and excavates irregular cavities which are filled with masses of filthy droppings matted together with silken threads. (See Figure g). Its pres- ence in the fruit can soon be detected by the presence of the familiar frass which is crowded from the burrow and remains matted about the entrance probably as a further barrier to the entrance of enemies. (See Figures e and i.) As it increases in size, the head and thoracic and anal shields turn from black to brown and the body acquires a pinkish tinge. (See Fig- ures d. d.) Some days before it stops feeding 'the larvae eats an exit passage to the surface of the fruit but takes the precaution to close the opening with a protecting pellet of frass and silken threads. When full grown it pushes this pellet aside and leaves the fruit. The length of time required for the larvae of the first brood to become full grown varies greatly. Some accounts give a period of only ten to fourteen days; others as much as thirty-three days. As stated above, in 1898 the first larvae was found in fruit July 1, and not until July 7 could any considerable number be found. The latter were very small, certainly not over four or five days old. They were placed in breeding cages and July 19 the first one left the fruit and began to spin its cocoon. The others continued to emerge until July 26. This gives in this particular instance a larval period in the fruit of sixteen to twenty-four days. • THE PUPA. The summer and most fall varieties of apples ripen and fall prematurely when attacked by codling moth. Winter varieties exhibit no such ten- dencies. Whenever an apple containing a larvae falls to the ground, the larvae usually leaves it at once and seeks some hidden place in which to spin its cocoon. Only very rarely is it spun within the fruit. A very large proportion of the larvae leave the fruit while it is still upon the tree, unless a heavy wind or other agency causes it to fall unusually early, either letting themselves to the ground by silken threads or crawling from the fruit to the twigs and thence downward along the branches until a suitable place is found in which to pupate. The old neglected orchard is the delight 132 Report of State Board of Horticulture. of the codling moth. Amongst the rubbish on the ground and in the fence corners, and under the loose scaly bark of its moss-covered limbs, are numerous choice spots in which it can pass through its wonderful trans- formations securely hidden from all foes. Many larvae of the second generation are yet in the fruit where it is gathered and are carried with it into the storerooms. There they too find suitable place in which to pupate in cracks and crevices about the room and the packages in which the fruit is stored. In fact, when such storerooms are in proximity to orchards they form a prolific source of infection in spring unless some method is employed to prevent the escape of the moths. It is also certain that the principal means by which the insect is introduced into new re- gions is in the packages in which infested apples or pears have been packed. It would be interesting, and perhaps profitable, to know where all the larvae spin their cocoons in well cared for orchards of smooth young trees. Four or five years ago Mr. H. B. Miller, a successful orchardist of Grants Pass, suggested to me that many of them must pupate in the soil. Mr. Miller based his suggestions on the fact that very few cocoons indeed could be found on his trees; and that he believed he had obtained good results in lessening the amount of codling moth injury in his orchard by frequent cultivation, in 1898 at least seventy-five per cent of the Ben Davis apples in a certain orchard near Corvallis were rendered unmarketable by codling moth injuries. In fact the crop was not gathered. Hundreds of wormy apples lay on the ground under every tree. Late in the fall I examined six of these trees carefully. They were not old. The bark was smooth and healthy except for an occasional spot of apple tree anthracnose. On the six trees I found less than a half dozen cocoons. Most of these were in a piece of cloth that had been left in a crotch; only two or three were found on the trees proper and these were about old anthracnose scars. I was convinced that most of the larvae must be secreted under clods and other objects on the gi-ound or about the crowns of various plants; but together with an assistant, I spent several hours in searching for them without finding a single one. Neither have I ever found any in such places in well cultivated orchards. Nevertheless I believe that in well cared for orchards of clean smooth trees, the larvae do spin their cocoons under clods or any other objects that may lie upon the surface of the soil; and that frequent cultivation may thus be of value by destroying them or exposing them to their enemies. August 15, 1900, I found one larvae in its cocoon, two live pupae ana a number of empty pupae cases in small cracks in the uncultivated soil under an apple tree. Figure k shows a cocoon in a cell in a clod. The bark on this tree was rough and scaly and considerable rubbish lay on the ground under it. There were thus many normal places in which the larvae could have spun their cocoons; that they chose to do so in the ground would seem to indicate that the habit is not unusual. Cooke* states that the cocoons are often found from one to six inches beneath the surface of the soil about the trunk and larger * Injurious Insects of the Orchard and Vineyard, p. 102. Appendix. 133 roots. Simpsont states that many are placed in cracks in the ground and that a Mr. McPherson reports having found many among the clods of earth in the orchard. Undoubtedly the larvae prefer to pupate under scales of bark on the trunk and larger limbs or in other dry secluded places above the ground — in breeding cages they almost invariably go to the top — but it seems evident that under certain circumstances they may pupate on or beneath the surface of the soil, and that clean smooth trees and clean culture are valuable aids in the warfare against this pest. Having found a suitable place, whether it be on trunk or branch, in barrel, box or storeroom or under a clod, the larvae hollows out a little oval cavity with its jaws and proceeds to envelope itself in a thin tough cocoon of silken threads intermingled with particles of the surrounding substance. Figure h shows a larvae in a winter cocoon, on the under surface of a piece of bark. If the cocoon is formed by a larvae of the first brood, in July or early August, in two or three days it will undergo a wonderful transformation — a complete change of form. It is then a pupae. A larvae of the second brood remains as a larvae within its cocoon until the following spring when it too transforms to a pupae. A pupae some- what enlarged is shown in Figure j. Whether the change to the pupae occurs in a few days as in the first brood or is delayed until spring as in the second, the insect remains in the pupal stage only two or three weeks. Then, by wriggling movements, aided by the spines on the back of each segment, the pupae v/orks its way out of its cocoon and is born again. It is then a most beautiful object — the moth. In breeding cages, moths of the first brood emerged August 3, from cocoons that were spun July 19, and in which the larvae pupated July 21. Moths of the second brood, which had developed from eggs deposited September 5, and hatched September 12, emerged May 29. To show more clearly the times at which the moths appear I have com- piled the following table from breeding cage records for 1898-99. Beginning July 7, 1898, when the first wormy apples were found, infested fruit was gathered from time to time throughout the season and placed in cages. The same process was followed in 1899. Careful record of the dates of appearance of the moths was kept throughout the fall of 1898. In 1899, during my absence the records were efficiently kept by Mr. W. J. Gilstrap, a student assistant, until September 7, when he resigned. However, on September 2, he observed that many moths of the second generation had not emerged. It is, therefore, probable that they would have continued to emerge at least until September 15, as in 1898. Bui. 30, New Series, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. 134 Report of State Board of Horticulture. TABLE SHOWING DATES OF APPEARANCE OF MOTHS IN 1S98-99. IS 9a 1S99. Date. ffumber of moths. Date. Number o/moths. Date. Number o/moths. Date. Ii^umber of moths. Aug. 3 5 6 11 14 19 Absent until Sept. 3 5 8 14 5 2 1 6 4 6 44 3 •> 2 April 10 21 '>■> 29I..I.1 May 3 5 8 9 13 15 16 18 19— 22 1 4 1 1 1 2 9 2 4 K 3 2 4 4 May 23 25 27 29 ol June 1 5 27 29 30 July 24* 25 3 3 5 3 1 4 4 10 1 1 1 1 6 Aug. 5 7 8 9 12 15 18 19 24 28 31 Sept. 4 6 ■6 4 1 •> .:> 5 2 3 1 6 2 2 1 1 Aug. 4 7 1 *The moths recorded July 24-25 were captured in storerooms and may be extra late in- dividuals of the first l^rood or early ones of the second — pi-obably the latter. NATURAL ENEMIES. As a moth, flying only at night; as a larvae, living in a citadel both entrances to which are barricaded; or as larvae and pupae, hidden securely away in the most secluded spots and rendered almost invisible by the pro- tective coloring of its cocoons; it would seem that the codling moth should be safe from all foes. Nevertheless the mortality is great in each of its various stages. I have observed many shriveled eggs that did not hatch. The same condition has been noted by others, notably Koebele,* Washburnt and Simpson. $ "Washburn states that "the moth lays many eggs, but apparently only a certain proportion of them develop." He thus conveys the impres- sion that the mortality is due to lack of fertilization. Simpson attributes it to climatic conditions. Both may be right. I have noticed that in breeding cages protected from the sun nearly every egg hatches. In Cal- ifornia and in the east, a minute parasitic insect lives in and destroys a few of the eggs. It is probably present in Oregon, but I have as yet not detected it. In Utah a wasp is reported to collect the larvae and store them in its burrows, while the fruit in a neighboring orchard was almost free from injury. In California, another wasp is said to pull the larvae from the apples; while in Indiana the same good oifice is performed by the downy woodpecker. It is not at all uncommon at Corvallis to find a considerable percentage of the larvae dead in the fruit; some killed by a fungous dis- ease; others evidently by a bacterium. After leaving the fruit, and while seeking a place in which to pupate the larvae are subject to the attacks of numerous predaceous and parasitic insects and many birds, which also continue to prey upon them both as larvae and pupae after they are hidden away in their cocoons. * Bui. 22, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. 7 Bui. 25, Or. Expt. Sta. t Bui. 30, New SerieSi Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. Appendix. 135 Even the moths are captured, while on the wing, by bats and probably many fall a prey to birds, both while at rest during the day and while on the wing at night. At least fifteen species of insects, one hair snake, a fungous disease, a bacterial disease and many species of birds are known to prey upon the codling moth during some stage of its existence, and yet it ranks as the most destructive apple pest. The idea of controlling crop pests by their natural enemies is a popular one; and there are not lacking enthusiasts who advocate, with little reason, the introduction of this or that particular enemy, or the ai'tificial culture and use of one already present, as a cheap and efficient method of con- trolling the codling moth. In July, 1898, nearly eighty per cent of the larvae infesting the Waxen apples on a certain tree were killed by disease. Two distinct types of disease were noticeable; one a fungus which produced a solid or mummified condition of the larvae; the other evidently a bacterium which induced decay. I was, at first, impressed with the belief that organisms which naturally produced such a great mortality among the larvae of the codling moth might be successfully used in orchard practice; but when early in August, the mortality diminished to about five per cent or less, while the larvae were much more abundant, and there was thus more opportunity for the spread of the contagion, I abandoned the idea. It was only too evident that the organisms were too dependent upon favorable conditions for their development, to be reliable agents in insect warfare. Spraying the trees with cultures of these diseases might give good results under certain circumstances; but the results, being so dependent upon conditions, would be uncertain and the practice therefore unsafe. In all economic work with diseases of insects, two conditions have been found essential to success; the climatic conditions must be favorable for the development of the disease and the insect must be gregarious. The first condition cannot be controlled; the second does not exist in this particular instance, the larvae being not only solitary .n their habits but deeply buried in the fruit. I, therefore, do not believe the use of disease germs in controlling codling moth can be made practical. I fully agree with Slingerland* that "the most eflicient aids to man in controlling the codling moth are birds. * * * Any one who tries to collect the apple worm on the trunks of trees in early spring, will be sur- prised to find how many empty cocoons there will be. Usually, however, a tell-tale hole through the back into the cocoon explains the absence of its occupant. Our observations lead us to agree with Riley and Walsh that 'almost all the cocoons of the moth that have been constructed in the autumn on the trunks and limbs of apple trees, are gutted before the spring opens.' * * * One finds such an astonishingly large number of empty cocoons that it would seem as though the birds must get the larger proportion of the worms which go into nibernation in the fall." Probably the flickers and nuthatches should be given first rank as codling moth * Bui. 142, Cornell Expt. Sta. 136 Report of State Board of Horticulture. destroyers, but they are ably seconded by jays, chickadees, wrens, spar- rows, swallows, titmice, kinglets and bluebirds. Notwithstanding this splendid array of feathered friends of the orchard- ists, there has been considerable agitation, in this and neighboring states, in favor of importing the Kohlmeise (Parus major) from Germany. It is even reported that the last legislature of Utah appropriated $500 to be expended in making such an importation. The advocates of such an ex- periment claim that the Kohlmeise is the natural enemy of the codling moth, that in Germany it keeps the moth in subjection, and that if im- ported to this country it would probably be as effective here. I believe such an importation would be a dangerous and an unnecessary experiment; unnecessary because we have already in this state three native species of birds which belong to me same genus as the Kohlmeise, and which, in all probability, have very similar habits, viz: The Oregon chick- adee (parus atricappillus occidentalis), the mountain chickadees (P. gam- beli), and the chestnut-backed chickadee (P. rufescens); dangerous because it is always uncertain what changes in habits may occur when an animal, be it ever so harmless in its native habitat, is introduced to new conditions. In support of this statement it is only necessary to call attention to the introduction of the English sparrow into the United States, the mongoose into Jamaica, the European rabbit into Australia and the starling into New Zealand. Those interested in the subject are referred to an article by Dr. T. S. Palmer* on "The Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds." Regarding the Kohlmeise, Dr. Palmer writes as follows: " 'Kohlmeise' is the German name of the great titmouse of Europe (Parus major), and this designation is used to some extent in the United States. The Kohlmeise is common over the whole of Europe as far north as the Arctic circle and also in Siberia. * * * The Kohlmeise has re- cently attracted attention on account of its alleged value as a destroyer of the codling moth (Carpocapsa pomenella), particularly in Germany, where it is reported to protect apple trees in large measure from the attacks of this destructive insect. But although several German authors regard it as a most useful species, there seems to be no satisfactory evidence that * Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr. (1898). THE CODLING MOTH. Fig. b. Moth resting on apple. Reduced one half. Fig. e. Wormy apDle showing familiar mass of frass at calyx end. Reduced one balf. ' , , ,, Fig. f. Mature apple showing spot where a second brood larva had entered at the side. Reduced one half. Fig. g. Interior of wormy apple showing point of entrance at calyx, channel to the core, excavation about the core, exit passage, in which is the larva, leading to the sur- face of the fruit where it is clo.sed with a plug of frass and silken threads. Reduced to one third natural size. Fig. h. Winter quarters disturbed. A winter cocoon on the 'under surface of a piece of apple bark has been torn open to show the inclosed hibernating larva. Enlarged 1>^ dia. THE CODLING MOTH (Original.) Appendix. 137 it is partial to the codling moth, or in fact that it ever feeds on the moth to any great extent. In Great Britain where the Kohlmeise is also a resident and generally distributed, its presence has not been sufficient to exterminate the codling moth or even to hold this pest in- check. On the other hand, it is said to attack small and weakly birds, splitting open their skulls with its beak to get at the brains, and doing more or less damage to fruit, particularly pears. One English observer reported that all the pears in his garden had to be enclosed in muslin bags to protect them from the birds which would otherwise eat a considerable part of the fruit before it was ripe. Another reported that the great titmouse spoiled most of a limited crop of apples, and then began on the pears, boring a small hole near the stem, and passing from one pear to another until every one of forty or fifty trees had been damaged. It also attacked figs, scooping them out before they were ripe." In this country the Kohlmeise might not develop the undesirable traits it has exhibited in England; but its char- acter is not above suspicion. Far better to expend our energies in pro- tecting and fostering the birds we have, than in introducing one that might itself become a pest. Well cultivated and well pruned orchards, free from weeds and seeds and underbrush, are not attractive places to birds, and it is at least doubtful whether the Kohlmeise would remain in them. In Germany, where it is said to do the most good, there are practically no commercial orchards. I believe there is little prospect that any practical benefit will come from the introduction of foreign enemies of the codling moth, or from attempts to increase the usefulness of those already present. The "strenu- ous life" of the fruitgrower alone will protect his fruit. He must be per- sistent in the use of the best known remedies. The most successful orchardists of the state now rely almost wholly upon spraying. THE CODLIXG MOTII AKD LATE SPRAYING. The fundamental fact that must be considered by those who aim to control the codling moth by spraying, is that in this western country the larvae are very abundant late in the season. In the Willamette valley, and I believe the same is true in the other apple-growing regions of the state, the greatest loss from codling moth injury occurs after August 1. This fact necessitates a radical departure from the practice which has given such satisfactory results in the east. Since Cook* first demonstrated the value of the arsenical sprays as a preventive of codling moth injury to apples, early spraying has been the almost universal practice, alike of the fruitgrower and the entomologist. "Apply early, just after the blossoms fall," wrote Cook; and the advice has been echoed — and followed — ever since. The test of years has only served to demonstrate its value. It has been worth millions of dollars to apple growers all over the land. Professor Cook found this one application so effective that he doubted whether it would be best or necessary to make another. Subsequent experience did not fully sustain his expectations. * Am. Entomologist, Vol. Ill, ISSO. 138 Report of Slate Board of Horticulture. Forbes* as a result of a very carefully conducted series of experiments covering two seasons, during the first of which cei-tain trees were sprayed eight times, arrived at the conclusion that seventy per cent of the loss commonly caused by the codling moth may be prevented by spraying with Paris green once or twice in early spring as soon as the fruit is set and before it turns downward on the stem; but that "certainly no appreciable effect was produced by spraying during the life of the second brood." Gofff obtained practically the same result. Munson$ as a result of some careful work noted that a large proportion of fruits infested had been attacked by the second brood but concluded that to spray for this brood is hardly practicable. Lodenian§ states that it is not advisable to apply Paris green more than twice in a season unless the rainfall is very heavy or continuous. Practically the same conclusion has been arrived at by all experimenters in the eastern United States. The svibject has been finally summarized by Slingerland|| who concluded that if no rains occur between the time of the application and the closing of the calyx lobes, one spraying just after the blossoms fall is just as effective as half a dozen later applications. These conclusions, arrived at as the result of years of observation, and the successful experience of many men are not supported by results ob- tained in this state. Early spraying alone will not save the fruit. It is not only practicable but necessary to fight the second brood. Personally, I am of the opinion that the early applications, soon after the petals fall, are of very little value in the Willamette valley. Here the blossoms usually fall not later than May 10. If the application is to be made before the calyx lobes close, spraying must not be delayed more than a few days after this date. The first larvae enter the fruit at Corvallis rarely before June 25. I have as yet had no analysis made, but in view of our usually large rainfall after the petals drop, I am strongly of the opinion that by the time the first larvae are ready to enter the fruit practically none of the poison of these early sprays remain either in the calyx cup or elsewhere upon the fruit. Nevertheless, contrarj^ to eastern experience though it may be, good results are obtained by the use of the spray pump, by keeping everlastingly at it. To quote from Mr. Smith's article on spraying, in the appendix, "By this sign we conquer." In warmer and dryer portions of the state where the larvae begin to appear sooner the early applications are undoubtedly of great value. Even in the Willamette valley it is not best to omit them until their value has been further tested. The comparative value of the different applications can best be shown by reference to the following table which records the result of experimental spraying in the college orchard in 1898. Five rows containing one hundred and thirty-four trees were selected for the experiment. Of these fl'fty failed to pi'oduce fruit, or were early varieties of which no records were kept. * Fifteenth Report 111. State Bnt. (1885-1886). t Fourth Report N. Y. Agr. Exnt. Sta. (1SS5). t Report Maine Exnt. Sta. (1891). § Bui. 60. Cornell Fxpt. Sta. II Bui. 142, Cornell Expt. Sta. Appendix. 139 since the particular end in view was to test the effect of a late application on larvae of the second brood. There were thus included in the experiment eighty-four trees of fall and winter varieties. These trees with certain exceptions were sprayed four times with Bordeaux mixture to which one pound of Paris green was added to each two hundred gallons. The appli- cations were made May 13, June 11, June 25, and August 11, and at each application certain trees were omitted. In the column marked "No. of applications" the figures opposite any particular tree indicate which of the sprayings that tree received. Thus, 1 stands for the first application, May 13; 2 for the second, June 11, etc. In like manner, 1, 2, 3, 4 indicates that the tree received all four applications; 2, 3, that it received only the second and third. At the time the first application was made the condition of the calyx was noted for each variety and this is recorded in the column mai-ked "Condition of calyx," as open or closed. Immediately after the third application I, personally, counted the apples on each tree, and again July 20 went over them and counted all that showed indications of being infested by larvae of the first brood. When the fruit was gathered it was carefully examined, the apples that showed the least indication of injury counted, and the percentage of wormy to sound fruit estimated. TABLE SHOWING RELATIVE EFFECTS OF EARLY AND LATE SPRAYING IN 1898. Variety. Condition 0/ calyx. Grimes' Golden Grimes' Goldeu Grimes' Golden White Pippin Wlaite Pippin White Pippin Shiawasse Shiawasse Shiawasse Whitney's 20 Whitney's 20 Fall .Jenneting Fall Jenneting Fall Jenneting 1. Fallawater Pumpkin Russet Pumpkin Russet Pumpliiu Russet Ramb(j Rambo Rambo Walibridge Wallbridge Walibridge Wolf River Wolf River Wolf River Wolf River Wolf River Yellow Trausparen t _ Soulard Red Astrachan Oldenburg Oldenburg Oldenburg Oldenburg Oldenburg Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Numher Total | Xumher v/ applica- unnihf.r wormy limi8. u/ ajrplesAJvly 20th. 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1,2,3,4 1, 2, 3, 4 ; 1,2,3,4 ! 1, 2, 3, 4 ; 1, 2, 3, 4 I 1, -'. :^, 4 1,2 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 2,3,4 ! 2,3,4 , -i, ■?-, 4 , 2, 3, 4 , 2, 3, 4 . 2, 3. 4 •-' 3 4 ■' 3 4 2 3 4 , 2, 3, 4 , 2, 3, 4 , 2, 3, 4 , 2, 3, 4 , 2, 3, J , 2, 3, 4 , 2, 3, 4 , 2, 3, 4 . 2, 3, 4 , 2. 3, 4 2 3 4 2, 3, 4 , 2, 3, 4 , 2, 3, 4 , 2, 3, 4 1!)0 23.S SI.') 715 .')00 200 3t>') 3()0 135 825 425 525 450 570 53 ].-)0 2tl5 125 275 310 325 2t)5 JOG 152 112 185 28(5 200 100 575 285 88 336 475 ICO 50 137 1 1 1 5 2 13 2 2 It 1 1 1 Xumher Per cent wormy wormy. when gathered. .5t 4 i 0. 11 0. 18 .14 •> 0. 0. 0. 0. .() .5 2.-) .5 .35 0. .0 0. 8. .3t 0. .3 0. 0. 1.3 3. 1-t 1. .5 2, K4 3.2 1.2 0. 2 2.0 10. 4.4 36 23 .57 35 9 17 107 34 27 7 16 33 10 Per cent wormy. I 2.t 4.6 t-t 5. 4.5 28.5 10. 2.5 40. Per cent sound. 98 95 98 95 95 71 90 97 60 98 20. 7.5 5. 13. 10. 11. .5 0. 2. o! 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 80 92 95 87 90 89 92 100 99..' 100 98 1(X) 100 100 100 100 99 73 22.— 88 0. 100 0. 100 20 14.5 8.1.0 140 Report of State Board of Horticulture. TABLE SHOWING RELATIVE EFFECTS OF EARLY AND LATE SPRAYING IN 1898 Coucluded. Variety. Condition of calyx. May Open May Open May Open Delaware Open Delaware Open McMahan's White Open McMahan's White Open McMahan's White Open Scott's AV'^lnter Closed Scott's Winter iClosed Scott's Winter [Closed Summer Queen I Open Summer Queen j Open Summer Queen ' Opeh Bailey Sweet j Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Closed Bailey Sweet Oolvert Colvert Oolvert Gano Oano Gano Salome Salome Pewaukee Pewaukee [Closed Pewaukee jClosed Jewett's Red jClosed Jewett's Red [Closed Jewett's Red Closed Pryor's Red Open Pryor's Red 1 Open Pryor's Rea | Open Mann ! Open Early Strawberry [Closed York Imperial [Closed York Imperial iClosed Twenty-Ounce [Closed Ortley IClosed Ortley [Closed Taylor's Red Open Longfellow ^ I Open Maiden's Blush Maiden's Blush- Saint Lawrence Number of applica- tions. Closed Closed Closed 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1,2,3,4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 2 3 4 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1,2,3,4 1, 2, 3, 4 12 3 4 1, -J, ..», -i 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1,2,3,4 ],2,3,4 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1,2,3,4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1,2 2,3 2, 3, 4 Total Number number wormy of apples. July 20th. V22 105 1 155 100 135 1 345 1 297 3 2.53 627 15 285 2 385 4 120 180 195 1 58 175 175 3.50 14 295 300 2 350 3 30 125 250 2 225 3 .50 1.50 1 175 400 500 1 750 800 20 175 2 210 1 175 1 560 2 .50 2 75 200 80 620 1 125 1.50 1 450 Per cent wormy. 0. 1. 0. 0. .7 .3 1. 0. 2.3 .7 1. 0. 0. .5 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .7 1. 0. 0. 8. 1.3 0. .7 0. 0. 2. 0. 2.5 1. .5 .5 .3 4. 0. 0. 0. 2 o! .7 0. \Numher wormy when gathered. 6 10 2 18 27 21 105 35 25 8 35 10 7 2 12 15 8 9 6 87 6 3 13 • 16 4 12 2 106 76 57 15 Per cent wormy. 0. 6. 0. 10. 1.5 5.2 10. 8. 16. 12. 6.5 0. 0. 0. 0. 4. 0. 0. 25. 25. 4. 3. 4. 8. 9. 2. 2. 8. 23.t 3. 1.5 7.5 2.5 5. 6. 2.5 16.t 60. 38. 3.t Per cent sound. 100 94 100 90 98 . 95 90 92 84 88 93.5 100 100 100 100 96 100 100 75 75 96 97 96 92 91 98 98 99 77 97 98.5 92.5 97.5 95 94 97.5 84 40 62 97 From the above table several interesting facts may be deduced. (1) Of the twenty-nine thousand nine hundred and Qfty-eight apples produced on the eighty-four trees less than one (.6-|-) per cent was wormy July 20, and but little more than five per cent was infested when the fruit was gathered. The injury varied from nothing on certain sprayed trees to sixty per cent on one not sprayed. (2) The five check trees which were not sprayed produced two thousand four hundred and thirteen apples, of which twenty-three per cent were wormy. (3) Two trees received only the first and second applications. They produced seven hundred and eighty-five apples, of which twenty per cent were injured by the apple worm. Appendix. 141 (4) One tree received the second and the third applications, the first and the fourth being omitted. This tree produced one hundred and fifty apples, of which thirty-eight per cent were infested. (5) From seven trees only the first spraying was omitted. On these trees less than five per cent of the two thousand four hundred and five apples produced were wormy. (6) Sixty-nine trees received all four applications, and but slightly more than three per cent of the sixteen thousand eight hundred and twenty apples produced were wormy. (7) Perhaps the most striking fact brought out, and the one that prob- ably explains the poor results from the early applications, is the extremely small percentage of injury that had occurred up to July 20. On only one tree did it amount to as much as four per cent. Even on the trees not sprayed, the average loss up to that time, was less than two per cent. (8) The results of the one season's experiments indicate that the first application was valueless, that the second and possibly the third were nearly so, and that the fourth was the important one. That late applica- tions are important have been verified by our later experience and by the results obtained by fruit growers; but the inefficiency of the early applica- tions should not be considered as proved, even for the Willamette valley without further evidence, although the results obtained taken in connection with the fact that the larvae do not begin to infest the fruit much before July 1, at least indicate their lack of value for this locality. In dryer and warmer parts of the state, where the fruit is attacked earlier, the first applications are of undoubted value. The results of the season's work indicate very clearly the great value of the fourth application. Nevertheless, the experiments were not entirely satisfactorj% The college orchard, being an experimental one, contains a large number of varieties of but two or three trees each. While this was perhaps of value in showing the comparative effect of the sprays on the different varieties, it made it impossible to obtain a sufficient number of trees of the same variety on which to test the relative value of the differ- ent applications under like conditions. It was also unfortunate that some of the trees selected as checks failed to set fruit. Thus it is that the results from making the first and second applications, only, were obtained on but two trees, and those from the second and third applications, only, were obtained on but one. The value of these early applications therefore can- not be considered as satisfactorily proved or disproved. In the spring of 1899 an attempt Vv'as made to repeat the experiments under more favorable conditions, by entering into an arrangement for cooperative work in the orchard of Mr. Thos. Whitehorn. The orchard is conveniently located and consists principally of but two varieties of apples, the Newtown Pippin and the Ben Davis. The apple crop for this season being an almost entire failure, similar arrangements were made for the season of 1900 for cooperative work in Mr. Whitehorn's orchard and in a small orchard of Baldwins controlled by Mr. B. F. Irvine. These orchards were each sprayed four times, for codling moth, with Bordeaux 142 Report of State Board of Horticulture. mixture and Paris green. The first application was made May 7 to 14; the second June 22 to 27; tlie third July 26 to 28; the fourth August 31 to September 1. In addition, the Ben Davis trees which had been sprayed June 23, were re-sprayed June 27, on account of a heavy shower having fallen on June 24. In each of these orchards certain rows or trees were left untreated at each spraying that we might again test the comparative value of the differ- ent applications. Owing to an oversight, however, notes on the amount of, injury were not taken until the fruit haa been gathered, when it was found impossible to satisfactorily separate the various lots according to the applications they had received. While it was, therefore, impossible to compare the value of the different sprayings, the results are not without value, since they give added proof of the value of spraying in general. Although they obtained an additional spraying on June 27, the poorest results were obtained with the Ben Davis of which approximately thirty per cent were wormy. The Newtown Pippins, standing beside them in the same orchard, were almost entirely free from codling moth injury — not over two per cent being infested. In the Baldwin orchard the injury did not exceed one or two per cent. In fact, Mr. Irvine reported that "in several hundred bushels less than half a dozen apples affected with worm were found. In a few trees, a few rods distant from the others, which were not sprayed, the fruit was so wormy that it was unfit to use. None of it was gathered." It should be remembered that the above work was experimental. Its object was to test the value of late applications of arsenicals for the cod- ling moth and incidentally to determine the least number of applications that would give satisfactory results. Although we obtained good results by spraying only four times, orchardists generally will undoubtedly get better results by making five or six applications. The habits of the moth vary with the year and with the locality to such an extent that it is im- possible to give definite instructions as to when these applications should be made. For the present or until further experiments shall have proved its efficiency or inefficiency we shall continued to advise that the first applications be made within a week after the petals fall and before the calyx lobes close. Each grower must determine for himself when the other application must be made. The idea should be to keep the fruit thoroughly coated with poison from the time the very first eggs can be detected on the apple in the spring until the middle of September. Every worm that gets into the calyx or through the skin of the apple before the poison is applied is beyond its reach and the chances are that it will pass through its transformations and multiply fifty or a hundred fold in the next generation. Every apple grower, then, should learn to r'ecognize the eggs of the codling moth and should start his spray pump as soon as they are detected. If he will not take the trouble to become acquainted with them the pump should be started at the earliest possible moment after the first indications of the presence of the worm in the fruit can be detected, and thereafter the orchard should be sprayed every two or three weeks during the season. In case a heavy shower follows any application the Appendix. 143 orchard should be at once resprayed. By a thorough study of the habits of the moth in his locality one can learn to vary the length of the periods between the different applications so that the fruit will be most thoroughly coated. with poison at the times that egg laying is most active. Thus at Corvallis, I have found that for the first brood this is i-etween June 20 to 25 and July 10 to 15, and for the second brood from about August 10 to September 15. We shall, therefore, in the future, take particular pains to keep the fruit thoroughly covered during these two periods. The methods of successful spraying are so well described in the two articles in the appendix — one by Hon. E. L. Smith, a successful fruit grower and president of the State Board of Horticulture, the other by Hon. John D. Olwell, one of the most extensive and successful apple growers in the state, and the first grower in the state to use a power spraying outfit. Both of these men have had extensive experience with spraying that pays and whatever advice they give can be safely followed in their respective localities. It will be noted that Mr. Smith uses the arsenite of lime,* prepared after a slightly modified Kedziet formula, while Mr. Olwell uses a mixture of Paris green and London purple. I have principally used Paris green. So far as efficiency is concerned it probably makes little or no difference which of these poisons is used. The arsenite of lime is cheaper than the other two and is more easily held in suspension. It is extensively used at Hood River, and has given general satisfaction. Paris green and London purple are too well known to require any further notice than to say that the former is more uniform in the amount of arsenious acid it contains than is the latter, and whenever the two have been carefully tested side by side has invariably given better results. It will also be observed that both Mr. Smith and Mr. Olwell apply the poison in a mixture of lime and water. In the Willamette valley and along the coast, it should be applied in Bordeaux mixture for all sprayings after the petals fall and previous to July 1. First, because the Bordeaux is necessary to control the apple scab and other fungous diseases; second, because it causes the poison to adhere to the fruit better than does any other substance. After July 1, it is best to use the lime and poison only, as the Bordeaux is not necessary and stains the fruit. To successfully combat both apple scab and codling moth, it is advised to spray with plain Bordeaux just a.s the leaf buds are unfolding, and again just as the blos- soms begin to open. Within a week after the petals fall the trees should be sprayed with Bordeaux to which one of the above poisons has been added, the same amount of poison being used as when it is applied in water. So far as codling moth is concerned, no other applications are necessary in the Willamette valley until well toward the end of June when * Sometimes termed arsenite of soda. t First recommended by Dr. R. C. Kedzie, of the Michigan Agricultural Col- lege. The arsenic and sal soda are boiled together until a clear solution of arsenite of soda is formed. This is exceedingly injurious to foliage. It there- fore must always be applied in lime water or in Bordeaux with an excess of lime since the lime precipitates the arsenic as insoluble arsenite of lime, thereby neutralizing its injurious action. In case the arsenic does not all be- come precipitated injury to foliage may occur. 144 Report of State Board of Horticulture. the first eggs are deposited, but if it is desired to fight the scab fungus, as well, the orchard should be again sprayed with Bordeaux in ten days or two weeks after the application last mentioned. The poison may also be added to the Bordeaux for this application to kill any leaf-eating insects that may be present. In spraying for apple scab, the idea should be to keep every part of the tree thoroughly protected by Bordeaux from the time the leaves first appear until the spring rains are over. The number and frequencj^ of the applications will necessarily vary with the amount of rainfall. Likewise, in spraying for the codling moth, the idea should be to have every part of every apple coated with poison from the time the first eggs hatch until the fruit is nearly ready to gather. It is not necessary to add poison to the Bordeaux before the petals fall, nor is it necessary to use Bordeaux with the poison after July 1. Between these dates the two should be used together, one pound of Paris green being added to each two hundred gallons of Bordeaux. (Arsenite of lime or the Paris green-London purple mixture can of course be used in place of the Paris green.) We have usually obtained better results from Bordeaux mixture by using more lime in its preparation than is commonly recommended. To make fifty gallons of Bordeaux, dissolve six pounds of copper sulphate in twenty- five gallons of water. Slowly slake six to eight pounds of lime (air-slaked lime must not be used) and add enough water to make twenty-five gallons. Then slowly pour the two diluted mixtures together. If much spraying is to be done time can be saved by preparing stock solutions of the copper sulphate and the lime, as follows: Weigh out one hundred pounds of copper sulphate, put it in a coarse sack and hang it near the top in a fifty-gallon cask. Fill the cask with water and allow to stand until the bluestone is all dissolved. Then refill the cask to the fifty-gallon mark. Each gallon of the solution will thus contain two pounds of the copper sulphate. In another fifty-gallon cask slowly slake one hundred pounds of lime, after which add enough water to make fifty gallons. Each gallon will therefore contain two pounds of lime. To prepare fifty gallons of Bordeaux misture, dilute three gallons of the sulphate of copper solution with twenty-two gallons of water. Likewise, dilute three to four gallons of the milk of lime with enough water to make twenty-five gallons. Then pour the two diluted solutions together. Under no conditions should the undiluted stock solutions be mixed. OTHER PEEVEKTIVE MEASURES. Spraying has come to be the chief means of protecting fruit from injury by the codling moth. In this state it is now practically the only means employed. If it be done intelligently and be persisted in, and if a good quality of poison be used, the result should be at least eighty-five to ninety-five per cent of fruit free from worms. Nevertheless, one should not overlook the facts that smooth trees and clean cultivation are efllcient supplements to spraying; that if sheep or hogs are allowed to run in the orchard, they will devour the fallen fruit with many worms included; that Appendix. 145 closed screens at the windows and doors of storerooms in which infested fruit has been kept, means imprisonment for life to all moths that emerge therein in spring. ■ Some good authorities also recommend that the old "banding system" be used as a supplement to spraying. This consists in folding a piece of thick, dark colored cloth to make bands four to six inches wide and fastening these tightly about the trunk of each tree about two feet above the ground. This simply furnishes the larvae convenient places in which to pupate. After the first brood larvae begin to leave the fruit these bands should be examined every six to eight days until about Sep- tember 15, and all the insects killed. Further examination of the bands can then be deferred until sometime after the fruit has all been gathered, when they should again be gone over and all the hibernating larvae killed. The expense of banding is hardly necessary if the spraying has been carefully and intelligently done. SPRAYING. By Hon. E. L. Smith. The spray pump might well be adopted as the emblem of the fruit grower, and on it inscribed that old legend, "By this sign we conquer." If there is any considerable fruit-growing section independent of its use, it is unknown to me and thorough spraying has become one of the most essential factors in successful orcharding. The subject being one of prime importance, and as many discouraging results have been reported, it may be well to compare experiences and inform ourselves as to those conditions that will insure success. My own experience has demonstrated that these conditions are substan- tially as follows: First, the material must be unadulterated and of regulation strength. Lime forms a part of many spraying compounds and its efficiency is greatly lessened if it becomes air slaked before using. I have frequently been asked as to the relative merits of Paris green and the arsenite of soda, for codling moth. I believe they are equally effective if properly prepared and applied. Second, the spraying must be begun at the proper time and continued at regular intervals. For the apple moth, for the best results, spray fruit as soon as petals have fallen, and then at regular intervals of two weeks to middle of September. I am aware that so eminent an authority as Professor Slingerland holds that subsequent sprayings after the first two are useless. His idea is that the calyx of the apple being cup shaped will hold sufficient poison to kill the young larvae, but that we cannot coat the sides of the apple with a sufficient amount to be effective. 1 cannot concur in this conclusion. The calyx of many varieties of apples never closes and I believe it is well to renew the poison that may have been dissipated at the eye of the apple. Again the moth lays many 10 146 Report of State Board of Horticulture. eggs on the upper surface of the leaver and may we not coat these leaves and even the fruit itself with such an amount of poison-bearing lime as to afford a very uncomfortable diet for the newly-born larvae. An opinion has obtained among many growers that the lime itself if not an insecticide is at least a deterrent and for that reason we use from six to eight pounds freshly slaked to fifty gallons of spray. Late sprayings are important from the fact that the moth is never so much in evidence as between the 15th day of August and the 15th day of September. Third, the spraying must be done thoroughly to secure best results. From my point of observation, on the top of the spray-tank, I find that there is a tendency to slight the center and the highest branches of the trees by the men who guide the nozzles. Again story-telling on the part of the sprayers does not work well in my orchard; their entire atten- tion must be centered on their work, and thoroughness ceases when talking begins. I repeat that the cardinal principles of successful spraying are mate- rials of full strength, carefully compounded and applied at the right time, in a thorough manner. I do not hesitate to say that failures or partial failures are usually on account of non-compliance with these indispensable conditions. If the orchard is a large one a power-pump is of great utility. There are several kinds of these pumps in use, the most effective in my opinion being those run by small engines, usually gasoline. These engines afford a constant, and any desired power, agitate the liquid thoroughly, which is especially necessary when Paris green is used as it is not soluble in water, and force the spray between the leaves and into the clusters of apples far better than can be done with the hand- pump. The engine, however, must be covered to protect it from the flying spray, adds much to the weight of the load and requires a man with some knowledge of mechanics to keep it in order. During the past season I used what is styled "The Orchard Monarch," manufactured by the Field Force Pump Company of Lockport, New York. This machine is operated by a crank shaft and sprocket-gear attached to the hind wheels of the wagon. In driving from tree to tree the pressure is pumped up automatically and at the same time the power pump forces the liquid from the tank holding one hundred and fifty gallons into a chamber of twelve gallons capacity. The objection I have found to this machine is that when the team stops and the spray is turned on the pressure falls rapidly and that it will not generate sufficient power in going from tree to tree, planted twenty- four to thirty feet apart, and has to be assisted by a hand pump conven- iently placed near the driver. In a five-year-old orchard I was able to do excellent work, using two double Vermorel nozzles, without stopping the team, covering seventeen acres easily in a day. On the whole I do not regret the purchase of the Orchard Monarch, as it saves a great amount of hand pumping. I conclude, however, that we have not yet Appendix. 147 reached the acme in power-spraying, and look forward confidently to the time when we will do our pumping with the light but powerful storage battery, the latest and most important of all Mr. Edison's inventions, as he declares. Hood River apple growers, so far as I know with a single exception, use the arsenite of soda application for the moth and are using a greater proportion of white arsenic than in former years and without injury to foliage. The past season I followed this formula: Water 1 gallon White arsenic 1 pound Sal soda 2 pounds Boil fifteen minutes or until the liquid is clear. Add an amount of water equal to that evaporated, making one full gallon of arsenite, and use one and one-half pints to fifty gallons of water to which has been added six pounds of fresh slaked lime. This spray has been used for the past four years with average results of ninety to ninety-five per cent of fruit free from the moth. In Southern Oregon equally favorable results are obtained, using Paris green and London purple. In Missouri quite a number favor a dry powder claiming that it is easier and more rapidly applied. If you want to test it make a powder composed of ten pounds lime, one pound Paris green, one pound Bordeaux, and apply with a powder-gun when the dew is on the leaves. I deduce some conclusions from the past season's spraying. Two years ago in a young orchard four years old there was so little fruit that I did not spray it — result, fifty boxes of apples, fully one-half damaged by codling moth. Sprayed same orchard six times last season and gathered over five hundred boxes of fruit. Examined critically four- teen boxes of Grimes' Golden Pippins and found but five wormy apples, the rest in about the same proportion, as near as I could judge. It is safe to say that ninety-nine per cent were not wormy. In a neighbor's young orchard not more than twenty rods distant, no spraying was done; result, over a hundred boxes, nearly three-fourths ruined by the codling moth. I conclude from these facts that an orchard can be kept free from the apple moth, even when it is adjacent to other orchards where it abounds. In an older orchard did not fare so well. Ben Davis fully one-fourth wormy. The Ben Davis grows in clusters and so closely that the liquid cannot be forced between apples and the moth improved the opportunity. I have two hundred Salome trees which bore too great a harvest in 1900; last year so few that I did not think it would pay to spray them; esti- mated that there would be fifteen bushels on these trees. After gathering my main crop thought I would pick these Salomes, but on examination found scarcely an apple that the moth had not penetrated. Sprayed the adjacent rows and got ninety per cent clean fruit. I conclude from this experience that spraying pays. That it is almost impossible to save apples growing in clusters like the Ben Davis and that the codling moth is deficient in taste, so far as this variety is concerned. 148 Report of State Board of Horticulture. I frequently found that when an apple rested on a limb, there was the moth between the limb and the apple. To secure best results the apple must be so exposed that spray-liquid can reach everj' portion of it. METHOD OF SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. By Hox. Jonx D. Olwell. The demand is always for the best. If the fruit-grower wants a de- mand for the product of his orchard, he must produce the best. He must defend his orchard against all pests that prey on trees; and this is ac- complished by the intelligent use of the spray pump. To do thorough and successful work, the hand spray pump must be abandoned, relegated to the past, like the sickle, the cradle, the flail, and other machinery of primitive days. The gasoline spray machine has come to stay; it is one of the greatest factors in the growing of fruit. It has practically revolu- tionized spraying, being economical, rapid, and thorough. One team hauls the engine, pump and tank of water of one hundred and twenty gallons capacity. One team and man, with water tank on his wagon, hauls water to the spraying tank — the water is transferred to the spraying tank in a moment by a pump attached to and run by the engine. The agitator on the spraying tank is geared by a bevel wheel, and run by a small shaft and pinion, and the poison is at all times kept in solution. Great care is exercised in procuring good poison, always getting that which is free from raw arsenic as much as possible. As a rule, this is not an easy task, as many adulterated brands are on the market. We procure samples and submit them to microscopic tests, and usually no difla- culty is experienced in detecting the spurious article. The quality of the poison being assured, our next step is to go to work. The proportions of poisons are as follows: Five ounces of Paris green and four ounces of London purple. We fill many small paper bags and have them in readiness for the season's work. We take one of the nine- ounce bags of combined poisons to one hundred and twenty gallons of water — the amount contained in the supply tank. Before putting the poison in the tank, it is mixed in a small amount of water, to form a paste, and in that way it is thoroughly blended. It is then poured through a fine sieve and strained into the supply tank, which has previously been filled with water. We then take a half gallon of puttycoat of lime, made from best fresh lime, and mix it with water until it is very thin. This is also strained into the supply tank. The straining of the lime water is for the purpose of keeping all grit that is in the lime out of the tank, that would clog the valves and cut the lining of the pump. The lime is added to neutralize the effects of the poison on the foliage of the trees. The poison is ready and spraying commences. The early brood of moths appears about the time of the opening of the apple blossom when the- Appendix. 149 female deposits her eggs in the calyx just as the apple is forming; in a short time -the egg hatches and the worm begins its damage. The first spraying to be effective must occur before the calyx of the apple closes and before the egg hatches; otherwise the poison cannot destroy the worm. The bloom being well off the trees, vigorous spraying with the gasoline spray pump enables us to go over our orchard of one hundred and sixty acres in ten days. Should a rain occur immediately after spraying, we spray again at once. Should we have no rain for the three weeks, we then spray once again; and every three weeks during the season we cover the trees with their coat of poison. Again the gasoline spray pump is a power, in that rapid work is accomplished. In the spring when it is necessary to spray for the first deposits, the period is very short between the falling of the bloom and the closing of the calyx, and it is impossible to thoroughly spray a large orchard with hand pumps. Then we have the spring rains to combat. If our first spraying has been effective, we do not notice much damage until the broods of August and September appear. The orchard may be sprayed in the spring and early summer, and be free from the worm to the beginning of August, and if neglected for the rest of the year, a great amount of fruit is de- stroyed. As a rule our success in spraying has been in going over the trees for the last spraying the first or second week in September. Good returns follow well directed efforts. Four good rules are: First — Be sure your poison is good. Second — Thoroughly agitate, as Paris green will settle to the bottom of the tank like sand, and your work is lost. Third — Apply the poison at the proper time. Fourth — See that your work is thorough and success is yours. coxcr.usioxs. The codling moth is our most serious apple pest. It is likely to be a serious pest wherever the apple can be successfully grown. Apple-growing regions now free from it are not likely to long remain so. The average percentage of fruit injured by the codling moth is not greater in Oregon than in other apple-growing regions. There are but two annual broods — not three or four, as has been stated. Owing to irregularity of development these broods overlap so that larvae may be found in fruit from the time the first wormy apples occur in spring until after the fruit is gathered. In the Willamette Valley, there appears to be no relation between the blossoming of the apple trees and the time at which the moths appear. The eggs are deposited principally on the surface of the fruit and not in the calyx. At Corvallis egg-laying does not begin until towards the end of June. It probably does not occur when the evening temperature falls much below sixty degrees, and is probably most active when such temperature is above seventy-five to eighty degrees. 150 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Probably a considerable number of larvae pupate under clods and rub- bish on the ground. Birds are the most effective natural aids in controlling the codling moth. No benefit is to be expected from the introduction of foreign birds or from artificial use of fungous and bacterial diseases. Spraying with one of the arsenites is the most practical method of pro- tecting fruit from the codling moth. It is not only practical but necessary to spray for the second brood. Persistent, intelligent spraying should give eighty-five to ninety per cent of fi'uit free from worms. Our best orchardists do even better. Clean, smooth trees, clean cultivation, sheep or hogs in the orchard, screens over the doors and windows of storerooms, and banding the trees are efficient supplements to spraying. EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTICIDES FOR THE SAN JOSE SCALE. By Prof. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist, Urbana, Ills. The "California wash" of lime, sulphur, and salt, and the "Oregon wash" of lime, sulphur, and blue vitriol have been for many years the general reliance of the fruit growers of the Pacific Coast for protection against the San Jose scale. In a letter to me, dated October 22, 1901, Prof. C. W. Woodworth, of the entomological department of the University of Cali- fornia, said that "the lime, salt, and sulphur mixture is the sole dependence in this state for killing the San Jose scale"; and under the same date Prof. A. B. Cordley, of the entomological department of the Oregon Agri- cultural College and experiment station, wrote: "With us the lime, salt, and sulphur compound is a very satisfactory remedy for the San Jose scale, and is used very extensively. In fact, this and the lime, sulphur, and blue vitriol compound are practically the only ones used for winter sprays for this insect." As early as 1889 the California wash was the only winter remedy recommended for the San Jose scale by the secre- tary of the state board of horticulture, in the annual report of the board for that year; and in 1896 Prof. John B. Smith, state entomologist of New Jersey, who visited California for a special study of the San Jose scale and its treatment there, found the lime salt, and sulphur mixture one of the "favorite insecticides" for that scale in California and on the Pacific Coast generally.* The introduction of these insecticides in the East has been long de- layed, probably owing in large measure to unfavorable reports of experi- ments made in the Atlantic states. In articles published in Bulletin 3 of the United States division of entomology, issued in 1896, and in Bulletin 30 of the same series, 1901, p. 34, the reported failure of the California *Rep. Ent. Dept. N. J. Agr. Exper. Station, 1896, p. 551. Appendix. 151 wash in the East is attributed to the frequent occurrence of rains shortly after the insecticide had been applied, and chemical testimony is brought forward in support of this supposition. USE OF CALIFORNIA AXD OHEGOX WASHES IS ILLINOIS. In the fall of 1901, when an appropriation of $15,000 for insecticide work on the San Jose scale became available to my office, I was embarrassed by the fact that no effective insecticide previously used by us had been found free from serious liability to injure the more tender fruit trees, or at least their fruiting buds. The peach and the plum were especially liable to serious damage by both the kerosene sprays and the whale-oil- soap solution, the first being injurious to the tree, and the second very commonly destructive to the fruit buds and, of course, to the crop of the following year. At this time I received from Professor Cordley, of Oregon, the above-mentioned letter, in which he suggested that I should give the lime, sulphur, and salt compound a thorough test in Illinois, and further said that in Oregon, where this mixture is thoroughly effective, the cli- mate is as moist during the winter — when the spray is principally used — as in any part of the East. I had additional testimony to the same effect from a former student and assistant of mine. Mr. Fred McElfresh. who informed me, after a year's experience in entomological work at the Ore- gon Agricultural College, that the weather of Western Oregon is very similar to that of the greater part of Illinois. Under these conditions I decided last fall to use the lime, salt, and sulphur mixture, standard in the Pacific states, for all our Illinois insec- ticide work on the peach and plum, preferring to take the risk of a possible inefficiency of the insecticide rather than the much greater one of serious injury to the orchard tree. The season seemed favorable to the treatment and highly encouraging reports came in from the field through- out the entire winter up to early March. At this time, in order to secure more precise and comprehensive information as to the value of the Oregon and California washes, I detailed one of mj' office assistants, Mr. E. S. G. Titus, to carry out a series of experiments with them under various conditions, and sent him to Sumerfield, in St. Clair county, where he remained for three weeks, supervising the treatment of the trees, and making counts of scales and other observations of the results. SECONDARY RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS. It was the principal object of these experiments to test the effects of rains on the two washes used, but other important results appeared in the outcome besides those immediately aimed at. Counts of dead and living scales on the check trees not treated and on the experimental trees before treatment, showed a surprising percentage of half-grown scales al- ready dead, the ratio of dead young to living scales varying on different trees and on different parts of the same tree from twenty-one per cent to sixty-nine per cent. This fact had already been observed in other lo- 152 Report of State Board of Horticulture. calities where our insecticide work was in progress, and tiad, indeed, been noticed and reported as early as 1898 by another assistant of the office, Mr. E. B. Forbes, engaged in distributing to infested trees in southern Illinois the spores of a fungus parasite of the San Jose scale. This spontaneous death of many of the scales which might have been expected to pass the winter alive, was apparently due in great measure and in both instances to a severe drouth of the preceding year. Con- sistently with this explanation the dead scales were most abundant on trees worst affected by the drouth, and on parts of trees to which the flow of sap would naturally be least. Another observation of importance to the investigator was made with reference to the action of the insecticide in loosening the scales of the insects killed by it. In most cases where the application took fatal effect the scales were so far loosened from the bark that they were easily rubbed off, and might be washed away in large numbers by an ordinary rain. As a consequence, if counts were made of dead and living scales upon a tree before treatment, and again after a treatment and after a heavy rain had fallen, the ratio of living to dead might be as great in the latter case as in the former. It will be seen that by overlooking this circum- stance an investigator might easily be led to very erroneous conclusions as to the effects of moisture on the insecticide. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE EXPERIMENTS. The actual effect of rains was experimentally ascertained by heavily spraying the trees with water at selected intervals after treatment with the wash, and by making careful counts of dead and living scales in each case and comparing the ratios so arrived at with those found in the beginning. The trees sprayed with each mixture were treated exactly alike except as to the subsequent application of water, and in this latter respect the different trees received very different treatment. Some, for example, were watered but once, and that the next day after the applica- tion of the insecticide wash; and others were watered daily for the seven days next following it. In order to avoid interference with the experiments by rains, which fell three times during the fortnight covered by the greater part of the experiments, some of the trees were covered by canvas tents at night and whenever rain threatened. GENERAL STATEMENT OF RESULTS. Details of all forms and variations of the experiments will be given fur- ther on, but it is sufficient for this general statement to say that the general average result of a single spraying of twenty trees with lime, sul- phur, and salt was the destruction of ninety and six-tenths per cent of the scales when no water was applied within five days and of eighty-six per cent when water was used. The corresponding result of the application of lime, sulphur, and blue vitriol to fifteen trees was the destruction of ninety-three per cent of the scales without water, and ninety-two and two-tenths per cent when water was applied within the first five days. Appendix. 153 PERIOD AND METHODS OF THE EXPERIMENTS. The experiments on which the above statement I'ests may be con- veniently described in five lots: two with lime, sulphur, and blue vitriol; two with lime sulphur and salt; and one, a special experiment, with both these washes on trees covered by tents. Two of the four experiments above mentioned — one with the California wash and one with the Oregon wash — were begun March 3, and the other two (in which also both washes were used) were begun March 5. The tent experiment was begun on the 21st of the month. Observations on all the lots treated were continued until March 25; that is, twenty-two days for the first two lots, twenty days for the third and fourth, and five days for the lot under tents. The experiments consisted of a single application of the insecticide in every case, with varying subsequent treatments of the different trees with water. Frequent counts of dead and living scales were made for all of the trees, no attention being paid in these counts to old scales, outworn and dead, but only to those whose size and immature character showed that they belonged to the new generation of the preceding fall. Counts of dead and living scales were made in all cases either before or shortly after the application of the insecticide spray. It was in this way ascertained that an average of about fifty per cent of the immature scales were already dead on these trees before the insecticide was applied; and that the action of the insecticide was scarcely perceptible within the first twenty- four hours. EXPEUIMENTAX TREES USED. Forty-three trees were used in all the experiments, twenty-five of them apple trees and eighteen peacn. They varied in height from twelve to eighteen feet; in spread of top from eight to twenty feet; and in diameter of trunk from four to nine inches. The average height was fourteen feet, and the average spread thirteen. Th% general condition of these trees varied from "very poor" to "excellent" six of them being described as "very poor," eight, as "poor," sixteen, as "fair," ten, as "good," and three, as "excellent." Some of the peach trees were more than half dead, and many of them in such a condition that the owners were about to remove them. The dry weather of the preceding summer had killed the young growth even on otherwise healthy trees, and in some cases much of the older wood had also died from drouth. All the trees were of course, infested with the San Jose scale, eighteen of them badly so, and the others to a medium degree. WEATHER OF THE PERIOD. The weather of the experimental period was the ordinary variable weather of an Illinois March, the temperature at seven o'clock a. m. ranging from eighteen degrees F., on the eighteenth, to fifty-four degrees on the fifteenth, and at noon, from thirty-four degrees on the eighteenth, to eighty-eight degrees on the twenty-fifth. There was an unusual amoimt of wind from the southeast — on not less than fourteen days out of the 154 Report of State Board of Horticulture. twenty-two. Rain fell on six days, and a light snow on one other. The first rain, on March 7, lasted for two and a half hours but was very light — about two gallons for each experimental tree, according to Mr. Titus's estimate. The temperature at the time was fifty-six degrees. On the ninth day after the beginning of the first experiment (March 11) the weather was showery, with heavy mist most of the day, the temperature sixty degrees to sixty-four degrees; and on the thirteenth day (March 15) a heavy shower of rain fell, with hail, for an hour in the afternoon, amounting to ten or twelve gallons to the tree. The seventeenth and eighteenth were cold — twenty-six degrees in the morning and twenty-four degrees at noon on the seventeenth, and eighteen degrees in the morning and twenty-four degrees at noon on the eighteenth. The wind blew strong and cold from the northwest, with a light snow on the first of these days. A slow drizzling rain fell on the twentieth, beginning at about five in the afternoon and continuing through the night and all the following day. The insecticide sprays were applied on the third, the fifth, and the twen- tieth. March 3 was a partly cloudy day, with a cold raw wind from the east and northeast, the thermometer registering thirty degrees at seven a. m. and forty degrees at noon. The fifth was a clear day, with a northwest wind, fairly strong, the thermometer thirty degrees at seven a. m. and forty- five degrees at noon. On the twentieth the wind was from the southeast, with a threat of storm which resulted in rain at five o'clock in the afternoon. The temperature was thirty-four degrees at seven a. m. and fifty-seven degrees at noon. PREPARATION OF THE INSECTICIDES. The insecticide washes were prepared in substantially the same man- ner. For the California wash, fifteen pounds of stone lime were slaked in a little very hot water, fifteen pounds of ground sulphur being slowly poured in during the slaking process with constant stirring of the mixture. This was then boiled for an hour, after which fifteen pounds of salt were added and the boiling continued for fifteen minutes longer. The whole was then poured into a barrel through a strainer, and enough boiling water was added to make fifty gallons. In the preparation of the Oregon wash a pound and a quarter of blue vitriol was used instead of the salt, the crystals of the blue vitriol being dissolved in hot water and the solu- tion added slowly to the slaking lime. The apparatus used was a Mor- rill and Morley pump, with twenty-five feet of hose and a twelve-foot extension rod with a double Vermorel nozzle. THE WATER SPRAYS TO TEST EFFECT OF RAINS. In wetting down the trees to imitate the effects of rain, fifteen gallons of water were used to a tree, as a rule, a double amount being occasionally applied as a variation of the experiment. For a tree of the average spread of thirteen feet, fifteen gallons oi water was equivalent to a rainfall of a sixth of an inch, amounting to a sharp summer shower. The washing and leaching effect of the application wt.s, however, greater than that Appendix. 155 of a corresponding shower, since the water spray was not distributed equally over the whole area covered by the tree top, but was made to wet the tree equally in all parts; the middle part of the tree much more freely, consequently, than the outer parts, it would doubtless be fair to say that the fifteen-gallon portion was equivalent in effect on the average experimental tree to a rainfall of a third of an inch, and the double por- tion, of course, to twice that amount. The time taken for the application of fifteen gallons varied, according to the weather and the size of the tree, from twenty minutes to thirty or thirty-five, and for the thirty- gallon application it was never less than an hour. The water in all cases dripped freely from the trees for some time after spraying ceased, carry- ing with it so much of the insecticide in solution that the drip was of about the color of the original mixture. The applications of water were varied systematically as to number, to frequency, and to period of time between the insecticide operation and the first general wetting. Tree No. 1, for example, was wet every day for a week, commencing the next day after the California wash was applied; tree No. 2 was wet but once, and that the day after in- secticide treatment; tree No. 3, was sprayed on the third with the California wash, and with water on the sixth and every other day thereafter for three days; tree No. 6, was sprayed but once, and then with thirty gallons of water one week after insecticide treatment; and tree No. 9, the same, except that the water was applied at the end of two weeks. Further particulars may be obtained from the detailed ac- counts of the experiments. EXPLANATION OF TABLES. The four tables in the text have been prepared to present in summary form the detailed results of the treatment for each tree as shown by suc- cessive counts of scales on selected sample twigs and branches. Against the number of each tree is placed for each date on which special observa- tions were made, the number of scales counted and the percentage of scales killed by the insecticide up to that time. The first count shows always the percentage of scales found alive at the time of treatment. The last column in each table shows the final effect of treatment in the form of a general average of all the percentages of scales killed, excluding only the first seven days subsequent to the insecticide treatment. At the bottom of each table is a series of data for the entire lot of trees, corresponding in form to those given in the body of the table for each tree. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS. First Lot of Trees. California yVash. Nine apple trees sprayed with lime, sulphur, and salt on the third day of March. Weather partly cloudy, with cold raw wind from the east- northeast; temperature, thirty degrees at seven a. m. and forty degrees at noon. 156 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Dead and living scales were first counted on these trees the following day, March 4. Although the fact was not known at the time, it became apparent later by comparison of percentages of scales on these trees with those found on check trees and on other lots counted before insecticide treatment that no discoverable effect of the insecticide had been produced at the time this first count was made. If any scale insects had been killed so soon, their appearance had not yet sufficiently changed to indicate the fact. The percentages found on this first day are, consequently, to be taken as indicating the ratio, before treatment, of dead and living scales among the young of the preceding year. One thousand three hundred and fifty such scales were counted in all, and fifty-two per cent of these were alive, forty-eight per cent having died from unknown causes, in most cases probably from drouth. In determining the effect of the insecticide under the varying conditions supplied, this first count of living scales was made the starting point for the calculation of the percentages of scales killed; that is, if only fifty per cent of the scales were found alive at the beginning of the experiment, the destruction of scales by the insecticide was figured on this fifty per cent, those dead in the beginning being, of course, ignored. Counts were made upon carefully selected specimen twigs or branches, the number counted each time varying from one hundred to four hundred, and the totals for each tree, from three hundred to one thousand three hundred and fifty. The total number of scales counted from tnis lot on nine trees was nine thousand. The effect of the insecticide was only gradually made manifest, and was, as a rule, not fully produced until about the tenth day, although the difference between the final result and that apparent at the end of the first week was really but small. Consequently, in describing the different features of the experiment, the average of the counts after the first week will be taken to express the final effect of the insecticide in destroying the San Jose scale. As these various trees were treated subsequent to the insecticide spray by an application of various amounts of water at different intervals, it will be necessary to discuss each tree separately. Appendix. Id ot Lot I. Si'KAYEU WITH Lime, Sui-phur, and Salt, March 3. Scales. ■4 1 1 00 1 1 1 .Var. IS. 8 1 Si 1 1 8 ^ 1 i s No. counted Per cent alive— Per cent killed— No. counted Per cent alive- Percent killed 150 •10 150 37 200 400 300 200 200 350 300 1350 1 75 100 84 83 74 100 74 100 78 300 85 100 79 600 '•> 78 150 86 100 95 87 92 100 90 No. counted Percent alive_— Per cent killed 200 150 150 500 3 53 79 89 300 88 72 100 78 No. counted Per cent alive-.. Per cent killed 150 47 150 150 550 5 i 80 150 90 150 91 94 150 92 No. counted Per cent alive— Per cent killed 150 64 300 T) 84 200 86 1.50 86 150 86 No. counted Per cent alive __ Per cent killed 1.50 08 150 .500 7 80 83 89 92 150 88 No. counted Per cent alive— - Per cent killed- 100 &1 100 150 150 4,50 S 54 90 1.50 300 84 91 150 88 No. counted Per cent alive— Per cent killed 150 56 300 200 80O 9 83 87 200 85 89 250 94 150 89 No. counted Per cent alive— - Per cent killed 150 69 150 150 600 10 77 95 99 95 92 95 To- No. counted Per cent alive—. Per cent killed 1350 o2 700 850 450 650 1400 450 700 450 650 1350 5650 Uils 67 82 86 82 87 88 92 85 83 88 86 Tree No. 1. — A tree sixteen feet high, with a nine-inch trunk and a twenty-foot top; in fair general condition, but badly infested with the San Jose scale. After insecticide treatment March 3, sprayed with fifteen gallons of water daily for seven days, from March 4 to 10 inclusive: a total application of one hundred and five gallons, equal to about half an inch of rainfall over the whole area beneath the tree top. Rains falling, as above described, added about fifteen gallons of water to this amount. Forty per cent of the young scales of the preceding year were alive on this tree when the treatment began. Three days after, seventy-five per cent of these had been killed, and five days after, eighty-four per cent. The samples taken on the twelfth and nineteenth days showed an ex- traordinary percentage of living scales — twenty-six per cent on each day — and the average final ratio of scales killed stands at seventy-nine per cent. Tree No. 2. — A sixteen-foot tree, with a nine-inch trunk and an eigh- teen-foot top; in fair general condition, but badly infested with the 158 Report of State Board of Horticulture. scale. Treated with water but once, and that on March 4, the day suc- ceeding the application of the insecticide spray. Rainfall of course fol- lowed on the seventh, eleventh, and fifteenth, as on all other trees of this experiment, amounting to about fifteen gallons of water additional. Thir- ty-seven per cent of the scales alive at the time of treatment; seventy- eight per cent of these dead three days after, and eighty-six per cent dead on the twelfth day. The final general effect was the killing of ninety per cent of the scales. Tree No. 3. — An eighteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk and a thir- teen-foot top; in good general condition, but badly infested. Water treat- ment three days after the insecticide application, and twice on alternate days thereafter, making forty-five gallons of water thus applied. Twenty- nine per cent of the scales alive when the treatment began; fifty-three per cent of these dead on the third day, and seventy-nine per cent on the seventh; the average final destruction of scales, seventy-eight per cent. Tree No. 5.^A fifteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk and an eleven- foot top; in poor condition, badly infested. Sprayed with fifteen gallons of water five days after treatment, and again two days later. Forty- seven per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; eighty per cent of these killed by the sixth day, when the first count was made, and ninety per cent by the twelfth; average final effect of the treatment, the de- struction of ninety-two per cent of the scales. Tree No. 6. — A fifteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk and a twelve- foot top; in poor condition, moderately infested by the San Jose scale. Treated but once with water, and this on the seventh day after the insec- ticide spray, when thirty gallons were applied. Sixty-four per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; eighty-four per cent of these dead by the sixth day and eighty-six per cent by the twelfth; average ratio of scales finally killed, eighty-six per cent. Tree No. 7. — An eighteen-foot tree with an eight-inch trunk and a ten- foot top; in poor general condition, moderately infested by the scale. Fifteen gallons of water on the thirteenth day after insecticide treatment, and another fifteen gallons on the fourteenth; before this, only the rain- falls already described. This tree and all the remaining trees of this lot were practically check trees with regard to the effects of the water sprays, since these were applied after the full effect of the insecticide must have been produced. Sixty-eight per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; eighty per cent of these dead on the fifth day and eighty-three per cent on the seventh; ratio finally killed, eighty-eight per cent. Tree No. 8. — Seventeen feet high, with an eight-inch trunk and a twelve- foot top; in fair general condition, but badly infested with the scale. But one application of water, and that fifteen gallons on the fourteenth day after insecticide treatment. Fifty-four per cent of scales alive in the beginning, and fifty-four per cent of these dead on the third day; ninety per cent dead on the sample representing the fifteenth day, with an average of eighty-eight per cent destroyed as the final effect of the in- secticide. 4 Appendix. 159 Tree No. 9. — A sixteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk and an eleven- ioot top; in fair condition, but badly infested. No water (except rains) until the fourteenth day, when thirty gallons were applied. Fifty-six per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; eighty-three per cent of these dead on the fifth day, and eighty-seven per cent on the twelfth; average final effect, eighty-nine per cent destroyed. Tree No. 10. — A fifteen-foot tree, with a seven-inch trunk and thirteen- foot top; in fair condition, moderately infested. No water was applied to this tree, and the effect of the insecticide was modified only by the natural rainfall already referred to. Sixty-nine per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; seventy-seven per cent of these dead on the third day and ninety-five per cent on the sixth, with a final average result of ninety- five per cent destroyed. Taking the entire group of nine trees together, without reference to differences of treatment subsequent to the insecticide spray, it appears that an average of fifty-two per cent of the scales were alive in the be- ginning; that sixty-seven per cent of these were dead by the third day, eighty-two per cent by the fifth, and eighty-six per cent by the sixth; and that the final average effect of the treatment was the destruction of eighty-six per cent. Second Lot of Trees. California Wash. Nine trees, partly apple and partly peach, sprayed with lime, sulphur, and salt on the fifth of March. Weather clear, with fairly strong north- west wind; temperature, thirty degrees at seven a. m., and forty-five degrees at noon. In this case the dead and living scales were counted on sample twigs and branches from a part of the trees just before the ap- plication of the insecticide, and from another part on the following day. The ratios of dead to living scales were practically identical in these two lots, thus showing, as has been already remarked, that scales killed the first day, if any, do not sufficiently change in appearance within that time to suggest the fact. Subsequent counts of scales were made for this lot on eleven later dates, the number counted, as before, ranging from one hundred to four hundred, and amounting for the lot to ten thousand five hundred specimens. Tree No. 4. — An apple tree, sixteen feet high, with a nine-inch trunk and a twelve-foot top; in fair condition, but badly infested by the scale. This tree received but one water treatment, and that on the seventh of March, two days after the insecticide application and on the same day as the first light fall of rain. Fifteen gallons were applied, and approximately two gallons must be added for the rainfall. Scales alive in the beginning, forty-two per cent; eighty-three per cent of these killed on the sample for the fifth day, with an average of seventy-eight per cent as the final effect of the insecticide. 160 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Lot II. Sprayed with Lime, Sulphur, and Salt, March 5. » V c Scales. 1 t4 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 S c 1 1 No. counted Per cent alive- Percent killed _ No. counted Per cent alive 100 42 200 47 200 400 200 250 850' 4 83 87 80 68 100 78 150 250 20 1 Per cent killed 1 92 98 200 95 No. counted 200 36 150 300 250 450 •^7 Per cent alive __ Per cent killed _ No. counted Per cent alive __ Per cent killed . No. counted Per cent alive 62 200 80 78 200 88 150 83 200 42 200 200 750 •'» 80 200 100 92 87 250 98 93 200 98 300 37 460 31 i Per cent killed 78 300 83 300 92 78 300 85 No. counted 300 44 200 200 1000 32 Per cent alive Per cent killed 69 200 86 300 79 200 89 87 300 85 No. counted Per cent alive __ Per cent killed . No. counted Per cent alive __ Per cent killed _ No. counted 300 45 SOO 33 70 200 80 87 95 300 87 200 38 200 51 200 300 ! 300 200 1100 35 62 300 90 1 200 ! .' 90 200 99 91 200 97 200 94 60O 36 Per cent alive . Per cent killed 51 85 97 94 99 99 ! To- No. counted Per cent alive 2000 42 500 1050 1000 1200 650 700 500 400 400 400 2000 6250 tals Per cent killed _ 56 71 84 86 93 86 88 84 94 93 89 8* Tree No. 20. — A peach tree, twelve feet high, with a six-inch trunk and a nine-foot spread of top; in very poor condition, though but moderately infested by the scale. No water except the natural rainfall. Forty-seven per cent of the scales were alive in the beginning; ninety-two per cent of these were dead on the thirteenth day, when the first subsequent count was made, and ninety-eight per cent on the sample for the twentieth day, the final average effect being reckoned at ninety-five per cent destroyed. Tree No. 27. — An apple tree, fifteen feet high, with an eight-inch trunk and a seventeen-foot top; in good condition, moderately infested with the scale. This tree was sprayed with water but once, and that five days after the insecticide application. Thirty-six per cent of the scales were alive in the beginning; sixty-two per cent of these were dead on the fourth day and eighty per cent on the fifth, the average final effect being reckoned at eighty-three per cent destroyed. Tree No. 29. — An apple tree, twelve feet high, with a seven-inch trunk and a fifteen-foot top; in bad condition, and heavily infested. Twice treated with water, once on the fifth day after the insecticide spray and Appendix. 161 once on the tenth, in each case with fifteen gallons. Forty-two per cent of the scales alive at the beginning of the experiment; eighty per cent of these dead on the fourth day and ninety-two per cent on the tenth day; the average final effect, the destruction of ninety-three per cent of the scales. Tree No. 31. — An apple tree, twelve feet high, with an eight-inch trunk and a nineteen-foot top; in good general condition, and moderately in- fested by the scale. Once treated with thirty gallons of water, on the next day after the application of the insecticide spray. Thirty-seven per cent of the scales were alive in the beginning; seventy-eight per cent of these were dead on the fourth day and eighty-three per cent on the fifth; the final average effect of the insecticide, eighty-five per cent de- stroyed. Tree No. 32.^A peach tree, twelve feet high, with a six-inch trunk and a nine-foot top; in fair general condition, but heavily infested. Treated with fifteen gallons of water a day for three days in succession, begin- ning the next day after the insecticide spray was applied. The second of these treatments coincided with the first day's rain. Forty-four per cent of living scales at the beginning: sixty-nine per cent of these dead on the fourth day and eighty-six per cent on the tenth, according to the sample for that day; the final average effect, the destruction of eighty- five per cent. Tree No. 33. — A peach tree, nine feet high, with a three-inch trunk and an eight-foot top; in good condition, moderately infested by the scale. Sprayed twice in succession with fifteen gallons a day, following immedi- ately upon the insecticide treatment, the second application coinciding with the first day's rain. Forty-five per cent of the scales alive at the start; seventy per cent of these dead on the fourth day, and eighty per cent on the tenth; final average effect, the destruction of eighty-seven per cent of the scales. Tree No. 35. — A peach tree fifteen feet high, with five-inch trunk and a twelve-foot top; in poor condition, and moderately infested by the scale. Treated but once with water, and that on the tenth day after the experiment began, this treatment coinciding with the third day's rain. Thirty-eight per cent of the scales alive at the time of the application of the insecticide; sixty-two per cent of these dead on the second day and ninety per cent on the fifth, with an average final destruction of ninety- four per cent of the scales. Tree No. 36. — A peach tree, fifteen feet high, with a six-inch trunk and an eight-foot top; in poor condition, and heavily infested. Treated with water twice, once on the day following the insecticide treatment and once on the tenth day of the experiment, the last treatment coin- ciding with the third day of rain. Fifty-one per cent of the scales alive in the beginning, and fifty-one per cent of these dead on the second day after insecticide treatment; eighty-five per cent dead on the fifth day, with a final average destruction of ninety-seven per cent of the scales. 11 162 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Taking this group of nine trees as a wtiole and averaging all statements concerning them, it appears that forty-two per cent of the scales were alive when the experiment began; that fifty-six per cent of these had been killed by the treatment by the second day thereafter, seventy-one per cent by the fourth and eighty-four per cent by the fifth; and that the final average effect was approximately eighty-nine per cent destroyed. To this lot it will be convenient to add for discussion two other trees sprayed with lime, sulphur, and salt on the seventh of March, which, it will be remembered, was the day of the first rainfall occurring in the experi- mental period. These trees received no water treatment, but were in- tended as checks on the other experiments. Tree No. 38. — The first of these was a peach tree, nine feet high, with a five-inch trunk and a ten-foot top. It was in excellent condition, and only moderately infested. Thirty-eight per cent of the scales were alive on the day preceding the insecticide application, and on the day following the treatment thirty-one per cent of these were dead. No other count was made upon this tree until the eleventh Aaj, when ninety-six per cent appeared to have been killed. The final general effect was an average of eighty-nine per cent of the scales destroyed. Tree No. 39. — The second tree of this pair was also a peach tree, about nine feet high, with a five-inch trunk and a ten-foot top. It was in ex- cellent general condition, and moderately infested. Only twenty-seven per cent of the scales were alive when the experiment began; twenty-nine per cent of these were dead by the second day after treatment, and eighty- four per cent by the third day; and the general final effect averaged ninety- one per cent of the scales destroyed. GENERAL RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH LIME, StTLPHUE, AND SALT. An analysis of the data contained in the above descriptions of Lots 1 and 2 and in the tables of percentages for those lots enables us to dis- tinguish two gi'oups of trees; those which received some treatment of water within five days after the insecticide application, and those which, if treated with water at all, did not receive it until the principal effect of the insecticide had already been produced. There are eleven trees in the first group, namely, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, and 36, and nine trees in the second, namely, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 35, 38, and 39. The average final effect of the insecticide upon the nine trees of the second group was the destruction of ninety and six-tenths per cent of the scales, and the corresponding destruction on the eleven trees of the first group was eighty-six and one-tenth per cent, making a difference of four and five-tenth per cent due to the action of water on the insecticide when applied within five days after the original treatment. In other words and more generally stated, it may be said that in these experiments the effect of thoroughly watering the treated tree during the first five days after the experiment began, was to diminish the destructive effect of the insecticide by approximately five per cent. Appendix. 163 If. regardless of this difference, we take tiiese twenty trees as a group, we find that forty-eight per cent of the young scales of the preceding year were dead when the experiment began; and that forty-three per cent of these were killed by the second day after treatment, sixty per cent by the third, eighty-four per cent by the firth, and eighty-six per cent by the sixth. The average effect of the insecticide, as shown by counts made from the seventh to the twenty-second day, amounted to eighty- eight and four-tenths per cent; or, if we include only the counts from the tenth to the twenty-second day, it stands at eighty-nine per cent. Lot hi. Sprayed with Lime, Sulphur, and Blue Vitriol, March 3. i Scates. 1 1 1 1 K 1 1 1 si 1 Si 1 • 1 1 No. counted Per cent tilive-— .300 67 300 150 150 150 250 ' 150 850 11 1 85 300 93 250 93 300 — — -- 92 i 88 98 200 93 No. counted Per cent alive 300 66 250 1000 r' 85 93 250 96 250 350 95 95 300 95 No. counted Percent alive— Per cent killed 200 57 300 1450 13 89 150 94 95 96 100 98 150 94 No. counted Per cent alive — 300 49 150 200 600 11 83 150 . . 96 200 93 ! 84 96 250 92 No. counted Per cent alive— Ppi» cent killed 300 61 150 100 700 15 1 87 300 80 81 300 97 98 300 89 No. counted Per cent alive— 300 48 300 400 1300 16 81 92 300 93 150 94 95 150 93 No. counted Per cent alive.— Per cent killed 300 41 200 150 600 17 68 76 95 90 99 95 1 rp No. counted 2100 56 800 600 150 1000 1450 450 1050 1050 1500 6500 talh Percent killed., 79 84 76 90 92 96 93 90 97 93 Third Lot of Trees. Oregon Wash. This lot of experimental trees corresponds to the first in all particulars except that the Oregon wash of lime, sulphur, and blue vitriol was used as an insecticide instead of the California wash, and that the experiment was made with seven trees instead of nine. The variations in treatment omitted in this lot correspond to those of Nos. 5 and 7 of Lot 1. All were apple trees, growing in the same orchard as those of the first lot. Tree No. 11. — An eighteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk and a twelve-foot spread; in excellent condition, and moderately infested. Sprayed with fifteen gallons of water daily for seven days, beginning March 4, the next day after insecticide treatment. Sixty-seven per cent of the scales alive at the beginning of the experiment; eighty-five per 164 Report of State Board of Horticulture. cent of these dead on the third day and ninety-three per cent on the seventh; the average final effect of the insecticide, the destruction of ninety-three per cent of the scales. Comparison "with No. 1 — similarly treated except that the California wash was used — shows a difference of fourteen per cent of the scales finally killed, in favor of the Oregon wash. Tree No. 12. — A fifteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk and a twelve- foot top; in fair condition, moderately infested with the scale. Sprayed but once, with fifteen gallons of water, on the day following the insecti- cide treatment. Sixty-six per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; eighty-five per cent of these dead by the third day; ninety-three per cent by the seventh, and ninety-six per cent by the sample, on the twelfth; the average final effect, the destruction of ninety-five per cent. Comparison with No. 2, the corresponding specimen of Lot 1, gives a difference in favor of tlie Oregon wash amounting to five per cent of scales finally killed. Tree No. 13. — A twelve-foot tree, with a six-inch trunk and a thirteen- foot top; in good condition, and but moderately infested. Sprayed with water three times, beginning March 6, with intervals of one day between applications, the first rainfall coming between the first and second sprayings. Fifty-seven per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; eighty-nine per cent of these dead on the seventh day, when the first subsequent count was made, and ninety-four per cent on the twelfth; general average effect, the destruction of ninety-four per cent. On the companion tree, No. 3 of the first lot, an average final destruction of seventy-eight per cent, making a difference of sixteen per cent in favor of the Oregon wash. Tree No. 14. — This tree was thirteen feet high, with a six-inch trunk and a sixteen-foot top. It was in good condition but badly infested by the scale. It was treated but once with water, thirty gallons being applied seven days after the insecticide, agreeing in this respect with No. 6 of Lot 1. Forty-nine per cent of the scales were alive in the begin- ning. Eighty-three per cent of these had been killed by the fifth day, and, according to the sample count made, ninety-six per cent by the seventh day. Owing, however, to a low ratio in the hundred-scales count on the twentieth day, the final effect stands at ninety-two per cent of the scales- destroyed. The corresponding ratio for No. 6 was eighty-six per cent— a difference of six per cent, in this case, in favor of the Oregon wash. Tree No. 15. A thirteen-foot tree, with a six-inch trunk and an eigh- teen-foot top; in fair condition, but badly infested by the scale. This tree received no treatment with water until March 17, when fifteen gallons were applied — fourteen days after the application of the insecticide. Tree No. 8 of Lot 1 is the companion tree. Sixty-one per cent of the scales on No. 15 were alive in the beginning; eighty-seven per cent of these were dead on the fifth day; and the final average stands at eighty- nine per cent. This agrees practically with the average for No. 8, which was eighty-eight per cent. Appendix. 165 Tree No. 16. — A fifteen-foot tree, with an eight-inch trunk and a fifteen- foot top; in fair condition, but badly infested. This tree received no water treatment until the fourteenth day, when thirty gallons were ap- plied. Forty-eight per cent of the scales alive March 4; eighty-one per cent of these dead on the fifth day, and ninety-two per cent on the twelfth, with a general final average of ninety-three per cent destroyed. The corresponding tree of the other lot is No. 9, which shows a final average destruction of eighty-nine per cent. Lot IV. Spr.wkd with Li.mk, Sili-jilk, axd Bli'k Vitkiuj., March 5. . j 1 '< Scales. 1 Cb 1." 5 1 g C ^ 5 c ^ 1 1 1 S5 No. counted 300 47 100 31 300 49 200 300 400 300 200 200 1100 18 Per cent alive ' Per cent killed 15 100 83 100 89 150 150 87 91 87 200 88 No counted . 500 *2\ ■ Per cent aiive 1 1 Per cent killed 300 90 1 98 96 200 1 97 300 i)7 No. counted 1 300 800 23 Per cent alive Per cent killed (i5 88 150 92 200 88 200 89 ?so counted 200 42 300 33 250 58 200 200 j .550 '2i Per cent alive - _ - Per cent killed 38 200 200 92 92 90 96 200 93 No. counted 200 300 300 800 126 Per cent alive Percent killed 35 68 84 150 93 200 97 87 200 92 No. counted 28 ' Percent alive 200 _ 600 Per cent killed 76 ] 91 300 ' 200 99 as 300 91 No. counted 30 Per cent alive 200 44 1 200 300 1000 Per cent killed 1 92 ,.-_.- 300 86 300 83 200 93 150 92 89 1 No. counted , 22 Per cent alive 300 ■ 44 200 850 1 Percent killed- 88 : 90 --i 9«; 1 94 98 95 1 rp i No. counted ^ V"- Per cent alive 1950 44 1 700 500 ' 1550 750 1000 1 800 400 500 950 1800 6200 ^^n Per cent killed. 22 66 86 93 90 93 91 91 94 91 91 Tree No. 17. — An eighteen-foot tree, with a nine-inch trunk and an eighteen-foot top; in poor condition, and badly infested. A check tree, receiving no water treatment, the effect of the insecticide being conse- quently modified only by the three rains described. Forty-one per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; sixty-eight per cent of these dead in three days, and ninety-five per cent in twelve, with a general average of ninety-five per cent finally destroyed. This, it will be noticed, is the same final average result as that of the companion experimental tree. No. 10. 166 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Fourth Lot of Trees. Oregon Wash. This lot is essentially a duplicate of Lot 2 except with respect to the insecticide treatment, which was identical with that of Lot 3, and also with respect to the number of trees made use of, which was eight in this lot and nine in Lot 2. All variations of experiments with Lot 2 are repre- sented in Lot 4 with the exception of that for No. 29. Tj'ee No. 18. — A sixteen-foot apple tree, with a nine-inch trunk and a twenty-foot top; in fair general condition, but badly infested by the scale. Treated, like No. 4 of Lot 2, with a single application of fifteen gallons of water on the second day after the experiment, coinciding with the first shower of rain. Forty-seven per cent of the scales alive when the insecticide was applied; fifteen per cent of these dead on the second day, and eighty-three per cent on the fifth, with a final average destruc- tion of eighty-eight per cent. The corresponding ratio for the companion tree. No. 4, was eighty per cent. Tree No. 21. — A fifteen-foot peach tree, with an eight-inch trunk and an eighteen-foot top; in good condition, and but moderately infested. This received the same water treatment as No. 27 of Lot 3, namely, one ap- plication of fifteen gallons of water on the fifth day after the insecticide. Thirty-one per cent of the scales were alive in the beginning. None of them appeared to have been killed on the second day thereafter, but ninety per cent of these were dead on the fifth day, and ninety-eight per cent, according to the count made, five days thereafter. The general final average was ninety-seven per cent destroyed. The corresponding ratio for the companion tree, treated with the California wash, is eighty-two per cent. Tree No. 22. — A peach tree, thirteen feet high, with a six-inch trunk and a twelve-foot spread; in poor condition, though but moderately in- fested. Treated but once, and that on the tenth day after the insecticide application, fifteen gallons of water being used. The corresponding tree of the second lot was No. 35. Forty-four per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; eighty-eight per cent of these dead on the fifth day, and ninety per cent on the thirteenth, with a final average ratio of ninety- five per cent destroyed; this to be compared with a ninety-four per cent average of the companion tree. Tree No. 23. — A fifteen-foot apple tree, with an eight-inch trunk and a fifteen-foot top; in poor condition, moderately infested. This, like 32, treated with three daily water sprays of fifteen gallons each on three days immediately following the insecticide treatment — a duplicate in this respect of No. 32 of the second lot. Forty-nine per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; sixty-five per cent of these dead on the fourth day, and eighty-eight per cent on the thirteenth, with a final average destruction of eighty-nine per cent, that of the companion tree, treated with the California wash, being eighty-five per cent. Tree No. 24. — A sixteen-foot peach tree, with a six-inch trunk and a nine-foot top; in fair condition, moderately infested. Treated on two Appendix. 167 successive days immediately following the insecticide application with fifteen gallons of water on each day, the second of these treatments coin- ciding with the first day of rain. Forty-two per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; thirty-eight per cent of these dead on the second day, and ninety-two per cent on the fifth, the average final result being the destruction of ninety-three per cent of the scales — to be compared with eighty-seven per cent finally destroyed on the companion tree, No. 33, treated with the California wash. Tree No. 26.^ — A twelve-foot peach tree, with a six-inch trunk and an eleven-foot top; in very poor condition though but moderately infested. Treated, like No. 36 of the second lot, with fifteen gallons of water on the day following the insecticide application, and another fifteen gallons on the ninth day thereafter, that is, the fifteenth day of March. This last treatment coincided with the third rainfall. Thirty-three per cent of the scales alive at first; thirty-five per cent of these dead on the second day, sixty-eight per cent on the fourth, eighty-four per cent on the fifth, and ninety-three per cent on the fifteenth — when the next suc- ceeding count was made. A general final average of ninety-two per cent of the scales destroyed. The companion tree of the second lot gives a ratio of ninety-seven per cent finally killed. Tree No. 28. — A fourteen-foot peach tree, with a five-inch trunk and a ten-foot top; in very poor condition, though but moderately infested with the scale. This tree was reserved as a check upon the experiment, without water treatment of any kind, comparing in this respect with No. 20 of Lot 2. Fifty-eight per cent of the scales were alive on it in the beginning: seventy-six per cent of these were dead on the fifth day, and ninety-one per cent on the tenth, the final average destroyed being ninety- one per cent. The corresponding ratio for the companion tree of the previous lot was ninety-five per cent. Tree No. 30. — A twelve-foot apple tree, with an eight-inch trunk and a fourteen-foot top; in good condition, and but moderately infested. Treated but once, and that with thirty gallons of water on the next day after the application of the insecticide. Forty-four per cent of the scales alive in the beginning; ninety-two per cent of these found dead on the sample examined on the fifth day after treatment, the final average ef- fect being the destruction of eighty-nine per cent of the scales. On tree No. 31, corresponding to this in the second lot, the average final ratio was eighty-four per cent destroyed. COMPARISON' OF VALUES OP OREGOX AND CALIFORNIA WASHES. Comparison of Lot 3 with the companion trees similarly treated in Lot 1 brings out very definitely the relative advantage of the Oregon wash. The general average of the ratios of final destruction is ninety- three per cent for the Oregon wash and eighty-seven per cent for the lime, sulphur, and salt. If we limit the comparison to the three pairs of trees which received the water treatment within the first five days after the application of the insecticide, that is, to Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of Lot 1, and 168 Report of State Board of Horticulture. to 11, 12, and 13 of Lot 3, we find that in the latter ninety-four per cent of the scales were finally killed, and in the former only eighty-two per cent — an unmistakable indication that the Oregon wash was not at all affected in these experiments by water treatment; while the effect of the California wash was considerably reduced — a clear difference of twelve per cent of effectiveness in favor of the Oregon wash. Comparing next the general averages of final effects shown by the ratios for corresponding trees of Lots 2 and 4, contrasting thus with respect to these two lots the advantages of the California and the Oregon wash, we find them to be as eighty-eight per cent and ninety-two per cent respectively — a difference of four per cent in final effect shown by this group of experiments in favor of the Oregon wash. Bringing together the two lots representing each insecticide treatment and combining averages for the two insecticides as represented by the four lots of trees, it appears that ninety-two per cent of the scales were destroyed by the Oregon wash on fifteen trees as compared with eighty- seven per cent on fifteen trees identically treated after spraying with the California wash — a difference of five per cent in favor of the former treatment.* THE TENT EXPERIMENT. All the preceding experiments were intended to test the effect of arti- ficial applications of water on the action of the two insecticides, these applications being made in a way to simulate the effects of rainfall. They were interfered with slightly by the three periods of light rain, the effects of which could not be clearly separated from those of the artificial treat- ment. With a view to a test of the effects of rainfall, a small experiment was undertaken in which two trees — one treated with the California wash and the other with the Oregon wash — were covered with heavy canvas during the night and whenever rain threatened by day. Two other trees were similarly treated and left at all times exposed, and still two more, selected because of their close correspondence to the experimental trees were reserved without treatment, as checks. This experiment was begun March 20. The trees selected (the only ones remaining available) were peach trees on high ground and light soil, heavily infested, and in very poor condition. The drouth of the preceding season had affected them very seriously, the young wood being largely killed, and only twenty- nine per cent of the young scales on them being still alive. The weather was favorable to the experiment. The insecticides were applied on the afternoon of March 20, and a slow fine rain began at five p. m. of the same day and continued until nine o'clock and for an un- known time into the night. Rain fell in a continuous drizzle, broken by *The slight difference between this statement and the one on p. 1.53 is due to the fact that in the former certain trees treated with the California wash were included which were not exactly duplicated as to treatment by any of those treated with the Oregon wash. Appendix. 1G9 showers, the whole of the following day, March 21, to an amount esti- mated b5' Mr. Titus at more than thirty gallons per tree. The temperature of the twentieth was thirty-four degrees at seven a. m. and fii'ty-seven degrees at noon; that of the twenty-first was forty-four at seven a. m. and fifty-two at noon, the wind from the southeast both days. Observations on this experiment continued only until the twenty- fifth, but counts of the scales were made daily up to that time — three thousand scales for the four experimental trees, and two thousand and fifty for the two checks. In this small experiment no differences of any significance were made out in the action of the insecticides, the total general effect being the destruction of approximately ninety-five per cent of the scales, and varia- tions from this average in the individual trees being too slight to take into account. So far as any conclusion can be drawn from an experiment on so small a scale, we can only infer that a rainfall such as described, oc- curring at the time of the insecticide treatment, would have no appre- ciable effect on the action of either of the washes. The apparent extra- ordinary efficiency of the washes on these trees is plausibly explained by Mr. Titus, as connected with the poor condition of the trees and the probable consequent low vitality of such of the scale insects as remained alive. EFFECTS OF EAIK AXD WATER SPRAYS IN WASHING OFF DEAD SCALES. Noticing that many scales were loosened and washed away after in- secticide treatment of the trees, Mr. Titus made some careful counts from day to day of selected lots of scales on the experimental trees to de- termine the circumstances and the ratio of their diminution in numbers. Selecting, for example, a definite part of a branch, counting a hundred scales on it when the insecticide was applied and marking the area oc- cupied by them, he counted them each day thereafter for several days and thus arrived at an exact conclusion as to the effect of the fluid appli- cations and the incidental rains. Thus, on No. 1, three hundred scales counted March 3 v/ere reduced to one hundred and eighty-eight by March 15 — a loss of thirty-seven per cent. On No. 11, four hundred scales were reduced in the same time to two hundred and twenty-three — a loss of twenty-two per cent. Both these trees, it will be remembered, were sprayed with the insecticide March 3, and daily thereafter for one week with fifteen gallons of water. On No. 3, one hundred scales were reduced in eight days to seventy-two — a loss of twenty-eight per cent, this tree having been three times sprayed, vv'ith fifteen gallons of water each time. On No. 6, sprayed once with thirty gallons, the loss was twenty-five per cent in eight days; and on No. 14, receiving the same treatment except that the insecticide used was the Oregon instead of the California wash, the loss for the same period was eleven per cent. No. 21, sprayed also but once, with fifteen gallons of water, lost twenty per cent of its scales in seven days; No. 42, exposed to rains tor a day and a night, lost in 170. Report of State Board of Horticulture. five days eleven per cent of its scales; and No. 43, similiarly exposed, lost fifteen per cent. The check trees 40 and 41, on the other hand, kept without treatment of any kind, lost within five days but four scales out of five hundred counted. It was further apparent from observations made in the field that a brief but hard and dashing rain would detach many more scales than a light rain longer continued, and that a fine misty rain did not loosen the scales at all. PRACTICAI. CONCT^USIOISS. The foregoing described observations and experiments go to show that the Oregon wash of lime, sulphur, and blue vitriol, is a valuable in- secticide for winter use in the climate of Illinois for the destruction of the San Jose scale; that its full effect will be produced in about a week; and that frequent short rains will not noticeably diminish or delay its action, even when they come within the first five days after the in- secticide treatment. It is entirely harmless to any leafless tree, and hence maj' be freely used in winter (but in winter only) for all kinds of trees, shrubs, and vines. The California wash of lime, sulphur, and salt, prepared as described previously, is a little less effective than the Oregon wash as a scale destroyer, and is considerably more likely to deteriorate after application if exposed to rains within the first few days. Otherwise its effects and characteristics are very similar to those of the Oregon wash. It should be generally known that both these washes corrode brass and copper rapidl}', and that consequently an iron pump may be used to better advantage in spraying them than one made in part of brass. With respect to the comparative effectiveness of these washes and the better known whale-oil soap and coal-oil mixtures we have as yet no accurate knowledge. There is nothing to indicate, however, that the former are less effective here than on the Pacific Coast, where they seem to have been found very satisfactory in the hands of the ordinary orchard- ist for the destruction of the San Jose scale. Over both the latter applica- tions they have the very great advantage that they are harmless to the tree, and that they do not endanger the crop of the following year. They are also decidedly cheaper than either the whale-oil soap or the kerosene emulsion. In our winter's work the cost of the materials for these various mixtures has been $1.12 per hundred gallons of the Oregon and the Cali- fornia washes; $2.80 per hundred gallons of kerosene emulsion, diluted to contain twenty per cent of kerosene; and $6.-50 for the same quantity of the whale-oil soap solution, at the usual strength of two pounds to the gallon of water. Appendix. 171 ADDITIONAL INSECTICIDE EXPERIMENTS FOR THE SAN JOSE SCALE. By Prof. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist, Urbana, Ills. The last observations reported in bulletin 71 of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station were made March 25, at which time it now appears that the insecticide effect of the experimental applications made to trees infested by the San Jose scale was not yet complete, or, at least not yet fully manifest. At the above mentioned date there were found on trees which had been treated with the Oregon and California washes twenty and twenty-two days previously, living scales in numbers varying from six to thirty-one per cent of those alive in the beginning for trees treated with the California wash and from one to seventeen per cent for those treated with the Oregon wash (see tables in bulletin 71). A careful examination of these experimental trees, made by Mr. E. S. G. Titus May 12, and a systematic count of dead and living scales showed that by that time extremely few scales remained alive on any of these trees. Five hundred young scales of the preceding year were critically examined on each of eighteen hundred trees — nine thousand scales in all — care being taken to choose lots from all parts of the tree up to the terminal twigs. Of these nine thousand scales, only thirty-five were living, the ratio of living to dead varying from none at all to*a maximum of one per cent — as near complete destruction as any field operation is likely to accomplish. One half the trees on which these counts were made had been sprayed with the California wash and the other half with the Oregon wash; and sixteen of them were chosen in pairs such that the only difference between the treatment of the trees of each pair was the difference in the insecticide applied. Comparison shows that at the time these counts were made all the difference of effect between the two insecticides had disappeared, one proving finally as efficient as the other. These eighteen trees were so selected as to represent ten variations of treatment with water, ranging from daily spraying for seven days in succession beginning with the next day after the insecticide treat- ment, to simple applications of water after an interval so long as to have practically no effect. On a comparison of the reports concerning the different lots of these trees, I find no evidence that variations with the water treatment made any difference with the final effect of the insecticide. The destruction of the insects was retarded in some cases by frequent and early wettings, as shown in bulletin 71, but was practically complete in every instance before May 12. By those who have read bulletin 71 in will be remembered that large percentages of the young scales of the preceding year were dead at the beginning of the experiment in consequence apparently of the character of the weather of the preceding summer. If allowance is made for this fact and the ratio of living to dead scales is reckoned with refer- 172 Report of State Board of Horticulture. ence to those alive when the experiment began, we find that the ratio of scales still living on these eighteen trees on the 12th of May varies from none at all for five of the trees to two and seven tenths per cent for one tree, the average ratio of living scales for the eighteen trees being a little less than eight tenths per cent. In preparing bulletin 71 I had no data in hand for a comparison of the insecticide effects of the lime and sulphur washes with whale-oil soap or petroleum, but Mr. Titus's visit of May 12 enables me to make good this deficiency. All the infested trees at this place not used in the experi- ment had been sprayed with whale-oil soap in March by one of my regular field parties, and an examination of five thousand scales on eighteen of the trees so treated gave a total of thirty-nine scales, a little more than twice the ratio of living to dead scales found on those which had been treated with the lime and sulphur washes. From the foregoing it appears that certain of the statements made in bulletin 71 must be modified with reference to these later and more com- plete results. It may be safely said that the washes applied were ex- tremely efiicient insecticides. Even such failures to kill the scales as occurred were probably due to imperfect distribution of the spray. The action of the washes is more prolonged than I have been previously led to infer, extending evidently beyond three weeks, and although at first considerable, differences were noticeable between the Oregon and Cali- fornia washes, we must conclude from the above report that these are dif- ferences in promptness and rapidity of action rather than in the final effect. A similar statement may be made with reference to the effects of rain as represented by the application of water to our experimental trees. This clearly has the effect to delay, but not to prevent, a complete destruction of the scale, and it is apparent that these western washes, costing $1.12 per hundred gallons, are at least as destructive to insect life as the solu- tion of whale-oil soap, costing 36.50 for the same quantity. The following table will give some details of observation not reported in the text. The numbers used for the trees are the same as those in the tables of bulletin 71 and the experimental history of each tree can also be found in that bulletin. It is to be understood that five hun- dred scales were counted for each tree May 12. The first tree of each pair was sprayed with the California wash, and the second with the Oregon wash. Ajppendix. 173 Table of Comparative Results. 1 . 11. 2 12' 3 13. 6. 14. 9. 16. 10. 28. 4 . 18. 30. 31 . 36. 24. Number of trees. Date ot treatment. March 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Per cent Per cent alive when killed treated. March 2S. 40 79 67 93 37 90 66 95| 29 78 ' 57 64 I 49 I 56 1 48 69 .S8' 42 47 37 51 42 Per cent killed Mag a. 100 98.8 98.9- 99.4 98.(> 98.if 100 99.6 99.(> 99.6 99.4 HS.Ii 100 98.3 100 97.3 100 9!) Averages. M 89 i)9.-J OSWEGO STRAAVBERRIES. AN ACCOUNT OF EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS, AND RECORDS OF STRAW- BERRY-GROWING, IN THE OSWEGO DISTRICT. By Prof. L. H. Bailey, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station. I. SUMMARY OF FIELD RESULTS WITH THE USE OF FERTILIZER ON STRAWBERRIES. In the spring of 1897, at the request of the Oswego County Fruitgrowers' Association, the horticultural department of Cornell University planned, and now has under way, a series of tests with different fertilizers for the purpose of determining, if possible, the one best suited to the needs of the strawberry when grown as a field crop. These experiments were begun by the late E. G. Lodeman, and they have been continued under the per- sonal supervision of C. E. Hunn. The three essential fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, were used separately and in combinations in different weights and seasons, careful notes being taken both as to growth of plant and yield of fruit. The fertilizers were applied to young plantations in spring after the first tillage and before the plants bloomed, a year in advance of the recorded crop. The materials were scattered alongside the row, within a few inches of the plants, and were cultivated in. The plats were located on a variety of soils, ranging from typical strawberry soil, i. e., gravelly loam, through meadow land to black muck. In 1897, in co-operation with the association, six plats, in as many differ- ent localities, were selected and a careful line of experiments was planned. 174 Report of State Board of Horticulture. But five of these beds were continued through the year, the sixth having been disturbed by the digging of plants for sale. Tables 1 to 5, inclusive, give the results of the first year's work (1897). The second year (1898) the plats were reduced to three in number, one on good strawberry soil, one on meadow land, and one on good wheat land. Tables 6 to 8, inclusive, give results of the second year's work. In 1899, no experiments were made, in 1897 and 1898, the plats were of various sizes, but in the tables below (Nos. 1 to 8) the fertilizers and yields are figured to the acre. The third year (1900), in order to have all conditions as nearly perfect as possible, the department made arrangements to control a one-acre plat of strawberries in three different localities. With this area it was possible to have larger tests and to control cultivation. These plats are given as tables 9 to 11, inclusive. Experiment No. 1 (1897). >, 1^ ■'^ *^ - (^^ V,' V ^ • ' s^^^st^ ^ .^^ ••Si. "^ ^^ -C^ ? ^ 3- "^^ t ^ 4 -»»^ t ^ 3^ > • Si u. u. •V. ^ ^ • V ^ #^ ^ ^ — "^ ♦- • ■v. ^ •^ ^ ^ 1 o. " V ■ r -■ 1 T- ^ ■"* V X ^^ -^ !^^ ^ ^ *>t ^^ ■^^ S*- ^ 1. •-) ^ V,. r;^-^ "^ ^ ^ ^^ >. ^ r •- ' *^ c ^^ i! ^ v„ ' •Sk ,,JN- > i -* ^ ^ y >: f^ V &g ^ V ~ 5. v" W -^ ■^o^ t ^ 2^" ^? 5 V r -^ -4 O -s.to s- ^ '■^^■v^ 5*^ t ■^^ -•- < V ^ V ■< i^ o;' V ^ ^- ^_ ,,_^ 5t . ■^ ii V ^ c •^ ♦^ t J- ~ ' C C-, - ^ >* "^ -^: **. '■^i V V. -i 1 4 1^ <- ^ 5 S V, * i v^V C f ,. — ■s^r-i' s S - ^ V ■V* "S 2^ ^ ^^- ^ "S ^ Appendix. 193 altitudes, from the valleys nestling among the mountains, which insures mild temperature and equable climate, allowing the apple to mature on the tree, giving it size, coloring, crispness and flavor. The commercial apple orchards of Oregon are conducted along strictly business lines. They are pruned each season, plowed and cultivated as required, thoroughly sprayed with proper compounds, several times each year, to combat and overcome fungus disease and insect pests, and in consequence the loss in some orchards from infested or diseased fruit is very slight, frequently as low as five ner cent. The laws concerning in- fected fruit are very stringent in most foreign ports, and much care is exercised to pack and ship only such fruit as is entirely free from scale. Quick transportation, the telegram, the cablegram, enable the grower to practically market his own product. In this connection it may be noted that the watchfulness and accommodation of the railroad companj' officials in promptly furnishing us with refrigerator cars, the reasonable carload rates from Oregon to New York, enabling us to place our apples on dock at New York for one dollar per hundred weight, or fifty cents per box, are important factors. The picking and storing is carefully looked after, and in the packing house the fruit is graded, any of irregular size or quality is laid aside for other purposes than export. The packing is done by experienced girl packers. Each apple is wrapped in paper, and placed in a box which has previously been lined with paper. Between each tier of apples a layer of cardboard is placed, and each box is inspected by the overseer. When finished, the boxes present a very attractive appearance, the top and bottom having a heavy swell when nailed. The name and grade are stamped on box at top of brand. The boxes are carefully packed in the car, car strips being placed between each tier of boxes to insure proper and sufficient ventilation, and great care is taken to so brace the car that any shifting or moving of the mass in transit is impossible. Thus the long journey to New York is safely made, the apples arriving in prime condition. In fact, the fruit carries so well when properly packed and loaded, that a five-mile ride in wagon over average country roads would be more detrimental to it than the entire journey to Europe. In the markets the apples are sold at auction to the highest bidder. Our fruit sterns to have succeeded in making a demand wherever intro- duced, and constant inquiries arrive in regard to good fruit. '}rown and packed as it should be, we need have no year of over-production, for with the splendid keeping qualities of our apples, we will always have a market for them. The pack and quality of our fruit meet with such favov abroad that strictly fancy four-tier Yellow Newtown apples from the Rogue river vailey have realized $3.48 per box. This was considered the record breaker for the season. At the time sale was made of this par- ticular lot, the markets abroad were loaded with apples from California points selling on a basis of from seven to ten shillings per box, or an average of but little more than half of price of best Oregon product. 13 \ 194 Report oj State Board of Horticulture. Spitzenbergs brought $1.50 per box at orchard. The latter found a market in New York and Chicago. Many buyers from London and eastern cities come directly to orchard to contract for our fruit. There seems to be unlimited demand for strictly high-grade fancy stock. Let the watchword be— Quality— Quality— QUALITY! FKUIT UNIONS. PAPER READ BEFORE FRUITGROWERS' CONVENTION AND STU- DENTS OF OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AT CORVALLIS, FEBRUARY 13 AND 14, 1902. By Peof. E. L. Smith. Of all the industrial classes, the farmer and horticulturist is the least inclined to enter into, and profit by united and organized effort. Over productiorr has been followed by such demoralizing and ruinous competition that most of the industries of the country have been driven into combines for self preservation. Manufacturers have very generally entered into great corporate trusts, absorbing competing concerns, and instead of selling their products at unprofitable prices as they may have done in the past, have gone to the opposite extreme in order that dividends may be declared on unreal values. Transportation companies with parallel lines demoralized tariffs in the struggle for business and landed in the hands of receivers. Entering into binding compacts to maintain uniformity of rates the '•eceivers were soon discharged and control restored to them. The laborer, without whom there would be no traffic, and we might add no civilization, perceiving that he counted for so little as an indi- vidual and that there was force and influence in the aggregation if mem- bers organized, his union and obtained valuable concessions, that would never have come to him through individual effort. Corporations stretch the wires across continents or pay out the long cables that rest on ocean beds, wires burdened with the business exchanges of the world or momentous affairs of governments. On every side we are confronted with numberless combinations of men and money transacting the business affairs of the world. The same rule of effective organization obtains outside of industrial classes. The sects of Christendom propagate their tenets through con- ferences and councils, through bishops and cardinals and that denomena- tion has the firmest hold upon its members that is most thoroughly or- ganized. Even the politician relies upon his caucus, conventions and committee men to aid his ambitions and woe to the helpless aspirant who cannot enlist the support of the machine. Appendix. 195 Our horticulturist, however, with a rugged independence that we ad- mire, but a judgment we cannot approve, hesitates to co-operate with his co-laborer and fights shy of organization, no matter how simple. We must admit that there is some reason for this and that fruit unions have their weak as well as strong points. Possibly he may have known of some such organization that went up like a rocket but came down in a far less brilliant manner, probably on account of mismanagement. There is no disguising the fact that the earlier experiences of co-oper- ative fruit unions are frequently most discouraging; sometimes on ac- count of incompetency of the manager or board of control, or more frequently as is the case, because their stockholders were not loyal to their own organization. Possibly our brother fruit-grower has made consignments of fruit so fancy that he was certain that he would capture the market, and when the account of sales were returned there was hardly sufficient to pay transportation charges and commissions, or ignorant of the markets he has sold when he ought to have held, and held when he ought to have sold, until he looks with suspicion upon every one who proposes to handle his harvest. It is indeed too true that the elements of danger to fruit unions are distrust, incompetency and home competition. The fruit growers have suffered so frequently from those better informed than themselves, that it is next to impossible to convince them that they can safely trust their business interests even to their own neighbors. There is a class yet more helpless who in order to avoid the petty charges of the union or to demonstrate their acuteness, ship on their own account and profit by the prices that the union has been instrumental in sustaining or cut those prices and demoralized the market. Let us consider briefly some of the more pleasing features of co-opera- tions. Fruit unions are undoubtedly trusts, but quite unlike those im- mense aggregations of brain and capital, that labor to enrich the few at the expense of both producer and consumer. The union seeks to elevate labor and reward it with a living compensa- tion. Its capital usually is nominal, merely sufficient to provide for current expenses for transacting its business and hence does not have to extort either from labor or consumption a profit for dividends on fictitious valuations. A co-operative union educates its members along the lines of their occupation; always aims to promote highest standards of excellence, se- cures uniformity in the grading of products and dispose of them at wholesale instead of each grower retailing what he has grown, thereby saving to him both time and money. The union makes liberal use of the wires and hence is able to make a more intelligent distribution of our fruits than growers acting inde- pendently possibly can do. It is advised as to shipments from competing places and is careful to limit its shipments to any place where there is danger of loading the market with more than can profitably be sold. 196 Report of State Board of Horticulture. It has daily information as to the state of the markets in larger towns- and as they are subject to frequent fluctuation frequently diverts ship- ments when en route. The union being a member of the Commercial Agency has a knowledge of the financial standing of its customers and consequently its losses from bad accounts are minimum. The union, encourages the purchase of its fruits at the home station and discourages consignments. If an independent shipper will offer more than quotations warrant it does not hesitate to sell to him, or to any one else and at times may purchase fruits that are likely to be offered in competition for less than union prices in order that the market may be protected. In California it has deemed wise to give to the public daily quotations from Eastern cities in order that those not members of the union might not be induced to undersell the associations. A union searches out new markets and extends its business over the widest possible area of country. The union attracts buyers and having much to sell gets the higher prices and the better service from the trans- portation companies. The union maintains brokers at important centers who sell and dis- tribute shipments to retailers being pledged to maintain prices on their part. And not the least among the benefits of fruit co-operation, members acquire a better knowledge of business methods and learn to trust and appreciate each other as they never did before, and jealousies and sus- picion are replaced by confidence and esteem. We can readily see that in the conduct of these associations much de- pends upon those to whom their business management is entrusted. The directors should be men noted for their shrewd business judgment and successful in the conduct of their own affairs. The manager or superintendent especially, in addition to undoubted integrity, should possess ability and experience and be paid accordingly. The business transactions must be kept in systematic order so that the standing of a member or that of the union itself may be readily ascer- tained. There are many instances where these co-operative associations have brought order out of chaos in the markets, doubled returns to shippers, enhanced a hundred fold the value of land, paid off mortgages, and put new life and courage into the community. I am a member of one of these small unions just entering upon the tenth year of its existence, which has done this work, established a reputation for our growers and a market for their products over an extended section of country. I am of the opinion that the reasons why we have so few fruit organi- zations in Oregon, Washington and Idaho, may be attributed to the limited amount of our commercial orchards. Such orchards, however, are- being grown and these co-operative associations are as certain to follow as there is strength in union. Appendix. 19" APPLE GliOAVING IN JAPAN. By Hox. H. B. Miller, U. S. Consul, New Chwang, China. Apple growing in Japan has attracted my attention and I have en- deavored to learn the extent of it, as I have seen many Japanese grown apples in the markets of China as well as in Japan. Some of these apples are still in the markets at New Chwang and Port Arthur on May 1st. The following information I have secured from official sources on special request and presume it is correct. Apple growing In Japan is carried on mostly in the northern part, on the Island of Hokkaido. It is in this locality that the agricultural col- lege for Japan is located. The country is especially noted for its coal and timber wealth, but is being developed in agriculture and horticulture and applegrowing is taking on the appearance of a permanent commercial industry. The present acreage in apples on the island is five thousand. Trees are planted at about twenty feet apart and begin bearing the seventh year after planting, and bear at about tne following rate: 7-year-old trees 7 catties or 10 pounds 10-year-old trees 25 catties or 34 pounds • 15-year-o!d trees 100 catties or 134 pounds IS-year-old trees ISO catties or 250 pounds The prices usually paid to the producers are as follows: Early apples 2 sen per catty Fall apples 3 sen per catty AVinter apples 3.5 sen per catty March apples 8 sen per catty May latest 14 sen per catty A catty is one pound and a