'Xr-ri'/:-:y^y.i.'A. i m i^^. P^^ I % i, ■ h' >. TWEISTTY-FOUHTH Al^ITUAL REPORT 0» THE SECRETARY OF THE STATK BOARD OF AGRICULTDKE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN FROM OCTOBER 1, 1884, TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1885. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN LANSING: THORP & GODFREY, STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1886. XP V , o S* (M .— I O CO j^ CO :d :c o :c »c »o -^ c^ -M 'M c-i be :e '■ be CO i^l lOC . .^f > O C^> C-i CO a CO -^' O lO t' 1 - Gi' 'Ti CO* CJ c: ) CO >o c^^ CO 1 - >o t- 1- -M -** ct '-D i- c-i o a; « 2 -g >.^ •^ GJ "^ Z M ^ o 2 o en P3 u o ■M Q O K> 1-1 TO o; >-l I- _l-; _ ^_ O 1-; i-H CO I-; f-; _ _-* O CO o co' CO lO co' :o' t-' O Q O t^ -t* M » o rt .-H t: SJ CO -^ 3 Q IN !3 3 o a < So Q iM Lo i- uoi- cr. m o -* CO to o 'O Q o 2 P <^ ' ~ "* '-'' ^^ " go" 5 O O O — 11- i-OCCCCCOCOCCCCCTTOCOCOCCCOCOiO'^iffiC lOCO-^COi— '^^1— lOOOi-COQO di CO OTO" l-Tcf -* M'r-iiffco'oi'o'rH cc'^f O •5 a> -< 0^ SOOQOOCOQQ'CQiOO SOOOOOr-lOOOONCO e-lQOccQ'-icooocoojcocci- cCOOC00350'-iCOOOCOtO COCOCC-^CCCOCCCC-^OtCiQlO >b SI T-^ CO -M CO -ji '31 lb 1— I OS lO I- 00 CO ^ 00 0) Is g o OS 2 o CB tn ;-. o -^ a I o Q o C't i--:?!-- ic t- G5 ic o ■:o CO ir^ ic »c o o I ■■=■ O O ?5 I - ■:© 1-- Oi T-H cj '^ CO > * c^ cr. a^ o ■* O Q o t;- O I- a: ^ --< '^ ^ -O C-' i— 3: 1- O -^ 95 o ao CO .-^ I- — c: o o o Q '^( 'rfi -M i- o: ^ ^^0_iM^:0 :C r- 4 IC L- .— I ^. I.'T St i- -^ .— « »-H CO O ^ '^ 1— I CO 'O ».o .—I .— 1 55 C-I c^i lo cOC01:-00050i-IINCO-*lO CO CO t- t- t- i- t- t- t- i- 1- i— 00 00 CO CO CO CO cococoooooooaocooocoooccoDcocococooo CO s g o o 55 cj o o o COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. 13 Table No. 2. — Agricultural College Trust Fund. Year. 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879. 1880 1881 1882 1883. 1884 1885. Keceipts of State Land Odice on account of Prin- cipal for A(;ri- culturul College Lands Eold. $2,300 00 ll.btio (K) 5,895 00 :i0,101 5;3 ;«,C21 93 29,583 47 4,686 75 5,399 24 5,939 30 3,:}37 22 9,619 99 8,590 53 13,702 28 20,:i41 18 51,449 27 34.482 28 13,802 87 12,460 87 Refunded on account of erroneous payments. $174 54 390 00 60 00 825 90 Balance trans- ferred to credit of Agricultural College Trust Fund. §3,300 00 U,m'> (JO 5,895 00 20,101 53 :«,447 39 29,58;i 47 4,686 75 5,399 24 5,549 ;J0 2,:«7 22 9,619 99 8,590 53 13,762 28 2(J,28l 18 51,449 27 33,656 38 13,802 87 12,460 87 Aggregate to credit of Ag- ricultural Col- lege Trust Fund at close of each fiscal year. $14465 66 20,060 00 40,161 53 73,608 92 103,192 39 107,879 14 113,278 38 118,827 68 121,164 90 i:}0,784 89 139,375 42 153,137 70 173,418 88 224,868 15 258,524 53 272,327 40 284,788 27 Note.— Fifteen lliuuMand dollarjs of above fund was invested from 1870 to 1871 In War Bounty Bonds and held by the f.'ollegc. Table No. 3. — Agricultural College Interest Fnnd. Year. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. ■Jl- v^ i> _ -c >. 3^ III! *i«874 ii 1,397 3,95:i 6,040 7,407 7,717 8,124 8,396 8,740 9,409 10,240 11,42<1 13,957 16,741 18,739 19,645 95 97 17 33 65 24 31 64 62 73 28 93 04 :58 02 d i. _r > - X o — ■ 2 5 £ ■/- X .C ^ '1 ^ V S56 68 1,789 56 2,317 24 3,()tW 51 4,907 77 6,499 21 6,552 n 6,692 47 5,72<5 58 6,405 26 6,664 80 7,:i:{:5 'ii 8,64,2 08 8,;W5 +5 9,141 :50 8,881 98 9,121 14 1 1 ce Z b. 1 c Vi ^ (« 82 28 36 43 70 63 ' 122 97 ' 110 96 ' 155 12 125 97 ;J06 64 1 189 64 ! 247 21 276 55 ! 148 73 285 47 :»4 96 ;iO(i 96 237 56 :{29 06 1 1 a. CO S3 §1 5feS S50 (X) 1,7U; 75 860 00 414 00 627 14 115 00 580 77 4,659 96' 51 16 674 87 §58 96 2,720 93 3,7a-> 84 7,175 65 ll,ft59 06 14,0»51 98 14,44 3 u IS to -i o 3 u O 0) S" tn §2,779 89 2,976 00 6,774 47 12,238 48 11,896 00 14,056 00 18,817 89 15,172 86 13,320 61 16,(J02 02 17,799 15 20,451 85 25,891 62 2(i,13!J 13 Ti^mZ 94 25),599 97 =3« = Z «i n f o §809 84 1,211 02 31 (50 2,197 58 1,987 72 2,486 48 3,862 (58 2,9fXJ 77 3,384 17 'l6i6'47 5,117 25 5,287 68 * This amount was interest on war bounty bonds in which the fund was invested at the time. 8 §525 of tills was interest on war l>ounty bonds in which tJie fund was invested part of the year. + Refundin(^s amounted to §3.")2.;i7, ranging from notiiini^ in 1880 and since to §145.21 in 1874. Ap- praisal expenses amounted to $8:5(5.19, raoKing from nothini^ in 1872 to §120.;i3 in 1875. Advertisinjf amounted to §611.4.3, ranging from nothing in 1870 to §:il«.;i5 iii 1884. Trespass examination amounted to §4.00 in 188:j. 14 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. AGRICILTURAL COLLEGE LAND. Table No. 4. — Shoiving by Counties the Amount of Agricultural College Land Sold at Original Sale during the Year ending September 30, 1885. Counties. Acres. Price. Amount. Amount Paid. Amount Due. Alcona. 80.00 40.00 40.00 141.60 .•}a3.28 40.0(1 S.5 00 10 00 13 00 ,5 00 .5 00 6 00 $400 00 400 00 480 00 708 00 1,816 40 240 00 9400 00 400 00 120 00 177 00 4.54 10 m 00 Antrim Charlevoix S360 00 Monfinorencj' - . 5:31 00 Oscoda - 1,363 30 Wexford 180 00 Total 704.88 $4,044 40 81,611 10 «2,433 30 Table No. o. — Showing by Counties tlie Amount of Forfeited AgHcxdtural College Land Sold during the Year ending September 30. 1885. Counties. Acres. Price. Amount. Amount Paid. Amount Due. Kalkaska 39.52 80.00 119.53 $5 00 6 00 $197 60 480 00 $93 73 120 00 $103 87 Wexford 360 00 TotAl $677 60 $313 73 5463 87 Table No. Counties. Alcona. Ali^ena Antrim fi. — Shewing by Counties the Amount of Agricultural College Land,s Vacant September 30. 188.']. Acres. oo Benzie.- Charlevoix Cheboygan Grand Traverse Iosco Kalkaska Manistee Missaukee Montmorency Oscoda Otsego Presque Isle. Wexford 4, 3 5, 26, 1, 6, 7, 14. 3, 23, 120.67 960.00 200.93 400.00 725.09 211.10 440.00 874.97 040.(58 160.00 799.64 804.30 880.79 T04.74 400.00 360.00 Total - -_.- *125,082.91 * The difference of 9.09 acres between this total and that given in the last column of Table No. 1. is owing t,o errors in fractional descriptions ; the total in this table being the corrected one. COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. 16 Table No. l.—hicome of the Agricultural College from all Sources, from the Date of its Foundation to the Present Time. Year. • Appropriations for Current Expenses. Appropriations for Special Purposes. Land Sales, Salt Spring and Swamp Land Grants. Interest from United States Land Grant, Total. 1865 $56,330 00 856,320 00 1856 --. 18.57 840,666 66 40,000 00 1858' 1859 37,500 00 37,500 00 I860 1861 6,566 66 10,000 00 9,000 00 9,000 00 15,000 00 15,000 00 20,000 00 20,000 00 20,000 00 20,000 00 18,2.50 00 18,250 00 21,796 00 13,000 00 7,638 00 7,638 00 6,1.50 00 6,1.50 00 4,971 80 4,071 80 7,249 00 7,249 00 8,385 00 8,385 00 152 25 218 97 407 80 726 09 1,1.56 61 1,094 27 7,608 38 .592 49 17,5.59 00 1,320 02 4,135 72 217 05 10 13 150 13 144 53 1,773 09 979 06 826 60 712 22 79/ 55 461 95 358 46 391 95 1,259 90 187 50 6.6.52 25 1862 10,218 97 1863 9,407 80 1864 9,726 09 1865 16,156 61 1866 16,094 27 1867 27,608 -iS 1868 20,,593 49 1869 "^30.666 66 858 96 2,720 93 3,785 84 7,175 65 11,059 06 14.061 98 14,446 14 16,830 17 1.5,172 86 15.807 09 16,978 23 17,837 24 20,935 25 22,1507 45 30,749 60 27,909 72 29,770 40 30,000 00* 67,617 96 1870 . . 24,040 95 1871 i6,.566 66 3,000 00 15,602 00 15,602 00 7,755 .50 6,755 50 30.686 80 5,686 80 16,068 32 7,068 32 43,720 50 8,945 .50 23,793 00 10,.526 00 35,103 00 22,617 00 36,671 .56 1872 28,642 70 1873 48,467 19 1874 - 42,814 11 1875 29,984 17 1876 .32,ft96 76 1877 .52,988 72 1878 28,470 49 1879 38,r:30 56 1880 30,674 91 1881 72,366 70 1882 39,060 41 1883 63,319 .55 1884 48,080 62 1885 65,000 !)0 1886 .52,617 00 Total * $363,083 60 $293,430 24 $99,561 72 $297,806 56 $1,052,882 12 * Rstimate. 16 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE No. 8. — Shovnng the Average Annual Expenses of Attendance at tlie Agri- cultural College. [This table is computed for one year by dividing the total ex- penses of the four years' course by fo\ir. The different years vary slightly.] Board for 36 weeks. This varies in the different clubs from |1.80 per week to $:J.70 per week Room rent, heating, and water. This varies with the room and the number of occupants (1 or 3). Tlie number of rooms at the lowest rates is quite limited.. Incidental expenses, including sweeping and ligliting the corri- dors, and repairing and cleaning the dormitories Text books, drawing instruments, etc _ Charges in .lunior Year in Chemical a,nd Physiological Labora- tories, $12.50 -_ - --- Matriculation charge on entering the course, 95 Diploma on graduating, $5_ Total . Deduct wages received for labor. This may range as follows : In case of physical inability to labor. In case the student faithfully performs all required labor In case the student works 8 hours Saturday and 4 hours other week days Balance of cost per year, not counting vacation expenses, cloth- ing, traveling, room furnishing, or other personal items, in round numbers. Highest Possible Cost. $97 30 31 00 7 50 18 00 3 12><< 1 25 1 25 «149 32^ 00 $150 00 Lowest Possible Cost. m 80 9 00 7 50 10 00 3 13i^ 1 25 1 25 S06 93^ 91 98 S5 00 Probable Cost to the Average Student. S81 00 10 13X 7 50 13 00 3 12;^ 1 25 1 25 $116 25 38 50 «T7 75 This statement is not intended to lead young men to ex2)ect that they can go through this course without the help of money earned during tlie winter vacation. The figures of the central column, while correct, are not likely to be often realized. The third column is the safest guide as to what to e.\pect. The following Advawe Payments will be required of eacli new student on arrival: Matriculation fee, to be paid but once for the whole course Advance payment on account of board Fee for incidental expenses, advance for one term^ Boom rent, advance for one term Deposit required on issuing key to room __ Amount necessary to furnish room.. Total advance _ _ Lowest. 45 00 10 00 2 50 300 1 00 400 iciS .50 SECEETAEY'S REPOET. 17 SUPPLEMENTAEY DATA. The following statement is mainly quoted from my report to the Superin- tendent of Public Instruction for the collegiate year ending August 19, 1885. The year has been one of great and important changes to the College, a transition period \yhicli has given much anxiety to its friends, but from which it promises to develop in continued vigor and usefulness. Within this year it has lost its president, secretary, and two of its professors. It has had one entirely new department added to its course, and two more so much enlarged from their former dimensions as to be practically new depart- ments. November 24, 1884, Dr. T. C. Abbot tendered to the Board of Agriculture his resignation of the Presidency of the College. This step was one which, owing to failing health, he had for some time had in contemplation, and had previously informally announced to the Board. The following resolutions were drawn up by a committee of the Board, consisting of Governor Begole and Messrs. Chamberlain and Reynolds, and unanimously adopted: Resolved. That in accepting the resignation of Dr. T. C. Abbot fi-om the Presidency of tlie Michigan Agricultural CoUege. the State Board of Agi-iculture desires to express its high appreciation of his labors m that position during the past twenty-two years, and its belief that these labors have been largely instrumental in bringing this College to its present high position among institutions of its kind. We further take pleasure in the fact that the services of Dr, Abbot will not thus be lost to the Agricultural College, but that fi-om a I'rofessor's chair he will continue to help forward the cause of practical agricultural education in this Institution. Dr. Abbot's connection with the College began Feb. 5, 1858, when he was elected to the Professorship of English Literature. On Dec. 4, 1862, he was made President. At this same meeting of the Board of Agriculture, viz., Nov. 24, 1884, it was unanimously resolved that the Presidency of the College be tendered to the Hon. Edwin Willits, at that time Principal of the State Normal School. Jan. 8, 1885, this offer was accepted and the appointment formally made, and Dr. Abbot was elected Professor of Mental and Moral Science. Owing to Mr. Willits' engagement with the Normal School he was unable to enter upon his new duties at this College at once, and the transfer was not made until July 1, 1885, till which time Dr. Abbot continued as acting Presi- dent. On August 4, 1885, after a severe illness of six months' continuance, Robert G. Baird, who had been Secretary of the Board and College since Aug. 25, 1875, died, and Henry G. Reynolds, of Old Missson, was elected to succeed him. Jan. 1, 1885, James Satterlee, Professor of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening and Superintendent of the Horticultural Department since 1883, closed his connection with the College by resignation, and Liberty H. Bailey, Jr., was elected to his position. The last annual report from this College contains a statement of the detail by the War Department of the United States of Second Lieutenant John A. Lockwood as Professor of Military Science and Tactics. Lt. Lockwood entered on duty at once, and during the past year has organ- ized a volunteer cadet corps of ninety members, most of whom have provided themselves with uniforms. These uniforms cost from $14.00 to $20.00, and 18 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. are iioL foiiiKl to be an atlditioii to Llic exj)enses of Llie .students, as they sirii|)lj take tl>e place in eost of an ecjiial amount in citizens' clotlics. Instruction in tactics and other military subjects has been given by lectures and recitations. 'I'he bcnclicial effects of the military (raininf^ are seen in the more erect carriage of the students and in greater attention to neatness and promptness. Tlu! Legislature at its last session treated us very liberally in providing, among other things, for foui- new l)uildings, as follows: An Assembly Uoomfor military drill, armory and general lecture purposes, l)rick, costing |G,UO() 00 A Vcitcrinary Ijaboratory, brick, costing 5,400 00 A Mechanical I laboratory, brick, costing 7,800 00 A dwelling for tlu; i'rofessor of Mechanics, frame, costing 4,000 00 'I'he second of these buildings puts our Veterinary Department on a good working basis. It contains an oiKU'ating room and lecture, dissecting and model roouis. In the lattiU' are skeletons of the ])rincipal domestic iinimals, sets of veterin- ary instruments and metlicines, a life size model of the horse so arranged that it can be (•ompletely dismembered and exhibit all tlie internal organism, etc.» etc. Our I'rofessor of Veterinary, Dr. E. A.. A. (Ji'iinge, is uudcu- t\n) law enacted by the last Ij(\gislature, Slate Veterinarian. Under the appropriation for the establislmientof a Mechanical Department at the College a new rrofessorshi]) has been established which has been acce|)ted by I'rof. Ijcwis McLouth, fornuu-ly of the State Normal School, and a line largo building has been completed and c(piip])ed for the new Course in Mechanic Arts. In this buikling there is a com])le(e bhicksmith shoj) and brass foundry, supplied with benches, forges, tools of all kinds and a Sturtevant pressure blower, a gift to the institution from the generous inventor and manufacturer. There is also an iron working shop, 50x00 feet, furnished with an engine, seven engine! lathes, a. planer, a sliai)cr, a power drill, emery wheels, benciies, vises, and tools and machinery necessary to a complete shop. A line turret latho has just been conipleted by the students. Tliere is also a large wood-working shop, sup})lied with two lathes, a jig saw, benches, vises, and ten sets of carpenter's tools. Hesides these there are t)Hices, store-rooms, a large, well-lighted draughting room, a room for blue printing, a fine lecture- room for cdasscs in mechanics, and a mechanical laboratory well su|)i)licd with a,p[)aratus. The (knirsc in McrlKoiic Arts will lay esyiecial stress on Natural Philos- ophy, Drawing and Draughting, Mathematics, Surveying and Engiiieeringy Book-keeping, Businr-ss Forms, and Law, Political Economy, and daily shop praelicc in wood and metal work. The first two years of this course will be in outline as follows: FlliST YEAR. Autunm 7'6V7//,. — Sho]) Practice, Drawing, Algebra,, English. t^priiKj Term. — Shop Practice, Drawing, Natural Philosophy, Geometry. /Summer lerm. — Shop Practice, Natural Philosophy, English, Geometry. SECRETARY'S REPORT. 19 SECONn TEAR. Autumn Term.. — Sliop Practice, Al^-cl»va, Drawins:, Natural IMiilosopliy. Sprinq Term. — Shop Practice, B()uk-kce[)iiii; ami Ikisiiiess Furnis ami Law, Trigoiioiiietry, Natural riiilosophy. Summev Term. — Slio]) Practice, Drawing, Mecluinics, Elementary Chemistry. These two years of study will constitute an Apprenfice Course in the Mechanic Arts, ami it is believed will lit those who complete it to enter the miinufnctur- ing establishments of the State with such discipline of mind, of hand, and of eye, and with such knowledge of the principles underlying mechanical trades that they may soon become intelligent and expert workmen. An additional course of two years covering, it is ho|)cd, something of the modern languages, the higher branches ot Mathematics, of Eugincering and of the other Sciences that bear upon the higher phases of mechanical industries will be arranged as Boon as needed. The course in Agriculture jcnuiins much the same as last year. The following letter from the president of the Rose Polytechnic Institute is so concise and forcible a presentation of a questioi\ of vital importance wherever it is in contemplation to establish a school kindred to our own, that I take this method of preserving it for the use of those whom it will benefit. It is on the question — INUKTHNDENT AGRKJULTUUAL AND TKCJINOLOGKJAL SOIIOOLS V.<<. AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENTS OF UNIVERSITIES. ROSE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE. PuKBi dent's Room, Terre Haute, huL, FcbriKtry In, 1SS5. My Dear Sir,— I have yom-s of February 11 at this moment, and. as I have formed a (U'fhiitc opinion on (ho matter you diseuss, will not delay an answer. A s<'liool of toclmolot;y, espocially if its leading- depai tinent is uiecliaiiies, un((ue»- tionably does better work when alone than when associated with other schools in a universitv. I can only indicate some of the reasons for this— reasons drawn j)artly from exi)eri- enee and |)artl}- from the nature of tilings. Eur()|)e:in experienee is iieavily in fuvor of separate establishments for technology; it la almost impossible to lind tl'iere a strong university with a teelmologieal annex. Usually the univ(>rsities and polytechnics arc not found in the same towns. In the United States, the first two schools of technology were at West I'oint and at Troy, each independent, and eacli still floin-ishing. T he next were at Cambridge and New Haven, eax-b Joined to a college : the Lawrence school of Harvard University at Caiiil>ri nature of things are cogent, but are specially convincing in the minds of those wiio hav(^ iiacf mtinuite knowledge of tiie voung men of the country. Jn all universities the fact is that the courses whic-h lead to the highest literary degrees absorb the best minds, even to the depletion of the .set^tions that enter the other courses. This at least is the ex])licit statement of some eminent university professors, und it is perfectly reasonable. If purely literary courses and ]iurely technological coiir,ses are placed side by side in a university, the trddilional splendor of the on(> will cast a, delusivf' glamour over it, BO that young )nen whose real interests lie in the other are beguiled t<> a wrong choice. There is no rwuson why courses in agriculture and in the mecihanic arts should not flourish side by side. Yours truly, CHARLES O. THOMPSON. 20 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. . AGRICULTUKAL COLLEGE FACULTY AND OTHER OFFICERS. Edwin Willits, M. A. , President, Professor of Political Science, Constitutional Law, and Business Law. Tlieophilus C. Abbot, LL. D., Professor of Mental Philosoiihy and Logic. Robert C. Kedzie, M. A,, M. D., Professor of Chemistry, and Curator of the Chemical Laboratory. Albert J. Cook, M. S., Professor of Zoology and Entomology, and Curator of the General Museum. William J. Beal, M.S., Ph. D., Professor of Botany and Forestry, and Cura- tor of the Botanical Museum. Eolla C. Carpenter, M.S., C.E., Professor of Mathematics and Civil Engineer- mg. Samuel Johnson, Professor of Practical Agriculture, and Superintendent of the farm. Elias J. MacEwan, M.A., Professor of English Language and Literature. E. A. A. Grange, V. S., Professor of Veterinary Science. J. A. Lock wood, 'M Lieut., l?th U. S. Lifantry, Professor of Military Science and Tactics. Liberty H. Bailey, Jr., B.S., Professor of Horticulture and Landscape Gar- dening, and Superintendent of tiae Horticultural Department. Lewis McLouth, M.A., Ph. D., Professor of Mechanics. Henry G. Reynolds, M.S., Secretary. Frank S Kedzie, M.S., Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Louis G. Carpenter, M.S., Assistant Professor of Mathematics. Mrs. Mary J. C. Merrell, B.S., Librarian. Henry W. Baird, B. S., Assistant Secretary. Louis Kiia})per, Florist. Cliarles S. Crandall, B.S., Foreman of the Garden. SUMMARY OF STUDENTS. Graduates 4 Seniors •i'i Juniors 26 Sopliomores - . - - 27 Freshmen 65 Spechils 19 Total 173 Wednesday, August 19, the degree of Bachelor of Science was conferred upon ^9 members of the Graduating Class, as follows: County. PostoflSce. Edwin S. Antisdale - JVew York, Nyack. William S. Baird Ingham, Lansing. Edward A. Bartmess Berrien, Buchanan. Richard M. Bates Barry, Hastings. Fred L. Chappell •- Kalamazoo, Cooper. James Y.Clark-. ..Oakland, Orion. Charles B. Collingwood Massachusetts, Boston. James A. Dart Emmet, Petoskey. SECRETARY'S REPORT. 21 County. Postofflce. Hiram T. French Van Buren, Alnicna. Harry P. Gladden — .Ingham, Lansing. Elwyn T. Gardner ...St Joseph, Centcrville. Robert W. Hemphill, Jr. Washtenaw, Ypsilanti, Theries D. Hinebanch ..Kalamazoo, Vieksburg. Charles H. Hoyt .Barry, Irving. Edward R. Lake .Washtenaw, Ypsilanti. Glen C. Lawrence Eaton, Charlesworth. John W. Matthews Barry, Hastings. George Morrice Ionia, Pewamo. Julius R. Newton South Carolina, Pendleton. Lewis G. Palmer Jackson, Napoleon. Truman L. Parker Barry, Carlton O'tre. Wilbur I. Power Oakland, Pontiac. George E. Sprang Ingham, Lansing. Dorr J. Stryker Berrien, Dayton. Harris E. Thomas. Barry, Middleville. James D. Towar Ingham, N. Lansing. Perry G. low:; v Ingham, N. Lansing. Hubert M. Wells Livingston, Howell. Frank M. Woodmansee Barry, Middleville.':^ The degree of Master of Science was conferred on Hon. Chas. J. Monroe, Chas. W. McCurdy and Eugene Davenport. IMrtTWHIBBTi IN N4EMORIAN1. HON. H. G. WELLS. April 4, 1885, was a dark day to the members of the Michigan Agricultural College, for on that day the Hon. Hezekiah G. Wells departed this life. Judge Wells was named in the law for the re-organization of the Michigan Agricultural College as a member of the State Board of Agriculture. This place he held, by renewal of his appointment by successive Governors, for a period of twenty-one years, then resigning because he was unable to attend to the duties of his office. It is needless to say that from the first his opinions had great weight with the other members of the Board. They elected him their President, and continued him in that office to the last. He always gave uns]iaringly of his time and energies whenever they could help the College, and his large iulluence with the Legislature often secured appropriations to the Institution Avhich, but for this influence, would have been lost. While all departments claimed his attention, he took special pleasure in watching the improvement and adornment of the grounds. The labor system met with his earnest support and approval; on his death bed he expressed the 22 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. hope that nothing might ever happen to overturn it. Tlie formation of a Ladies' department was very much desired by him, but this he did not live to seD. He was in trutli a very father to the College — wise, patient, and active. Oraceful and dignified in bearing, he was a man of whose very appearance we were proud Judge Wells was born in Steuben ville, 0., June 6, 1812, educated at Kenyou College, read law in the office of J. & D. Collier of Steuben ville, and was admit- ted to ])ractice in 1832. In 1840, and again in 1860, he was a president' al elector. President Lincoln tendered him the position of minister to Honduras, and President Johnson the place of consul to Manchester, England, both of which were declined. In 1873 Governor Bagley appointed Judge Wells one of the eighteen com- missioners to prepare and report a Constitution for the State of Michigan. This was prepared and submitted, and rejected by the electors. In August, 1862, Judge WgUs raised in western Michigan the Tweuty-lifth infantry, Michi- gan vohinteers, Col 0. II. Moore commanding. In June, 1874, he was appointed by President Grant presiding jwlge of the court of Alabama claims. Til is court held its sessions for the first two and a half years in Washington, and entered judgment in over 2,000 cases, distributing ^9,316,120.25. General Grant, in his annual message in 1875 and 1876, commended in Avarm terms of praise the action of this court. Subsequently, when the court was re-organized, Judge Wells was again appointed presiding judge, but was compelled to resign, on afjcount of ill-hoaltli, before the work of the court was completed. He was a man of very fine personal appearance, of large acquaintance with leading men throughout the country, and possessed a most thorough knowledge of the country, its institutions, and the statesmen of the past forty years ; a fine talker, one of the most interesting and instructive; a prolific writer, hav- ing conLril)Uled to the press many valuable articles on a great variety of subjects. He was a model in his domestic life and in his habits of living. His was the culture of one who possessed the highest tastes and the noblest views of life. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF EDWIIsT WILLTTS. DELIVERED AUGUST 19, 1885. This institution is 28 years old. May 13, 1857, the buildings and grounds were dedicated by the State Board of Education, with appropriate services, in the presence of the governor, several officers of the State government, and a large concourse of citizens from various jDortions of the State. It was the first Agricultural College on the continent. Other States had moved in the same direction, but Michigan forestalled all others in the enterprise of establishing an institution of learning whose sole object should be the intelligent investiga- tion and application of subjects pertaining to agriculture and the education of young men into a higher and, if possible, better system of farming, as well as into a cultured, practical manhood. The enterprise had been well considered. It was the creature of the Michigan State Agricultural Society, and to the persistent exertions of that body the State largely owes the prompt consideration given to the subject. As early as Dec. 19, 1849, at the second annual meeting of the executive committee of that •society at Jackson, at which were present Gov. E. Eansom, F. S. Einlay, Bela Hubbard, Michael Shoemaker and others, it was resolved to interest the Legis- lature in establishing a state cential Agricultural office, with which should be connected a museum of agricultural products and implements and an agricul- tural library, and as soon as practicable an Agricnlturar College and a model farm. A committee was duly appointed to memorialize the Legislature, and in January, 1850, Bela Hubbard, for the committee, presented the subject to the legislature in a well considered memorial, in which he set forth what special subjects ought to be taught and summed up the scope of such an institution by saying that there should be taught there " those branches of education which •will tend to render agriculture not only a useful, but a learned and liberal pro- fession, and its cultivators not the ' bone and sinew' merely, but ornaments of society." Nothing came of the effort in the Legislature in 1850, but the sentiment had ^rown so strong in its favor that the constitution of that year required the Leg- islatur •, '-as soon as practicable, to provide for the establishment of an agricul- tural school." At a meeting of the executive committee of said society, Dec. 14, 1852, Messrs. Dort, Shoemaker, and Moore were appo nted a committee to urge upon the Legislature the immediate compliance with the provision of the new constitution relative to the agricultural school, advising that it temporarily be ado[)ted as a branch of the University; but that its permanent location should not be established in immediate proximity to any existing educational institution but on a model and experimental farm of 640 acres. The subject 24 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. was prese.itcd to the Legislature of 1853, and while it was favorably received, it was not acted upon. In the meantime the State Board of Education had caused to be taught at the Normal school the elements of scientihc agriculture, and the regents of the University had organized an agricultural school as part of the scientifK! course then recently adopted, and had anuouuced a free course of lectures in tiie University upon agricultural science. The friends of both insti- tutions songlit to have the proposed "agricultural school " made a brancli of the institution whose interests they sought to further. The discussion became quite animated and general all over the State, so that, when tlie executive com- mittee of the State Agricultural Society met Dec. 12, 1853, the subject formed aprotninent topic for action. After full discussion, on motion of Mr. Bartlett of Monroe, it was resolved "That an Agricultural College should be separate from any other institution," an>I a committee was to urge action upon the Legis- lature about to convene. The result was that the Legislature by act of Feb. 12, 1855, established this college, providing that it should be located within ten miles of Lansing, the Bite to be on a farm of not less than 500 acres, to be selected subject to the approval of the State Board of Education, by the president and executive com- mittee of the State Agricultural Society. The present site, then a virgin wilder- ness, three miles east of the city of Lansing, was, June 16, 1855, selected, and May 13, 1857, on this very spot, as near as may be, the new enterprise was dedicated. It is instructive to read the literature, the addresses, and the plans of that time: to follow the hopes and great expectations, not fully realized as yet, the intelligent appreciation of the necessity for scientific agriculture, and the faith that great results would follow their labors. Gov. Kinsley S. Bingham said: "One of the highest objects to be attained by the establishment of an Agricul- tural college is to educate and dignify the character of labor." "A new era is dawning upon the vision of the farmer — a new light is illuminating his path, and a new interest and new pleasures are urging him on to improvement. Uis iutellect comes to the aid of his hands, and he appreciates the full dignity of liis chosen pursuit." So Avitli prayer and prophecy they laid the foundntions of this institution. From the beginnino- it had two difiiculties to contend with. The first, the unfortunate selection of the site so far as immediate results were concerned. The second the unsettled policy for years as to its independent status, or rather the constant demand that it should be made the adjunct of some existing institution, which, while it was not strong enough to accomplish its removal, to a certain extent crippled its efficiency and sharpened criticism. It was a pioneer institution in the literal sense; not only was it the first of its kind, but it began at the stump, so to speak. The first'tools needed were an ax to fella tree and a spade to dig a well. It has gone through all the stages of pioneer life; it has had its corduroy roads, its chills and fevers, chills pre- dominating; it was almost a generation "getting out of the woods;" so that its primal energies were in a sense wasted in subduing a farm, in taking a large tract of land in a state of nature and fitting it to become a "model farm"instead of taking improved land all ready for experiment. The result was that many of tlie promoters of the enterprise became impatient, then cool, and finally opposed to it. Tliey could not wait. There was not much science, of course, needed in clearing land, and the critics looked in vain, as they said, for results, except financial ones, on the wrong side of the ledger. Their clamor brought on the stump puller before nature had had time to make stump pulling eco- ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WILLITS. 25 nomical, and so all along the line the board and the faculty Tvorked at a disad- yaiitiigc, but with heroic persistency they continued their efforts until the peo- ple begin to think the enterprise pays, not always in the direct sense of financial profit in the enterprise itself, but as we hope and feel assured, in the higher field as a promoter of scientific intelligence. We will not spend time on the second disability encountered. It needs but a casual inquiry into the fate of all those cases where an agricultural school has been niaue an adjunct of a purely literary or scientific educational institution, to be convinced that sooner or later the agricultural feature is lost, or plays so subordinate a part as to discourage young men from entering it, and to dis- hearten those who had hoped that literature and science would illumine the path of the agriculturist. We will, before we close, attempt to explain why, logically, this must always be the result; suffice it to say that in Europe and in this country, those agricultural schools have prospered best that have retained their independent status. But we have now passed the pioneer steps of our history, and we stand to-day well equipped for work, and better able to meet all just demands than ever before. Fair consideration of the past will demonstrate that this Agricultural College lias been a potent factor in the dominion of scientific investigation and has done a grand work. Twenty-eight years ago this spot, now the center of a beautiful park of nearly 100 acres, with its outlying fields of fertile beauty, its sweeping drives and foot paths, its beautiful residences and stately structures, was a g'rdled clearing Avith its two or three college halls, the beginning of a future full of hope, and a future not without its victories and substantial results. In the years that have intervened nearly 2,000 students have entered its halls, 360 have graduated, and all, whether they have stayed months or years, have gone forth with a purpose ennobled by their associations here, and the larger proportion of them have in the following years adopted agriculture as a profes- Bion. Of the graduates over 50 per cent of them are farmers or in kindred pursuits. Sixteen are professors or instructors in agricultural colleges, north and south, east and west. One is the president of an agricultural college. Another has almost from its foundation been a member of the Illinois industrial university, and is now president of the board. There is not a professional school, either of law or medicine, in the country which can show a larger per- centage of graduates who finally follow the profession therein taught, and this notwiihstanding thefactthat many h;ive entei'ed the Agricultural College with the avowed intention of nut following agriculture as a life pursuit. The doors have not been barred against such, for the reason that even these in their respective spheres in life will be instinct with agricultural tendencies, and will be active promoters of agricultural science. So much in rapid sketch of what this college has been; now a brief outline of what it is and what it has facilities for doing. IJemark has been made of the beautiful park that lies around us. It is an open book for the daily in- Btructioii of the student, with nearly every tree and plant that can be grown in this climate duly labeled, with its lesson in landscape gardening the daily study of teacher and pupils, all an educator of refined taste, and a practical exempli- fication of what tree and shrub, lawn and drive can do in adorning a home. THE FAKM. Extended practical instruction is given upon land drainage, rotation of crops, the proper cultivation of crops, the management of manures, caro of farm 4 26 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. premises and implements, breeds of domestic animals, their characteristics and adaptations, the feeding of animals, marketing, farm accounts, farm law, etc. Theoretical instruction is supplemented, illustrated and enforced by the actual working of a farm of 600 acres, with improved buildiugs, implements, and the various breeds of stock. It is the purpose of the board of agriculture to have the farm managed in accordance with the best methods; to emphasize the value of order and system in all farm operations by example; to furnish a certain quota of students labor, 10 to 15 hours each week; to give all students who desire, and make the riglit use of their opportunities, some knowledge and skill in most of the details, the fundamentals of farm practice. As far as time and means will permit a portion will be used for experimental work, the testing of new grains and grasses, while the feeding of the different breeds of animals will receive attention. THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. The botanical laboratory and museum of vegetable products with the needed rooms occupy the Avhole of a fine gothic building 40x06 feet, two stories high, with a gallery above. The rooms contain many of the most recent and valuable works on botany, a fine herbarium, including mosses and fungi; a collection of seeds, grains, grasses, fruits and preparations ready for study ; the state ■ ol lec- tion of forestry products shown at Philadel[)liia and Xew Orleans, for which diplomas were given. The laboratory contains a large number of good com- pound niiscroscopes with much useful accessory apparatus. With an arboretum of 200 specie-', a botanic garden of 700, green-houses con- taining 1,000 species and varieties, the parks, gardens and orchards many more, the botanical department is rarely at a loss for any kind of material for study and illustration. In 1884: an en)incnt eastern professor of botany who had studied in Kurope and visited the best laboratories, described their ap[)aratus which was no better than that now used at this college. In a scientific journal he includes Michigan Agricultural College among the list of four colleges which "had taken the in- itiative in introducing needed reforms, and already a most promising crop of fruit is the result." The botanical department by its testing of vegetable and grass seeds has without doubt been largely instrumental in improving the (juality of those offered in the markets; and the demonstration by a long and suc- cessful line of experiments in crossing plants grown in one place with those of the same variety raised in a distant locality, that the product is thereby largely improved in quality and amount, has met the approval of scientists, and scientific journals, and will in time be productive of substantial results whose value cannot well be measured, while the future of the 175 kinds of grasses grown in the grass plats of the botanical garden is of a promise that may well chal- lenge competition in this country with its great variety of soils and climates. It is with great pleasure that we note the fact that the botanical department of the Agricultural College has placed itself in the front rank for scientific research, for original investigation and in the facilities offered to students in its regular course of one and one-half years. THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. The chemical department with its laboratory of 18 rooms, a lecture room ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WILLITS. 27 with seats for 150 students, with two rooms for chemical analysis and desk space for 68 students, with two rooms for quantitative work and original inves- tigation, affording space for 3ii additional students, with its choice and extensive chemical and pliysical apparatus, affords a rare opportunity for students in chem- istry and allied sciences. In place of the traditional "one term in chemistry with experimental illustrations," the course in chemistry at this college extends through two years. The students not only witness the experiments in the lec- ture room, hut they have the opportunity to repeat and vary them in the work- ing laboratory. Tlie a])paratus is not designed for cabinet show, but actual use at the work tahles, and the students get the benefit of this. Of the work performed by the chemical department for the public good I need not speak in detail because it is everywhere recognized. Agricultural societies, farmers' clubs, granges, pomological associations, as well as private citizens have learned of the college laboratory. When any knotty point comes up for solution or any special subject demands investigation and careful research they instinctively look to the chemical department for aid. Year in and year out the chemical laboratory has been a scene of busy industry in promoting the public weal. The farm, the garden and the home have been the better for tiicse labors. The representative farmers' association of the State recognized the value of this work whcji it said in regard to one special investigation by Ur. Kedzie: "It has saved to the faruiers of this State more than the Agricultural College ever cost." THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCES. The department of anatomy, physiology, and zoology is now very thoroughly equipped The attractions in geology, zoology, and anatomy are extensive, and have been selected and arranged with special reference to imparting instruction. The collections in entomology are specially valua!)le, and the department of econoinic entomology has had special consideration. In the museum and collections there is not only a manikin, but skeletons of all chisses of ver- teljrates, models of the lower animals, and special organs, which in connection with lubratory work — dissections and the study of sytematic zoology — makes the course very com[)lete and gives admirable opportunity for post graduate study. The laboratories are large and convenient, and are always open for the • .accommodation of students. Thorough and extensive dissections are made which give the students an ac- curate knowledge of anatomy. Great pains is taken to acquaint the students thoroughly with human anatomy and physiology, and without (piestion the full- <3St and most practical instruction is given in entomology to be found in any general college course in the United States. This department includes anatomy, human and comparative; physiology of man and the lower animals; entomology, structural, systematic and economic, the latter embracing agriculture and injurious insects; general zoology Avhich considers morphology and systematic zoology, and a brief course in geology. A large collection of injurious insects and a well equipped apiary affords excellent opportunity to illustrate the course in practical entomology. THB VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, recently established, promises to become of prime importance in consequence of •the large interests engaged in stock raising, and the prevalence of coaimunica- 28 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. ble diseases among animals. With eighteen states at this hour quarantined against the stock of other states in consequence of these diseases, it is import- ant that we should have men educated specially in veterinary science: that we have in considerable numbers persons skilled in the diseases of domestic animals, and tluxt we no longer depend upon the limited acquirements of the old fashioned "horse doctor." The last Legislature, w'ith commendable liberality, has afforded the college the means to erect a building especially devoted to that scieti(;e, with a museum and lecture room, with operating rooms and dissecting tables, with manikin and skeletons and all the apparatus needed to illustrate the sub- ject as fully as the best medical colleges illustrate the subjects of the diseases of the human body. All the students in the agricultural course receive instruc- tion in this science, and their interest in tlie lectures fully indicates their appreciation of their importance. It is worthy of consideration whether a short special course of two years in that and agriculture combined, with the re(iuirc- ment of an advanced antecedent general education, might not meet a })opular demand; a course that would be above "quackery" and still within reach of many who cannot devote four full years to get what they want; a course that would send out men who could write a prescription without misspelling, and indite a common business communication in srood Ensrlish. THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT, also recently established, promises to be productive of good in an exercise and drill that far excels in beneficial results all that can be claimed by the best conducted gymnasiums. With a competent instructor detailed by the war de- partment, with arms and accoutrements and ammunition donated by the United States, the military feature bids fair to be attractive and useful. THE DEPARTMENT OF MECUANIO ARTS. The college, as before remarked, was established by the State purely as an agricultural school; its sole intent was to ]iromote scientific agriculture. In 1862 the general government doiuited, under certain conditions, to each of the States 30,000 acres of land for each senator and re])resentative in congress for the "endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college, where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts." Under this act the State of Michigan received about 230,000 acres of land, a little less than the round sum to which it was entitled, in consequence of the shortage by actual sur\ey of the sections donated. The State accepted the grant and in good faith promised to execute the trust. The grant was turned over to the Agriculttiral College already established. By the terms of the grant one of the functions of the trust was instruction in the mechanic arts, as im- perative as that in agriculture, but inasmuch as the agricultural course was already in full operation and the fund from thegrant wasslow in accumulating, no effort was nuide until recently to comply with the full conditions of the gift. Last winter the Legislature was appealed to for means to erect the buildings and furnish the equi[)nient (which under the terms of the grant could not be taken from the fund) for the department of mechanic arts. The response was hearty, and an appropriation ample for the initiative of the new course was ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WILLITS. 29 made, and the necessary shops arc now being erected and the equipments being puruhasctl. The time is no'.v propitious for the new department. It was hardly practicable to establish it sooner. There was no great public demand for it. The grant was in fact in advance of general public sentiment, but the leading spirits who advocated the land grant saw that in the near future, industrial education, in all its phases, would be a leading factor in our educational system and that, as the mechanical industries grew, instruction in the mechanic arts would become the subject of a live demand. It is so to-day. It has the platform for legitimate deliberative discussion, and all over the country the best equipped minds and the brightest intellects are engaged in this, to us, new leading topic. Contin- ental Eiiroj)e, older in these industries, long since saw the necessity for special attention to the matter, and during the last fifty years has expended large sums in schools of technology, and tlie promotion of sciences lying at the base of all the industries. Tiie result has been marvelous. England, that once ruled the industrial as imperially as she did the ccmmercial world, at last became anxious over the competition of nations that for half a century or more have been her lavish purchasers, and began to inquire how this ability to compete in her manufactures had been brought about, and was, after a full investigation into the primal causes, compelled to admit that it was to be attributed, more than anything else, to the schools of technology and mechanic arts, Avhich those countries had had the foresight to establish. England following the lead of her doctrinaires had adhered to the policy that the public should not be called upon to foster professional schools, but that all such, whether learned oi* indus- trial, should be the creations of private enterprise, supported by th, 'i patrons. Tiie idea was that if there was sufficient demand for them, there would natur- ally be ample means and patronage for their establishment. But experience has shown that such is not the case. The plant for such institutions is costly, and the profit uncertain, hence private capital was slow in its investment in such enterprises. Education of any kind is always costly, and if made general, all ex2)erience shows that in a large measure, it must be sustained by the State. Bui^ this was of a class far more costly than the so-called iberal education. It takes time to establish and develop it. Continental Eurojie was nearly fifty years in experimenting and in so doing spent vast sums of money before the results heretofore mentioned were reached. But there is an additional reason why such institutions are necessary here. In America the industrial arts -ire in their infancy, and we are brougiit face to face with the full-grown industrial organizations of Europe, with which we must compete. Mechanical science has now reached such a stage of develop- ment that the mere artisan, that is, the man who devotes his whole time and energies to the manual labor of his employment, will rarely have a comprehen- sive knowledge of the industry he seeks to promote. Then again, the division of labor is so great that a majority of the laborers knowonly one thing, or per- form only one operation in the many that go to make up the product, and know nothing of the general principles. The laborer becomes a machine if con- fined to the machine, and while the industry gains in the one direction by the skill of the human machine, it loses in the other the intelligent inventive genius of the man of observation, thought and experience. Further, the day of the old-fashioned apprenticeship is ended, or practically so, when the young man Avas bound to servo from 14 to 21 and the master was bound to teach all the principles and the arts of the industry, so that with the experience of seven or 80 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. more years, and the general knowledge picked np here and there he became a mechanic vrell-versed in all the principles and details of his profession. Our industries are an important factor in our body politic; not the control- ling one, but a tremendously powerful one, and our future is to be largely sha})cd by our ability to manufacture as well and as cheaply as any one else. To do this we must put intelligence into our shops and theoretical instruction into our schools. AVe must occupy this ground ourselves, with our own brains and muscle. Two-thirds of our foremen and master mechanics are foreigners, educated in the technical schools of Europe, or instructed by an apprenticeship, which is not germane to our institutions. An apprenticeship is considered by our young men but a remove from serfdom, and the only chance we have for success is to import our skilled mechanics or educate them here. Hence tiiere is a place, and a large and well-defined one, for schools of tech- nology; institutions where may be taught the sciences upon which our industries depend. The mere shop is no place for this instruction; there is neither time nor o})portunity to discuss the general principles upon which the industry is based. There should be some place or institution capable of making an intel- ligent meclianic; intelligent in all the principles of mechanics, in the law of motion, of sound, of light, in the kinds and strength of material, of friction, in- ertia, electricity, steam, chemistry, with just enough of the manual training to demonstrate the principles. Such a mechanic with this knowledge can step into a shop and in a short time distance the man who has no schooling in these principles; he can sooner acquire the skill in his profession, and it will be of more service in that his intelligence goes with it hand in hand. The object of our new department of mechanic arts is to supply this want. Our purpose and wish is to take the young man who has an aptitude and taste for mechanical industry from the shop, give him a thorough course in drawing and design, thorough instruction in all those general principles which he can- not obtain elsewhere, for the reasons heretofore stated, give him daily practical work in the shop, and then return him to the shop, with a skill competent to take his place as a journeyman, and an intelligence fitting him for foremanship;. with a moral purpose not above working at the bench or the forge, and yet with a Cttpab lity of handling men and aifairs. Such a man will as journeyman be the first to be engaged and the last to be discharged; such a man is on the high road, through the shop, to the head of his industry, a journeyman with the germ and possibilities of a master mechanic. We do not seek to make men "bosses." Our industrial foremen are a little shy of the " college-bred mechanic," for the reason, as they say, "he is apt to have the big head." But that depends upon, the college at which he is bred. We grant you that the tendency of the regula- tion college whose purpose is a general and so-called liberal education is to breed, to use the words of another, " a sort of contempt for manual labor and the man who performs it, and to give its students very stilted notions about culture and the exalted character of the work they must do because, forsooth,, they are graduates." Such a man " is not calculated to blossom out into the common-sense, aggressive, enterprising youug American, who is ready to do anything honorable until something better offers, and who is sure to make his "way in the world." Is it possible to have a college that shall educate the scholar and yet save the artisan; that shall n)ake the man of culture and yet preserve the farmer? We believe it is, and that the Agricultural College of Michigan is such an institution. This leads us fully to consider finally the general purposes of the college. The first one we will note is that it seeks to foster and encour- age ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WILLITS. " 31 THE INDUSTRIAL IMPULSE. The country is full to repletion of lawyers, doctors, clerks, agents and brok- ers; a percentage, honest, worthy, able, laborious gentleinen, ornaments to their profession, but a large proportion living by their wits, jugglers in the strict sense of the term, making a precarious living, seeking, some of them, to wear clean clothes at tlie expense of a clean character, all of them desiring to live without work. We have enough of such. As a rule they have a hard time, and did they but know it, a little hard manual labor would be a tonic to their manhood. But in the first place they are shirks naturally, and in the second place tliey have had associations that have led them to believe that manual labor is degrading. Mere drudgery, we grant you, in any line of business is never an ennobling pursuit, but to say or believe that intelligent manual labor is degrading is a rejection on the Divine mind that created hands as well as brain. They go together. Drudgery without intelligence is slavery; manual labor with intelligence is freedom. Whatever interests a man has growth in it. Greek roots have made some very small men, the other kind many large ones. There is health and vigor in knowing how to do something; there is better health and more manly vigor in doing it. A man with a trade has a moral capability; it is a fence around his energies to keep off trespassers. The Jews used to say: " He that teacheth not his son a trade, doeth the same as if he taught him to be a thief." You give a man something for his hands to do and you have taken hostage for good citizenship. The habit of daily toil is a better conservative of the peace than a paid constable. Our prisons are filled with loafers, our poorhouses with beggars and our polities with demagogues, gravit- ated there for the want of the little moral purpose lying behind a good day's work. So we believe that the best legacy one can leave to a son is a willingness to work. We believe that that institution is the best that not only teaches the law, but teaches a trade; that not only teaches a science but what to do with it; that teaches tlie application with mind and heart and hand; that teaches that all labor is honorable; that trains the hand as well as the intellect. There is a mural influence around institutions as well as surrounding men; they have char- acter as well — no two alike. The air is full of the predominating purpose. A true normal school is full of the teachers' work; instructors talk about it, stu- dents write and orate about it. So with a law or medical school; each is tilled with a pervading strength — a predominating sentiment which gives character to the institution and to the students. To a like degree is it true that an insti- tution where at stated times all work with their hands, will turn out students that believe that manual labor is not dishonorable, that take pleasure in robust work directed by intelligence. Such an institution has such morah in it and about it that young men will leave its halls and enter the shop or go to the farm with no sense of humiliation or disgrace, capable of managing affairs of state, and of putting their hands to work at anything worth doing. Now, it stands to reason that a man so edifcated is a better man, a more symmetrical man, a more capable man, than if he went out into the world with false no- tions, of life's duties and life's labors. It is the little rudder that guides the large ship that without it would go upon the rocks; so it is this moral purpose that 1 es behind a man's forceful energies, to use them well and honestly that saves many a strong nature from shipwreck. We believe this college has the power to make just such men and we proclaim to all the world, that we do not want a young man that is ashamed to work 82 ' STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. with his hands as well as his brain. If he can accomplish more by brain work after he leaves us, well and good, we do not object; but wlietlier he can or not, he will not feel above work in tlie shop or on the farm. He will do that cheer- fully because he will feel there is no disgrace in it. Tiiat is the initial point in the character of the young men we seek i,o send out. We want no loafers here and we shall mourn over every loafer who carries our degree with him into the busy world to which we accredit him. Therefore, Are ask the people of this goodly State to consider the matter, and if they wish their sons to come to us we will try to equip them in mind and body, and to send them back with this industrial purpose. The second general purpose of this college is to make it an institution of APPLIED SCIENCE. The sciences deal with the non ego, more directly with that great world out- side of the personality of the individual, first with the facts and then the laws of the material universe, and thus they garner a harvest of comfort and material wealth that is so obvious and so charming and so delightful to the senses, that in this practical age we acknowledge their utility. Therefore the practical man and the so-called practical sciences demand a premium. Prac- tical men are paid the highest wages. The theoretical man who develops the prir iples of a science is not to be ignored, but it is the man who can apply the prl:,^lples evolved by the man of theory that commands the situation. This, therefore, is the age of applied science. ^Applied to commerce, manufacturing, and all the varied industries of modern life. The W' rld's progress is measured by the bounds of its applied sciences and its prosperity by the amplitude of the practical arts. For this reason we have the demand that our system of educa- tion shall include both theory and its applications, and that the State shall fur- nish both. In the line of this demand the State of Michigan has formed this college, and the United States has largely endowed it. For every science taught we have the aniplest facilities for its ap[)lication. For agriculture, the farm; for chem- istry, laboratories and apparatus for the most minute and the most extensive analysis; for botany, the museum, the greenhouses, the botanical garden-; for the natural sciences, a well-stocked museum and apparatus and operating tables; for landscape gardening and horticulture, the park with all its varied beauties; for military tactics, a large drill room and armory, and muskets and accoutre- ments; for veterinary, a museum and operating rooms; and for the mechanical arts, large and fully equipped shops, with engineering, mathematical apparatus, and with a complete line of apparatus to illustrate the physical sciences. In all these departments, not only are the theories taught, but the application goes hand in hand with the principle; skill and knowledge go together. There is no institution in this land that more fully than this realizes the ideal of the new system of education, " the teaching how to do by doing " At every step the application enforces the principle. It, therefore, goes without contradiction that a student that has taken this course not only knows as much as, but can do more than, a student that has only the theoretical instruction. In this re- gard we are justified in claiming for this institution a practical as well as a thorough education. It is not merely a school of observation and instruction, but a school where the students work in all its departments; on the farm, in the park, in the garden, in the laboratories and museums, on the drill ground, at the dissecting tables, and in the shops. The students are an important ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WILLITS. 33 working factor in all branches taught and demonstrated here, and in the end it must tell in the more enhanced prosperity of our State. The third and last general purpose we will note it is hard concisely to state. It is expressed, perhaps, the best by saying that the college is AN EXPERIMENT STATION. Experiments are constantly being made in all the departments. Many are inconsequential and useless; many never see the light of day, but all contribute to the general knowledge of the subject. It is as important to know of a failure, and if possible its cause, as of a success. There has been in the country at large disappointment over the meagreness of the results in agricultural experi- ments up to this time. An impartial consideration of the matter would disarm most of the criticism. The failure lies in the nature of the subject. There is an incertitude in agriculture that does not exist in the exact sciences. Such is the variety of seed, soil, and climate; so inconstant is the weather; so many perils of water, drouth, and insects beset the paths of the agriculturalist be- tween seed time and harvest, that no man can predict with assurance the result of his labors, and no experiment can promise absolute success in all places and by all persons. The consequence is that a large range of experiments is neces- sary with a more extended range of years; but of the grand aggregate result there can be no question. The introduction of a new variety of seed may in a single year pay well the expense of all the experiments in the past. It is only by trying and testing that the best is found, or the bad eliminated. It is to be hoped that Congress will pass the bill appropriating funds to make all the agricultural colleges experiment stations, and that thereby these colleges may have an assurance of permanent means systematically to follow for years a line of practical experiments. This college, as has been noted, has not been barren in tliese results, and the promise may be safely given tliat in the future it shall, if possible, improve on them. Geutlemeti of the Board of Agriculture and Ladies and Gentlemen : — This in- stitution has closed another year of its existence. To-day has gone forth with the seal of our approval a class of young men who are to justify by their deeds the expense and labor here bestowed upon them. The impression may obtain from the fact that so much has been said about the material facilities here fur- nished for an education, that but little care or stress is laid upon the general cul- ture of our students. Nothing is further from our intention. We cannot be oblivi- ous to the fact that the man exists before the farmer or the mechanic, and that every system of education to be harmonious and complete must include that general culture that forms so important a fimction in life's work. We must not and we do not forget that, pure English, sound logic, a wide range of his- torical reading, a thorough knowledge of the fundamental and business laws of the land, and well-defined views of political science and mental and moral philosophy are necessary elements in a practical education. For all these ample provision has been made. Bu.T; above and beyond all we should remember that morality, virtue, and religion are the corner-stones of a true character, and that this institution should inculcate pure morals and the highest virtue, and should exemplify in the fullest sense our daily obligations to our Divine Bene- factor. It is for us of the administration to assure the people of the State, that by our example and by our precept we will be true to the higher duty, and that so far as in us lies we will preserve this institution free from the contamination of vice, and will send out from our halls the young men committed to our charge not only uninjured by their associations here, but better fitted to become good, loyal, Christian citizens. 5 LAWS RELATING TO THE COLLEGE. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS. The Agricultural College of the State of Michigan was established in obe- dience to a requisition of the Revised Constitution of the State, adopted 15th August, 1850, which requisition may be found in Art. 13: " Sec. 11. The legislature shall encourage the promotion of intellectual, scientific, and agricultural improvement ; and shall, as soon as practicable, provide for the establishment of an agricultural school. The Legislature may appropriate the twenty-two sections of Salt Spring Lands now unappropriated, or the money arising from the sale of the same, where such lands have been already sold, and any land which may hereafter be granted or appropriated for such purpose, for the support and maintenance of such school, and may make the same a branch of the University for instruction in agriculture and the natural sciences connected tlierewith, and place the same under the supervision of the Regents of the University." ACT OF 0KGANIZATI0^■. The act of organization of the State Agricultural College was approved February 12, 1855, and provided: 1. That the president and executive committee of the State Agricultural Society be authorized to select, sTibject to the approval of the State Board of Education, a location and site for a State Agricultural College. 2. To be within ten miles of Lansing. 3. Not to cost over $15 an acre. 4. The conveyance to be made to the State. *5. Appropriated twenty-two sections of Salt Spring lands for the purchase of lauds, erection of buildings, etc. 6. The College was committed to the charge of the State Board of Educa- tion. ?. Detailed objects of instruction; the date of begiuning and end of each of the two scholastic terms of the year; provided for manual labor ; that tui- tion should be free. 8. A treasurer was to do the work now done by the secretary of the College. ACT OF REORGANIZATION. An act of reorganization was approved March 15, 1861, by which a State Board of Agriculture was created and the care of the College placed in tlieir hands. As amended the law now stands as follows, references being to How- ell's Annotated Statutes 1882 and the laws of 1883 and 1885: *The minimum price for these Salt Spring lands, $56,3;:i0, was paid over at onQe to the State Board of Education for tlie College. LAWS RELATING TO TIIK COLLECiE. 35 CHAPTKR irM. THE STATE AfiRTCULTURAL COIJ-EGE. §4977. C3o32.) 18(J1, p. -Jor, Mar. 15, Act J!l, page 871, makes additiniial provisions for tlie scbonl ; all these are sui)erseded by this chapter 194; and for repeal, see, S -M'Z. 36 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Secretary an<\ office. Duly 10 keep record of the board. To have custody of hooks, etc. To file reports of agricultural societies. Various duties. Distribution of seeds, plants, etc. §4983. (3538.) Sec. 7. The board shall direct the disposition of any moneys appropriated to the State agricultural college. § 4984. (3539.) Sec. 8. The secretary of the board shall reside at or near the agricultural college, and keep his office at the city of Lansing, in the State buildings, or at the institution, as the board shall direct It shall be his duty to keep a record of the transactions of the State board of agriculture, and of the State agricultural college and farms, which shall be open at all times to the inspection of any citizens of this State. He shall also have the custody of all books, papers, documents and other property which may be deposited in his office, including specimens of the vegeta- ble and animal kingdoms of the State or counties ; also keep and file all reports which may be made from time to time by county and State agricultural and horticultural societies, and all corres- pondence of the office from other persons and societies appertain- ing to the general business of husbandry ; address circulars to socie- ties, and the best practical farmers in the State and elsewhere, with the view of eliciting information upon the newest and best mode of culture of those products, vegetables, trees, etc., adapted to the soil and climate of this State; also, on all subjects connected with field culture, horticulture, stock-raising and the dairy. He shall also encourage the formation of agricultural societies throughout the State, and purchase, receive and distribute such rare and valu- able seeds, plants, shrubbery and trees, as it may be in his power to procure from the general government and other sources, as may be adapted to our climate and soils. He shall also encourage the importation of improved breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, liogs and other live stock, and the invention and improvement of labor-sav- ing implements of husbandry, and diffuse information in relation to the same. He shall encourage such domestic industry and household arts as are calculated to promote the general thrift, wealth and resources of the State. To effect these objects he shall correspond with the patent office at Washington, and represent- atives of our national government abroad, and if possible procure valuable contributions to agriculture from these sources. He sliall aid, as far as possible, in obtaining contributions to the museums and the library of the State agricultural college, and thus aid in the promotion of agriculture, science and literature. § 4985. (3540.) Sec. 9. The seeds, plants, trees and shrubbery received by the secretary, and not needed by the college, shall be, so far as possible, distributed equally throughout the State, and placed in the hands of those farmers and others who will agree to cultivate them properly, and return to the secretary's office a rea- sonable proportion of the products thereof, with a full statement of the mode of cultivation, and such other information as may be necessary to ascertain their value for general cultivation in the State. Information in regard to agriculture may be published by him, from time to time, in the newspapers of the State, provided it does not involve any expense to the State. Sec. 10. Am. 18G1, p. 37; repealed 1873, p. '^14, April 25, July 31, Act 157. Sec, 10. repealed, required anuual reports from the Secretary of the board to the governor and leKislatiire. For requirements instead, see § 17. LAWS RELATING TO THE COLLEGE. 37 §4986. (3542 ) Sec. 11. The secretary shall receive, as a com pen- compeusatiou. satiou for his services, a salary of one thousand dollars per annum, to be paid quarterly from the State treasury, in the same manner as is provided by law for the payment of the salaries of State officers. §4987. (3543.) Sec. 12. The sum of twelve hundred dollars Appropriation, per annum, for the years eighteen hundred and sixty-one and eight- een hundred and sixty-two, or so much thereof as may be esteemed necessary by the State board of agriculture, is also hereby appro- priated, to meet the expenses which may be incurred in the pur- chase and transportation of seeds, postage, and the other contingent expenses of the office of the secretary, and also necessary to pay the expenses of the board in attendance upon their duties. §4988. (3544.) Sec. 13. The State agricultural school, estab- The state agri- lished by act number one hundred thirty, session laws of eighteen Je^ge""^^' *^°'" hundred and fifty-five, in obedience to section eleven, of article thirteen, of the constitution, shall be known by the name and style of " the State agricultural college ; " the design of the institution, Design of me in fulfillment of the injunction of the constitution, is to afford institution, thorough instruction in agriculture, and the natural sciences con- nected therewith ; to effect that object most completely, the insti- tution shall combine physical with intellectual education, and shall be a high seminary of learning, in which the graduate of the com- mon school can commence, pursue and finish a course of study, terminating in thorough theoretic and practical instruction in those sciences and arts which bear directly upon agriculture and kindred industrial pursuits. § 4989. (3545.) Sec. 14. Ko student shall be admitted to the insti- uequisitea for tution who is not fifteen years of age, and who does not pass a sat- "f'^'^^'o^- isfactory examination in arithmetic, geography, grammar, reading, spelling and penmanship. § 4990. (3546.) Sec. 15. The course of instruction shall embrace course of the English language and literature, mathematics, civil engineer- ing, agricultural chemistry, animal and vegetable anatomy and phys- iology, the veterinary art, entomology, geology, and such other natural sciences as may be prescribed, technology, political, rural and household economy, horticulture, moral philosophy, history, book-keeping, and especially the application of science and the mechanic arts to practical agriculture in the field. 8 4991. (3547.) Sec. 16. A full course of study in the institution fuh course r-i of StUdV shall embrace not less than four years. The State board of agri- culture may institute winter courses of lectures, for others than students of the institution, under necessary rules and regulations. § 499--^. (3548.) Am. 1871, p. SO'l, April 17, Act 180. Sec. 17. Academical The academical year shall consist of not less than nine calendar ^*'"'"" months. This academical year may be divided into such ternis, by the State board of agriculture, as, in their judgi2ient, will best secure the objects for which the college was founded ; the board may, at any time, temporarily suspend the college in case of fire, ^fs'^g^JfJa the prevalence of fatal diseases, or other unforeseen calamity. of college. §4993. (3549.) Sec. 18. Three hours of each day shall be Hours of devoted by every student of the college to labor upon the farm, and ^* ^^' 88 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Tuiiiiiii. Powers of board. President and professors of the institution. Salaries. Uoard niiiy regulate the course. Fii<;ullv. Faculty to pass rules, etc. no person shall be exempt except for physical disability. By a vote of the board of agriculture, at such seasons and in such exigencies as demand it, the hours of labor may Ije increased to four hoars, or diminished to two and one-half liours. § 4994. (3550.) Sec. 19. The State board of agriculture shall be vested with discretion to charge tuition or not, as they may deem most conducive to the interests of the institution, unless acts of the legislature, making appropriations for its support, shall otherwise direct. The board may make discriminations in regard to tuition ))etween students from this State and from other States. One-third of the tuition charged for the academic term shall be paid in advance, and shall be forfeited in case the student abandons the institution. S 4995. (3551.) Sec. 20. The State board of agriculture shall have the general control and supervision of the State agricultural college, the farm pertaining thereto, and lands which may be vested in the college by State legislation ; of all appropriations made by the State, for the support of the same, and also the man- agement of any lands tliat may hereafter be donated by the gen- eral government to this State, in^ trust for the promotion of agri- culture and industrial pursuits The board shall have plenary power to adopt all such ordinances, by-laws and regulations, not in conflict with this act, as they may deem necessary to secure the successful operation of the college, and promote its designated objects. §4900. (3552.) Sec. 31. It shall be the duty of the State board of agriculture to choose a president of the State agricultural col- lege before the commencement of the next term of the inst tution; they shall then proceed to choose such professors, tutors, and employes, as the necessities of the institution demand. In case of vacancy in the office of president, or in case a suitable man cannot be selected, the president of the State board of agriculture, or such member of the board as shall be designated by them, shall be pres- ident jy/'o tein. of the college, who shall receive such compensation for his services as the board shall determine. • § 499;. (3553.) Sec. 23. Tlie board shall fix the salaries of the president, professors and other employes, and prescribe their respec- tive duties. The board may remove the president or subordinate officers, and supply all vacancies. 5^4998. (3554.) Sec. 23. The board shall have power to regulate the course of instruction, and prescribe, with the advice of the faculty, the books to be used in the institution; and also to confer, for similar or equal attainments, similar degrees or testimonials to those conferred by the university of Michigan. § 4999. (3555.) Sec. 34. The president, professors, farm mana- ger and tutors, shall constitute the faculty of the State agricult- ural college. Tht- president of the college shall be the president of tlie faculty. Tlie secretary of the State board of agriculture shall be a member and secretary of the faculty. >5 5000. (355().) Sec, 25. The faculty shall pass all needful rules and regulations necessary to the government and discipline of the college, regulating the routine of labor, study, meals, and the duties LAWS RELATING TO THE COLLEGE. 39 and exercises, and all such rules and rogulatiojis as are necessary to the preservation of morals, decorum and health. §5001. (3557.) 8e(;. ^O. The faculty sliall have charge of tlie to have charge laboratories, library, and museums of the institution. of library, etc. §5002. (:3558.) Sec. 37. The faculty shall make an annual A"""=^' '"cpon. report by the first Wednesday of December of eacli yC'ii"> to the State board of agriculture, signed by the ])rcsident and secretary, containing such information and recommendations as the welfare of the institution, in their opinion, demands. Any members of the faculty may make a minority report if they disagree with the con- clusions of the majority, which the faculty shall communicate to the board. No communication at any other time, from members of the faculty, shall be entertained by the board, unless they have been submitted to a meeting of the faculty, and sanctioned by a majority. § 5003. (3559.) Sec. 38. The president shall be the chief exec- Duty of presi- utive ofRcer of the State agricultural college, and it shall be his duty to see that the rules and regulations of the State board of agriculture, and the rules and regulations of the faculty be observed and executed. § 5004. (3560.) Sec. 39. The subordinate officers and employes, Subordinate not members of the faculty, shall be under the direction of the ***'''^''"*- president, and in the recess of the board, removable at his discre- tion, and he may supply vacancies that may be thus or otherwise created ; his action m these respects shall be submitted to the approval of the State board of agriculture at their next meeting. §5005. (35G1.) Sec. 30. The president may or may not perform superintendent the duties of a professor, as the State board of agriculture shall °^ ^*""- determine. If he performs the duties of a professor, or in case the duties of president are exercised Ijy a president j»/"o tern., a superin- tendent of the farm may be appointed, who shall have the general superintendence of the business pertaining to the farm, the land, and other property of the institution, and who shall be a member of the faculty. § 5000. (3503.) Sec. 31. The president and secretary, together committee to with the superintendent of the farm, if there be one, and in case wlge".'^^"'* there is not one, then one of the professors to be elected by the faculty, shall constitute a committee to fix the rate of wages allowed to students, and rate of board. In assessing the board, it shall be so estimated that no profit shall be saved to the institution, and as near as possible at the actual cost. The rates of wages allowed, and rate of charge for board, shall, if practicable, be sub- mitted to the State board of agriculture before they take efi'ect. §5007. (3503.) Sec. 33. For current expenditures at the State carrem agricultural college, specific sums shall be set aside, in the hands of '^-^''''°^«»- their treasurer, by the State board of agriculture, which shall be subject to the warrants of the president of the college, counter- signed by the secretary. All moneys due to the institution or received in its behalf, shall be collected and received by the secre- tary, and deposited by him witli the treasurer of the State board of agriculture. The secretary shall, with his annual report, render a full and complete account of all moneys received and all warrants 40 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Annaal reports of the several departments to be filed with secretary of the board. Agricultural operations to be carried ou experimentally. What reports to contain. Proviso. Grant of swamp lands. Board may sell the lands. Deeds thereof. drawn on the treasurer, as secretary of the college, and shall file and preserve all vouchers, receipts, correspondence, or other papers relating thereto. § 5008. (3564.) Am. 1871, p. SOI, April 17, Act 180 ; 1873, p. 194, April 24, July 31, Act 1^5; 1875, p. 267, May 3, Aug. 3, Act 221. Sec. 33. The superintendents of the farm, horticultural, and other departments, the curators of the museums, and each of the professors, shall make a written and detailed report of the workings of their several departments annually to the president of the college, which said reports shall be kept on file in the office of the secretary of the State board of agriculture. Agricultural operations on the farm shall be carried on experimentally. Care- ful experiment shall be made annually in field crops, in keeping, feeding, and fattening stock, and in the preparation and applica- tion of barn-yard and commercial manures, and a detailed account of them shall be published in the annual report of the board. The college shall serve also as an experimental station, making trial from time to time of new varieties of fruits, grains and vege- tables. The reports shall contain an account of the management of all the several fields, pastures, orchards, and gardens of the col- lege, as designated by permanent names or numbers, and shall give an account of the preparation and enriching of the land, the plant- ing, cultivation, harvesting, and yield of the crops and disposition of the same ; the management of the stock, Avith a careful com- parison of the cost of keeping, growth, and profit of the several breeds kept on the farm ; also an account of the students' labor, specifying the amount used in each of the several departments of the college, with other details, in such a way that the reports, as issued from year to year, shall contain a continuous history of the college, farm, and garden: Provided, That the State board of agri- culture shall deem the same practicable or advisable. § 5009. (3565.) Sec. 34. All the swamp lauds granted to the State of Michigan by act of congress, approved September twenty- eight, one thousand eight hundred and fifty, situate in the townships of Lansing and Meridian, in the county of Ingham, and Dewitt and Bath, in the county of Clinton, of which no sale has been made, or for which no certificates of sale have been issued by the commissioner of the land office, are hereby granted and vested in the State board of agTiclture and placed in the possession of the State agricultural college for the exclusive use and benefit of the institution, subject only to the provisions relating to drainage and reclamation of the act of congress donating the same to the State. § 5010. (3566.) Sec. 35. The State board of agriculture shall have authority to sell and dispose of any portions of the swamp lands mentioned in the preceding section of this act, and use the same, or the proceeds thereof, for the piirpose of draining, fencing or in any manner improving such other portions of said lands, as it may be deemed advisable to bring under a high state of cultiva- tion for the promotion of the objects of the State agricultural col- lege. The terms and conditions of the sale of the portions of the al)ove described lands thus disposed of, shall be prescribed by the State board of agriculture, and deeds of the same, executed and LAWS RELATING TO THE COLLEGE. 41 acknowledged, in their official capacity, by the president and sec- retary of the State board of agriculture, shall be good and valid in law. § 5011. (3567.) Sec. 36. David Carpenter, of Lenawee county; Ptrst members Justus Gage, of Cass county; Philo Parsons, of Wayne county ; ° Hezekiah G. Wells, of Kalamazoo county ; Silas A. Yerkes, of Kent county, and Charles Eich, of Lapeer county, are hereby constituted and appointed the first State board of agriculture. At their first meeting, which the governor of the State is hereby authorized and Term«. directed to call at as early a day as practicable, they shall deter- mine by lot their several periods of service, two of whom shall serve for two years, two of whom shall serve for four years, and two of whom shall serve for six years respectively, from the third Wednesday of January last past, when they are superseded by appointments, in accordance with the provisions of section one of this act, or until their successors are chosen. §5012. (3568.) Sec. 37. Act number one hundred and thirty. Repeal, session laws of eighteen hundred and fifty-five, being an act for the establishment of a State agricultural school, and all other acts or parts of acts in conflict with the provisions of this act, are hereby repealed. MILITARY SCHOOL. § 5013. (3569.) 1863, p. S6J(., Mar. 20, June m. Act 211. Sec- Military school TiON I. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That in addi- ®*'''*'"*''^'^- tion to the course of instruction already provided by law for the agricultural college of this State, there shall be added military tac- tics and military engineering. § 5014. (3570). Sec. 2. The State board of agriculture are Rules and hereby authorized and required to make such additional rules and ''<^^"i«f'o°*- regulations for the government and control of the agricultural col- lege as may be necessary to carry into effect the provisions of sec- tion one of this act. §5015. (3571.) Sec. 3. The State board of agriculture shall. Arms, accoutre- by and with the advice and consent of the governor, the adjutant ™®°''®' ®''- general and quartermaster general, procure, at the expense of the State, all such arms, accoutrements, books and instruments, and appoint such additional professors and instructors, as, in their dis- cretion, may be necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this act: Provided, That nothing in this act shall be construed to Proviso, authorize the incurring of any indebtedness against the State, or the expenditure of money beyond the appropriations made to the agricultural college. 1883, No. 165, Section 1. Tfie People of the State of. Michigan Arms, ct^, to ejiact, That the quartermaster general be authorized, with the cou'S"'^*^ *' advice and consent of the military board, to deposit with the State board of agriculture at the agricultural college, arms and accoutre- ments for the use of said college. § 5013. " An act to establish a military school in connection with the agricultural college : " No. 211, Mar. 30, 1863, p. 3€4. 42 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Secrei!»ry"ii jeporl. LAW REGARDING REPORTS. 1883, }). 184, No. 113, .Sec. L Tlie secretary of the State board of agriculture sliall report to the le^'ishiturc at every regular session thereof, and to the governor on the first Wednesday of January of each year when the legislature is not in session, which report shall embrace all statements, accounts, statistics, prize essays, and other information relative to agriculture in general. [)roeeedings of the State board of agriculture, of the State agricultural college and farm, of the State agricultural society, and of the county and dis- trict agricultural societies, to be approved by the board; that eight thousand copies of this report shall be printed and bound annually prior to the first day of June and sliall be immediately placed at the dis posal of the State board of agriculture; four thousand copies to be distributed by the secretary of said State board of agriculture as the board shall direct, and the remaining four thousand C()})ies to be distributed prior to the first day of September after publica- tion by the secretary of the board, to the secretary of the State agricultural society, to the secretary of the State grange and to the secretaries of the various district and county societies, as equally as may be according to the ])opulation of said counties, to be by said secretaries distributed among the various viewing com- mittees of county and district fairs, giving one volume of said report to each of said committees as shall be i)resent and discharge the duties of the office on the day of the county and district fairs; and in addition to the foregoing there shall be a number of copies of said report equal to the number of reports bound as joint docu- ments, which shall be disposed of in the same maimer as the joint documents ; also a sufficient number of copies to supply crop cor- respondents with one copy each, which shall be distributed by the Secretary of State. Sec. 21 (1877, No. 170, §l:i). Enacts that there shall be pub- cop es of report, jjgj^g^ g^^]^ ^ number of copics (additional to those otherwise pro- vided for of the reports of the several officers, boards of officers, and institutions making reports, as they nuiy desire, not excei ding five hundred copies, to be distributed by them in their discretion : Provided further, That the board of State auditors may in their discretion order an additional number of co})ies of any of said reports published, not exceeding three hundred copies, which shall be placed at the disposal of the officers makiiig the reports. AddUloual ANNUAL REPORT OF ST-VIE OFFICERS — BOARDS, AND PUBLIC INSTI- TIONS. Annual reporw. g 354, (231.) Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the several officers and boards of officers of this State, and also of the several public institutions thereof, from whom annual reports are now or may hereafter be refprired, to make their respective annual reports to the governor, and for tlie period covered by the fiscal year for the treasury, as established by section one of this act, and to cause their respective reports to be placed in the hands of the printer of the laws of this State, for publication, as soon as practicable after the close of the fiscal year. LAWS RELATING TO THE COLLEGE. 43 § 355. (232.) Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of each of said officers publication of to exatnme aud correct the proof-sheets and su[)erintead the publi- '•-'p"''''^- cation of his report, and each of said boards sliall ai)point one of its members or some other suitable person, who shall superintend the publication of its report. STATE INSTITUTIONS AND REGULATIONS KBLATINCf THKKK'l'O. g 412. 1881, p. 247, June 2, Sept. 10, Act 206. Section L state mstuu- The People of the State of Michigan enact, That all educational, ''"°''" charitable, reformatory, and penal institutions, supported wholly or in part by the State, shall be known as State institutions. § 413. Sec. 2. The board of each State institution shall, by the uepon to first day of November preceding the regular sessions of the legisla- governor, ture, make out and present to the governor a detailed statement of the operations of tiie institutions for the two fiscal years closing on the tiiirtieth day of the })receding September, which shall include the report of the superintendent, warden, or other proper chief officer, for the same period, aud a report of the treasurer of all receipts aud disbursements made during the same period, which report shall be furnished the State printer for publication by the first day of November of the year when made. That such reports shall show at the time of making the same, in detail, the number and names of the various professors, superintendents, officials, and all other regular employes, and the wages or salary paid to each, and what, if any, other emoluments are allowed, and to whom. The boards of each State institution, which is essentially educa- Kep^it to tional in character, shall also annually, before the first day of ofpubiic*^ November, nuike out and present to the superintendent of public instruction. instruction a manuscript report showing : First, The condition of the educational interests of the institu- tion ; Second, The number and names of the various professors, tutors, and instructors; Third, The number of students or pupils in the several depart- ments, and in the different classes ; Fourth, The courses of study pursued, and the books of instruc- tion used ; Fifth, Such other information and suggestions as said board may deem important, or the superintendent of public instruction may request, to embody in his annual report. § 414. Sec. 3. That the board of each State institution shall luveutory, uow cause a fvill and accurate inventory, in duplicate, to be taken at the ^"^'"^ close of its fiscal year next preceding the regular biennial session of the legislature, by the officer in "charge, which shall specify the number of acres of land and the value thereof, the number, kind, and value of buildings, the various kinds of personal j^roperty and the value thereof, which inventory shall be signed by the officer making the same, and certified as correct by the board for which it is made, one copy of which shall be made in a proper record book to be kept for that purpose in the institution, and the other shall be filed in the office of the secretary of state by the first day of 44 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Record of receipts and expenditures, how kept. Accounts to be audited by board of auditors. Board to recommend appropriations. November of the year when made. Any board of any State histi- tution may in its discretion cause such property to be appraised on oath, by two disinterested and competent appraisers, to be appointed for that purpose by the board, and a summary of each inventory made shall be published in the biennial report. § 415. Sec. 4. Every educational, charitable, i)enal, and reform- atory institution, shall, in proper books for that purpose, keep a regular account of all moneys received and disbursed, and the receipts from and expenditures for and on account of each depart- ment of business, or for the construction of buildings, or the improvement of the premises ; and in those institutions where farmmg and gardening operations are carried on, the accounts shall be so kept as to show, as near as practicable, the cost of carrying on the farm or garden and the quantity and value of the productions of the same, with the cost of live stock raised or fat- tened for the use of the institution, and the quantity and value thereof, and where manufacturing operations are carried on, the cost and result of each separate branch of manufacture, and the quality and value of all manufactured articles sold or used in the institution, so as to clearly exhibit the receipts and expenditures in each department of business carried on in the institution, and the cost of educating and maintaining each student or inmate therein. That the accounts of receipts and disbursements in all State insti- tutions shall conform as near as may he practicable to a uniform system, and to accomplish this result the auditor general is author- ized to prescribe such a system of accounts as he shall deem proper for said institutions, which shall secure as near as may be such uniformity. § 416. Sec. 5. The accounts of members of boards of State institutions for official expenses and services, or either, where allowed by law, shall first be certified to be correct by the board to which the member belongs, and then shall be audited by the board of state auditors and paid from the general fund. § 417. Sec. G. The boards of State institutions shall, in their biennial reports, recommend what amounts in its ojiinion are needed for the next two years for ordinary current expenses and for special pur})oses by the institution so reporting, with the reasons for such recommendations. SUNDRY LAWS. Reports of sugar industry. Bounty, liow paid. SUGAR BOUNTY. § 3330 (1881, No. 368, Sec. 3). The State board of agriculture shall direct their secretary to receive reports of results, and said secretary shall collect such reports and the process by which such results are obtained in the culture of sugar cane, corn stalks, and beets, and the manufacture of sugar from the same, and report the same in full to the board and said board shall incorj^orate the same in their annual report. § 3331. Sec. 4. There shall be paid from the treasury of the State as bounty, to any individual, company, or corporation, upon the report and determination of the board of agriculture, as pro- vided for in section three, the sum of two dollars for every hundred LAWS RELATING TO THE COLLEGE. 45 * pouuds of merchantable sucrose sugar manufactured by said indi- vidual, company, or corporation in this State, from su,a:ar cane, corn stalks, or beets grown therein, and said bounty shall be paid upon each year's results for the term of five years from the first day of January, eighteen hundred and eighty-two, to all individuals, corporations, or companies entitled to the same under this act: Provided, That the person receiving such bounty shall make a report to the State board of agriculture, duly verified, of all the parts of the process employed in the manufacture of such sugar, together with a definite statement of the yield: And provided further, That it shall contain at least eighty per cent, crystallized sugar, as determined by the polariscope, under the direction of the State board of agriculture. PUBLIC DOCUMENTS. § 11, § 12, § 15, § 16, § 19, and § 20 (1877, No. 170, Sections 2, li. Public doc«- 6, 7, 10, and 11) provide that there shall be published of the " Public ""*'°"- Acts," "Local Acts," "Journal of the Senate," "Journal of the House," "Joint Documents," report of the secretary of state on births, marriages, and deaths, and report of the secretary of the State board of health, a sufficient number of copies to supply with one copy each, State officers, their deputies, and libraries, offices and libraries of State institutions, members and libraries of State boards, etc., etc. §36 {1875, No. 25, Sec. 1) enacts that the State librarian, upon u. s. statutes, receipt of the statutes of the United States, shall send one copy to the library of the agricultural college. § 7214 (1881, No. 116, Sec. 11) enacts that the college library court reports, shall be given one copy of each issue of the State supreme court reports. Section 5471 provides for duplicate collections made from the Geological coi- geological survey of the State being given to the college museum, 'ections. MEMBERS OF BOARDS PROHIBFIED FROM BEING INTERESTED IN CONTRACTS. § 9355. 1873,]). 141, Apr. 17, Act 107. Section 1. The Peo- officers of pie of the State of Michigan enact, That no trustee, insjiector, uom noTt^be regent, superintendent, agent, officer, or member of any board interested in having control or charge of any educational, charitable, penal, tracts. pauper, or reformatory public institutions of this State, or of any county thereof, shall be personally directly, or indirectly interested in any contract, purchase, or sale made for, or on account, or in behalf of any such institution, and all such contracts, purchases, or sales shall be held null and void; nor shall any such officer cor- ruptly accept any bribe from any persons interested in such con- tract; and it is hereby made the duty of the governor or other Removal for appointing power, upon proof satisfactory of a violation of the J/i^s'^secUon. provisions of this section, to immediately remove the officer or employe offending as aforesaid; and upon conviction thereof Fine, before a court of competent jurisdiction, the offender shall be pun- ished bv a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars. 46 STATE BOARD OF A(iRICULTURE. INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. saieof feitii- ^'iib- Acts, 1885, No. 26, p. 20. Section 1. The Pe(yple of the pHOT ' '^'"*'"" >^tate of Mirldgan enact. That any person or persons who shall sell or offer for sale in this State an}' commercial fertilizer, the retail jirice of which exceeds ten dollars per ton, shall affix on the outside Packages, i.ow of everj package containing such fertilizer a plainly printed certifi- cate, stating the number of net pounds therein ; the name or trade mark under which such article is sold ; the name of the manufac- turer ; the place of manufacture, and a chemical analysis, stating the percentage of nitrogen in an available form; of potash soluble in water, and of pliosphoric acid in an available form (soluble or reverted) and the insoluble phosphoric acid. File anaiysiP, S?:c. 2. Beforc any commercial fertilizer is sold or offered for tory board^of "^ salc, the manufacturer, importer or party who causes it to be sold agriculture. ^j. offered for sale within this State, shall file with the secretary of the State boaxd of agricultiire a certified copy of the analysis and Sample. Certificate referred to in section one, and shall also deposit with said secretary a sealed glass jar containing not less than two pounds of such fertilizer, with an affidavit that it is a fair sample of the article thus to be sold or offered for sale. License fee. Sj;c. 3. The manufacturer, importer, or agent of any commer- cial fertilizer, the retail price of which exceeds ten dollars per ton as aforesaid, shall pay annually to the secretary of the State board of agriculture, on or before tlie first day of May, a license fee of I wenty dollars for each and every brand of fertilizer he offers for Proviso. sale in this State : Provided, That whenever the manufacturer or imjMtrter shall have paid this license fee his agents shall not be required to do so Analyses, by Si:c. 4. All such analyses of commercial fertilizers required by ^dThTn""^ this act shall be made under the direction of the State board of agriculture and paid for out of the funds arising from the license fees provided for in section three. At least one analysis of each fertilizer shall be made annually, statemeut of, Seo. 5. The sccrctarv of the State board of agriculture shall to' boarTof agX'^^ }>ublish in his annual report a correct statement of all analyses culture. made and certificates filed in his office, together with a statement of all moneys received for license fees, and expended for analysis. Surplus fees. Any surplus froui liccnse fees remaining on hand at the close of the fiscal year shall be placed to the credit of the experimental fund of said board. Penalty for non- Sec. 6. Auy j)erson or persons who shall sell or offer for sale any compliance. commercial fertilizer in this State without first complying with the provisions of sections one, two, and three of this act, or who shall attach or cause to be attached to any such package of fertilizer an analysis stating that it contains a larger percentage of any one or more of the constituents or ingredients named in section one of this act than it really does contain, shall upon conviction thereof be fined not less than one hundred dollars for the first offense, and not less than three hundred dollars for every subsequent offense, and the offender shall also be liable for all damages sustained by the purcbaser of such fertilizer on account of such misrepre- sentation. LAWS RELATING TO THE COLLEGE. 47 Sec. 7. The State board of agriculture by auy duly authorized Power of board agent is hereby authorized to select from any package of com- " ''^"''" *"''®- raercial fertilizer exposed for sale in this State, a quantity, not exceeding two pounds, for a sample, such sample to be used for the purposes of an official analysis and for comparison with the certifi- cate filed with the secretary of the State board of agriculture aud with the certificate affixed to the package on sale. Sec. 8. All suits for the recovery of fines under the provisions suits, how of this act shall be brought under the direction of the State board '""""s''*- of agriculture. Approved March 20, 1885. AGRICULTUEAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. Pub. Acts, 1885, No. 81, p. 78. Section 1. The People of /A^ state boani nf State of Michigan enact, That the State board of agriculture be amho^rVj^pd^ etc. and they are hereby authorized to i^rovide from time to time in bulletin form, for the dissemination among the people of this State, and through the medium of the public press the results of experi- ments made in any of the different departments of the agricultural college, and such other information that they may deem of sufficient importance to require it to come to the immediate knowledge of the farmers and horticulturists of the State. Sec. 3. The several })rofessors of chemistry, zoology, botany, who to prepare agriculture, horticulture, and veterinary science, shall each, at least comal^n,' et^*^^* twice in each year, not excluding the president and other pro- fessors, prepare for publication an article embracing such facts as they niay deem of public importance, a copy of which shall be similtaneously sent to each and every newspaper published in the State, and to such persons as the State board of agriculture may think proper ; said professors to so arrange that at least one of eaid articles shall be sent out, as above provided, the first week of each and every month, in each and every year. Sec. 3. The board of State auditors shall, u2)on the approval of Auditing of the State board of agriculture, audit the accounts for printing, pHnttng! e°c. stationery, and postage incurred in the publishing and dissemiuat- ing of said bulletins and the same shall be paid out of the general fund: Provided, That no account for printing the same in any Proviso, newspaper shall be allowed. This act is ordered to take immediate effect. Approved May U, 1885. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE LANDS. § 5'^54. ISIS, p. 132, Apr. 22, Act 95. Section 1. The People commi^non^r of the State of Michigan enact, That the commissioner of the State otnce^author- land office in his discretion be, and he is hereby authorized and ized to examine empowered, to cause the lands hereinafter designated in this act to etc.*" *" *' be examined, and their value and condition ascertained. § 5255. Am. 1879, p. 45, Apr. 29, Act 51. Sec. 2 The lands Lands to be which may be examined under this act are any of the lands owned, '=^*"""''<'- or held ill trust, or otherwise by this State. 48 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Appointment of agents. Proviso. To furnish plate, descrip- tions, etc., to agents. Reports of agents when lands have been tres- passed upon. Board of con- trol to carry out provlslouB of this act, and Its powers and duties. Proviso. Compensation of agents. CommlsBioner may require bonds. Penalty for giving infor- mation before reporting. § 5^56. Sec. 3. Said commissioner is hereby anthorized to appoint and designate the supervisors of each of the organized townships within which any of the lands to be examined may be located, as examining agents, whose duties in the premises shall be fully defined in a letter of instructions, which it will be the duty of said commissioner to furnish to each person who shall be appointed under this act: Provided, That if said commissioner shall deem it for the best interests of the State, he may, by and with the advice and consent of the governor, appoint one or more persons as such examining agents, to act in the place of any supervisors, to make examiuations in unsettled and unimproved localities. § 5257. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of the State land office to furnish each of said agents with plats and descriptions of all of the lands that it will be the duty of such agents to examine, together with all such other information and instruction relating to said lands, or to their duties as such agents, as may be sufficient to enable said agents, after careful personal examination of said lands, to report fully as to their character, value, and condition, at the time of the examination; and in case any of said lands have been trespassed upon and their value dete- riorated thereby, said agent shall carefully estimate and report the amount and character of timber probably cut and removed, the date of the cutting, and by whom. § 5258. Sec. 5. The governor, the State treasurer, and the com- missioner of the State land office, he and are hereby empowered and constituted a board of control, to carry out the provisions of this act, to examine and act upon the reports made by the said agent or agents ; and if in the opinion of the board the best inter- est of the State wou"id be promoted by changing the price, or terms, of these lauds, the said board may alter, by reducing or advancing the price per acre, or conditions of payment: Provided, That not less than twenty-five per cent, of the purchase money is paid at the time of purchase. And when the price and terms are so fixed, the said board shall fix the time when the change, if any, is made, will take effect, and cause the same to be published. § 525'.^. Am., lb., 1879, p. 45. Sec. 6. Said agents shall receive as compensation for their services such sum or sums as the board of State auditors shall determine and allow, including necessary expenses, which bills for services and expenses shall be itemized and sworn to and made upon forms furnished by the commissioner of the land office, the same to be paid out of the general fund, and apportioned to the several funds, according to the expenses attend- ing the examination of lands belonging to the difl:erent classes berein mentioned, and the commisssioner of the State land office may, in his discretion, require said agents to give a good and suffi- cient bond for the faithful discharge of their duties, and file the constitutional oath of office ; and any agent appointed under this act who shall give to any person any information in regard to the value of lands examined, or timber thereon before reporting the same to the commissioner of the State laud office, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. LAWS RELATING TO THE COLLEGE. 49 GRANT ACCEPTED. §5367. (3926.) 1863, jj. 54, Feh. 25, Act 46. Section 1. J^'Ae Grant accepted. People of the State of Michigaji enact, That the grant of land accru- ing to the KState of Michigan, under and by virtue of an act of congress, donating public lands to the several states and territories, which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts, approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty- two, be and the same is hereby accepted, in accordance with all the conditions and provisions in said act contained. selection, care, and disposition of agriculturai college LANDS. § 5368. (3927. ) 1863, p. 201, Mar. 18, Act 140. Section 1. Agricultural The Peopile of the State of Michigan enact, That the governor, the {fo^^cf '■''°' auditor general, secretary of State, State treasurer, attorney gen- eral, and commissioner of the State land office, shall constitute a board, to be known as the agricultural land grant board, and said board shall have the control and management of the selection, the Powersof. care and disposal of the lands granted to this State by act of con- gress, approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, pro- viding for the endowment of colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts. Said board shall appoint one or more roinmi'sioners; suitable commissioners, whose duty it shall be to select and locate, duties of. as soon as practicable, the quantity of land donated to this State by the act of congress aforesaid, and to make return of the lands so located to the commissioner of the State land office of Michigan, properly designated and described, and to notify the registers of the United States district land offices, for the districts in which the selection and location is made, of such selection as fast as the land is so selected. § 5369. (3928.) Sec. 2. The commissioner of the State laud Description of office shall, as fast as such selections are made and returned to him, |o°'|f f oJ,^?,^jded forward to the secretary of the interior of the United States, full to secretary of and complete descriptions of all such lands, and obtain the neces- sary title to the State of Michigan for the same. § 5370. (3929.) Am. 1869, p. 51, Mar. 16, Act. 3. Sec. 3. All Price per acre; of said lands, excepting as hereinafter provided, shall be sold for downnnteVest not less than three dollars per acre, one-fourth of the purchase on balance, price to be paid at the time of purchase, and the balance at any time thereafter, at the option of the purchaser, with interest on the unpaid balance at the rate of seven per cent, per annum, payable annually into the State treasury, in^accordauce with, and subject to all the terms and conditions of payment, and forfeitures for non- payment of all interest and taxes due thereon, as is now provided by the laws regulating the sale and forfeiture of primary school lands: Provided, however, That all of said lauds Avhich are valuable prin- Proviso. cipally for the timber thereon, shall be sold for not less than five dollars per acre, the whole of the purchase money therefor to be paid at the date of purchase. § 5371. (3930.) Sec. 4. The proceeds of the sale of said land 7 50 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Proceeds of sale. Iiow applied. Commlsstoner of Srate la d office iiulliorlsed to sell tlic lauds. Commissioner to issue certifi- cates. EflFect of cer- tificate. Patents. How money received from sale of lands to be dlspobed of. How Interest shall be dis- posed of. Leading object of college. Proceedings in case tht^re is not Hu amount of land in th« State equal to the gram. shall be applied aud used accordiug to the conditions of the act of congress grautiiio- the same to the State. § 5372. (3931.) Sec. 5. Whenever said lauds, or any part of tlictii, shall have been selected, certified to the commissioner of the State land office, \rithdrawu from market, and so marked on the plats, and certified by the register of any United States land office for the pro]icr district, by authority of the commissioner of the general land office of the United States, the commissioner of the State land office may, by direction of said land grant board, sell said lands in quantities of not less than any legal subdivision, according to the original United States survey; and on such sale being made, tlie commissioner of the State land office shall issue his certificate of sale in the usual form, setting forth the quantity and description of the land sold, the price per acre, the amount paid fit the time of purchase, the balance due, with the annual rate of interest, and the time the interest is jiayable, as is required by law for the payment of interest on contracts for the purchase of pri- mary school lands, and that the purchaser will be entitled to a patent from this State on payment in full of the principal and interest, together with all taxes assessed on such land. § 53T3. (3932.) Sec. t!. Certificates of purchase issued pursuant to the provisions of law, shall entitle the purchaser to the posses- sion of the lands therein described, and shall be sufficient evidence of title to enable the purchaser, his heirs, or assigns, to maintain actions of trespass for injuries done to the same, or ejectment, or any other proper action or proceeding to recover possession thereof, unless such certificate shall have become void by forfeiture; and all certificates of purchase in force may be recorded in the same manner that deeds of conveyance are authorized to be recorded. § 5374. (3933.) Sec. 7. The governor of this State shall sign and cause to be issued, patents for said lands, as soon as i)racti- cable after payment is made in full of principal, interest, and all taxes, as aforesaid. § 5375. (3934.) Atn. 1871, p. 87, Mar. 31, Act 68; 1875, p. 55, Mar. 26, Act 60. Sec. -8. The money received from the sale of said land shall be paid into the State treasury, and shall be placed in the general fund, but the amount thereof shall be placed lo the credit of the agricultural college fund upon the books of the auditor general, and the annual interest thereon computed at seven per cent., shall be regularly applied under the direction of the State board of agriculture to the support and maintenance of the State agricultural college, where the leading object shall be — without excluding other scientific aud classical studies, and iucludino; mili- tary tactics — to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture aud mechanic arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life. § 5376. (3935.) Sec. 9. Tiie said land grant board shall, on finding that there is not in this State a sufficient amount of land belonging to the United States, subject to private entry, to make up the full amount of the land granted by said act of congress, notify the commissioner of the United States land office of the fact^ LAWS RELATIN(i TO THE COLLEGE. 51 and obtain, as soon as practicable, from the proper authority, per- mission to select an amount sutticient to make up such deficiency from United States lands in other states or territories of the United States, and shall send one or more commissioners into such states or territories to select the same, under such rules and regidations as eaid board may prescribe. 8 53T7. (3930 ) Sec. 10. The acjricultural land srrant board shall Expenses ..f " » • , • 1 ,'? T, ' 1 Lt i. locating, liow ccrtitv, from tune to tune, to the auditor general the amounts paid, required to pay expenses of selecting and locating, and making returns of said lands, and the auditor general shall draw his war- rant upon the State treasurer for the amounts tlius certified, and the State treasurer shall pay tlie same out of the general fund. Said land grant board nuiy make such rules and regulations, in Board may relation to the time and manner of selecting and locating the reguLudns.''"*^ lantls, making the returns, and keeping the accounts of expenses, as they nuiy deem necessary and proper. All contracts and certifi- cates of said board shall be signed by the chairman, and counter- eigned by the secretary of the agricultural land grant board. "§ 5378. (3037.) Sec. H. In the sale of lands, the principal Commissionerg ? » 1 • 1 • • 1 i- ,1 • • £ ii may require value of which consists m the tim> er, the commissioner oi the fun pajnit-m State land office shall require the payment of the entire amount of 'o'" "*»<'•»• purchase money at the time of purchase, or such portion of the same above one-fourth, as he may deem for the best interest of the State. LOCATION AND SALE OF AGRICULTUEAL COLLEGE LANDS. § 5379. (3992.) 1867, p. 826. Mar. 20, J. R. No. 28. Whereas, The legislature of this State, by an act approved March Preamble. eighteenth, eighteen hundred and .-ixty-three. conferred upon the agricultural laud grant board, consisting of the governor, the audi- tor general, secretary of State, State treasurer, attorney general, and commissioner of the State land office, the entire control and management of the selection, the care, and disposal of the lands granted to this State by act of congress, ajjproved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two; And whereas. It is for the interest of the State agricultural college, of the tax-payers of this State, and of the inhabitants residing in the vicinity of said lands, that these lands be sold at an early day, and the i)roceeds be applied to the endowment of the State agricultural college ; And whereas, It is understood that the secretary of the interior of the United States will not issue patents for these lands until the amount is located ; therefore, ReKolved bij the Senate and Houxe'of Jiepresentatitrs of the State Board lustrut- of Michigan, That the agricultural land grant board be and the lands! same hereby are instructed and directed to complete the location of these lands, and take the necessary steps to obtain patents therefor from the secreary of the interior of the United States, and at the earliest day practicable place the said lands in market, and sell the same according to the provisions of an act entitled "An act to provide for the selection, care, and disposition of the lands donated to the State of Michigan, by act of congress, approved July second, 52 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. eighteen hundred and sixty-two, for the endowment of colleges for tlie benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts," and ajiproved March eighteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three. ADJUSTMENT OF IRREGULARITIES IN THE SALE OF AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE LANDS. Preamble. § 5:380. 1879,]). 318, May 28, J. li. No. 28. Whereas, By an act of the legislature, approved February twenty-fifth, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, the State of Michigan accepted a donation of public lands from the United States, to be used for the endowment of colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts ; And whereas, By a further act of the legislature, approved March eighteenth, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun- dred and sixty-three, the governor, auditor general, secretary of State, State treasurer, attorney general, and commissioner of the State land office, were constituted and designated as the asfricult- ural land grant board, with full power and authority to control and dispose of said lands ; And whereas Said act further provided, that by direction of said land grant board, the commissioner of tlie State land office might sell said lands in the manner therein provided; And whereas. The commissioner of the State laud office has sold large quantities of said lands without having obtained the for- 1 .al or official direction of said land grant board to make such sales; And whereas. It is alleged that all such sales are irregular; And whereas, The lands thus sold are i)rincipal]y held or occu- pied by innocent parties, many of whom having made valuable improvements [improvement] thereon, whose rights and interests in the premises demand the })rotection of the State; therefore, belt Resolved hy the Senate and Ho^ise of lUpresentaiives of the State of Michigan, That the agricultural land grant board be, and they are hereby authorized and instructed to examine into the matter of said alleged irregular sales of agricultural college lands, and to adjust and determine the same, and to confirm all such sales of said lands as shall appear to said board, to have been made in accordance with the terms and conditions of section number three (3) of said act, the same being section three thousand nine hundred and twenty-nine of the Compiled Laws of eighteen hundred and seventy-one ; Power of board. -^nd resoIved further, That if the said board shall find that any of such sales of said lands shall have been made at a less price per acre than provided for in the section last referred to, then it is hereby made the duty of said board to elect wliether they will receive from the purchaser or purchasers, or other partv or parties holding under them, the full purchase price contemplated by the said section, and confirm such sales, or take such further measures as they shall deem proper for the protection of the interests of the State: Provided, however, That if any such sales are canceled, either by the action of said board or by the decree of any court of competent jurisdiction, then the amount of money to be refunded Board Instruc- ted to investi- gate. LAWS RELATING TO THE COLLEGE. 53 shall in no case exceed the amount received by the State, as principal, inter- est, and taxes on the lands described in the particular sale so canceled: Pro- vided further, That all settlers on lands so canceled, shall also have a valid claim against the State for all actual improvements; Resolved, That this joint resolution shall be in full force and effect from and after its passage. SWAMP LANDS. § 5406 (1858, No. 31 Sec. 10). All of the swamp lands granted to Mich- igan by act of Congress, approved September 38, 1850, and situate in the township of liansing and Meridian, in the county of Ingham, and in the town- ships of Dewitt and Bath, county of Clinton, except such as have been occu- pied by persons entitled to pre-emption under this act at least thirty days next previous to the passage of this act, shall be reserved from sale by said commis- sioner, and possession of the same shall be immediately delivered over to the agricultural college for its use, and for the purposes of drainage and reclama- tion, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress donating the same to the State. LAWS OF CONGRESS. By an act approved July 2d, 1863, Congress granted to the several States an amount of public land equal to 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representa- tive, to which the States were respectively entitled by the apportionment under the census of 1860, for the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the states may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pur- suits and professions of life. Under this grant, owing to certain regulations regarding estimation of frac- tional sections, Michigan received 335,673.37 acres. The conditions of this grant are as follows : Sec. 5. And ie it further enacted. That the grant of land and land scrip hereby authorized shall be made on the following conditions, to which as well as to the provisions hereinbefore contained, the previous assent of the several States shall be signified by legislative acts : First. If any portion of the fund invested, as provided by the foregoing section, or any portion of the interest thereon, shall, by any action or contin- gency, be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by the State to which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever undiminished; and the annual interest shall be regularly applied without diminution to the purposes mentioned in the fourth 'section of this act, except that a sum, not exceeding ten per centum upon the amount received by any State under the provisions of this act, may be expended for the purchase of lands for sites or experimental farms whenever authorized by the respective legislatures of said States; Second. No portion of said fund, nor the interest thereon, shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation or repair, of any building or buildings ; S4 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Third. x\ny State which may take and claim the benefit of the provisions of this act shall [)roviile, within five years, at least not less than one colleifo, as prescribed in the fourth section of this act, or the grant to such State shall cease; and said State shall be bound to pay the United States the amount received of any lauds previously sold, and that the title to purchasers under the State shall be valid; Fourtli. An annual report shall be made regarding the progress of each col- lege, recording auy improvements and experiments made, with their cost and results, and such other matters, including State industrial and economical statistics, as may be supposed useful ; one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail free, by each, to all the other colleges which uiay be endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secretary of the Interior; Fifth. When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised to double the minimum price in consequence of railroad grants, tliey shall be computed to tlie States at the maximum price, and the number of acres pro- portionally diminished; Sixth, No State, while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the government of the United States, shall be entitled to the benefit of this act ; Seventh. No State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act, unless it shall express its acceptance thereof by its legislature within two years from the date of its approval by the President. Sec. G. And he it further enacted. That land scrip issued under the pro- visions of this act shall not be subject to location until after the first day of January, 1803. Sec. 7. And he it further enacted. That land officers shall receive the same fees for locating land scrip issued under the provisions of tliis act as is now allowed for the location of military bounty land warrants under existing laws : Provided, That maximum compensation shall not be thereby iucreascii. Sec. 8. And he it further enacted. That the governors of the several States to which scrip shall be issued under this act shall be re([uireJ to rc[)ort annually to Congress all sales made of such scrip until the whole shall be dispose I of, the amount received for the same, and what appropriation has been made of the proceeds. Approved July, 1 SGI. Note. — The time for accepting the provisions of this act was subsequently extended and provisions made for new States. MILITARY OFFICEES. Thirty-Ninth Congress, Session 1, Chapter 209. Sec tC). And he it further enacted, That for the purpose of promoting knowledge of military science among the young men of the United States, the President may, upon the application of an established college or uui\er- sity, within the United States, with sufficient capacity to educate at one lime not less than one hundred and fifty male students, detail an officer of the army to act as president, superintendent, or professor of such college or univer.sity ; that the number of officers so detailed shall not exceed * thirty at anytime, and shall be apportioned through the United States as nearly as practicable * As amended Act approved July .5, 1876. LAWS RELATING TO THE COLLEGE. 55 according to population, and shall be governed by general rules, to be prescribed from time to time by the President. Approved July 2S, 18GG. Forty-Sixth Congress, Session I, Chapter 81. Ordnance Department. — That upon the application of any college, univer- sity, or institution of learning incorporated under the laws of any State within the United States, having capacity at the same time to educate not less than one hundred and fifty male students, the President may detail ai officer of the army in the retired list, to act as president, suporinteu.lent, or professor tliereof, and such officer may receive from the institution to wiiich he may be detailed the difference between his retired and full pay, and shall not receive -any additional pay or allowance from the United States. Approved May 4, 1880. DEPARTMEI^T REPOETS. REPOET OF PRESIDENT WILLITS. To the State Board of Agriculture: Gentlemen: — I nominally assumed the duties of my jjosition, July 1st, 1885; hence have but three months of the year to cover by my report. Haviug ac- cepted the position with the understanding that I should remain at the State Normal School, as its principal, till the close of its school year, I closed uj) my duties then and reported at the college on the day agreed, my family having preceded me some two weeks. In the meantime I had been appointed by the State Board of Agriculture in conjunction with Mr. Chamberlain of the Board, a delegate to a convention of Agricultural College and Experiment Statioiis, to be held at the De2)artment of Agriculture in Washington, D. C, July 8th, 1885, and for which due preparations had to be made. I was invited by the Com- missioner of Agriculture, to read a pajjer on "Industrial Education," at that Convention. As I had been fully engaged with my duties at the Normal School, I had to take the intervening time to prepare the paper; hence until my return from the convention, I was not able fully to assume my duties. Your delegates were promptly on hand at the convention and attended all its sessions. Thirty-one States and Territories were represented, and the dis- cussions were of great interest and of mutual benefit. Aside from the general and individual benefits to the delegates themselves, the prime object of the convention received a substantial impulse. This object may be succinctly stated, as an effort to bring all the Agricultural Colleges and experiment sta- tions into harmonious co-operation through the Department of Agriculture, so as to assign and develop more systematically the experiments devised, and to secure a consolidated report of the results. It was found that in nearly all cases the colleges and stations were crippled for means, properly to conduct and re- port the experiments; that the colleges following the manifest intent of the act of 1862 conferring the land grant upon the States, had devoted the funds in a large degree to instruction, rather than to experiments, and that while all had sought so far as in them lay to pursue a line of scientific investigations and experiment, it had necessarily been sporadic, subject to the prime object of the colleges under the act, and the results of the experiments meagre and un- satisfactory. The great bulk of the funds was exhausted by the pay roll for instructors, and the leavings only were applied to experiments. It was appar- ent that since the act of 1802, there had grown up in all the States a vigorous demand, that the college work proper should be supplemented with a greater development of experiment, and that in order that this should be successfully accomplished, the United States should supplement tlie act of 18G2, by substan- REPORT OF PRESIDENT WILLITS. 57 tial aid in that direction. It was contended, and was the sense of the conven- tion, that this aid would be more satisfactory in its results, coming from the general government, than from the States, as likely to be more permanent, and less liable to the vicissitudes of legislatures of the States, who would be more impatient for results. Exiieriments in agriculture require more time, and to be repeated for a longer series of years than in any other science, to be elfectual for good; and should be conducted by students who should become specially fitted for the work. This could be secured only by permanence and continuity. Hence the convention resolved to present the matter to the next Congress, for- mulated a bill and appointed a special committee consisting of Pres. Athertou of Pennsylvania College, Pres. Lee of Mississippi Agricultural College, and the writer, to visit Washington for that purpose, the December or January follow- ing. I returned from the convention July 13th, and assumed the active duties of the college. The report of the secretary relating to the exercises of commence- ment week is so full that I need not repeat it here. I wish, however, to empha- size one feature of commencement week — the alumni meeting. It was a large and representative gathering. I was surprised at the hearty loyalty to the col- lege, the eager interest in its prosperity, and the supreme pleasure their visit afforded them. I have visited many meetings of the alumni of other institu- tions, but never have I witnessed so lively an interest. It struck me as some- thing peculiar to this college, and upon this fact I base in a large measure the future permanent prosperity of the institution. The vacation after commencement, was extended from one week, to two, to give most of the faculty an opportunity to attend the annual meeting of the American association for the advancement of science, which this year was held at Ann Arbor. This institution being specially devoted to the sciences and their applications, it was fitting that our Board of Instructors who were members of the association should not be debarred from attending its sessions. The term will be extended one week at its close, so that the full term will be engaged in college work. I remained on the grounds all the time, so as to receive the new students. The college was opened September 2d. The indications are of a very full attendance such as shall test to the fullest extent our accommodations. Up to this date there have been matriculated 97 new students, and more coming daily. From the experience of the last few years, I have been informed that the spring term will bring a large influx of new students, who are able to pass the fall studies; so that if that experience is verified this year, we shall have for the year at least 150 new students. If so, we shall be obliged to put three students in a room, a matter conducive neither to health nor satisfactory study, as the rooms are not large. We can accommodate with reasonable comfort in the halls and on the grounds 23U to 250 students, and no more, according to the number who can find private quarters. This brings us face to face with^i more serious question. We have a plant here that has cost nearly or quite $400,000, and it justifies and demands at least 500 students. At the last commencement, in an address from the jalat- form, the Governor of the State said the institution fell short of its duty if it had less than 500 students; and any person who has taken the time to inves- tigate our unexcelled facilities for instruction, will feel warranted in coming to the same conclusion. But it is manifest that without additional accommoda- tions we cannot meet their just demands. We are three miles away from Lan- 8 68' DEPARTMENT REPORTS. sing and too far to secure quarters for the surplus attendance, unless some easy and cheap means of transportation is provided. The college is in a sparsely settled region — very few farmers' residences within walking distance, and absolutely no buildings or boarding houses or quarters for students in the vicin- ity of the grounds. If the students can be got what shall we do with them? On the first point I have no serious ajiprehension. I have canvassed the sub- ject fully ever since I began to consider, nearly a year ago, wh.ether I should accept the position tendered to me. I frankly stated to you that numbers were a consideration with me; that in popular estimation the college was obnoxious to the charge that there were too few students for the plant and the expenditure of the money; and that unless I became satisfied that inside of five years 500 students could be placed in the institution I should be compelled to decline your offer. Hence I investigated the subject thoroughly, tested the temper of our people, and the feeling of our public men, and I became fully convinced that thei'c is a constituency, that will in less time than five years supply the required numbers without in any sensible degree imjiairing the attendance upon our other institutions of learning. The industrial feature with its comprehensive ai)paratus of the sciences from agricultttre down, commends itself to popular regard in these times of over-crowded, so-called professional life. There are two ways suggested for the extra 250 students, one to build a street railway to Lansing, and tlie other to build more dormitories. The first with- out any doubt would be the cheaper in the end, as a company might be induced to build and operate one for a consideration, sayin the guarantee of a certain amount of patronage for three years, till the number of students and the gen- eral public would tiiemselves furnish sufficient patronage to pay dividends. On the other hand the dormitories would enable the administration to preserve the industri.il morale which has characterized the institution since its organization. I cannot see how it can be maintained in its vigor, with a portion of the students who come two, three or more miles — they at least would need to be exempted from manual labor. But these questions may safely be left to the State Board of Agriculture and the Legislature, as it is not probable that the desirable end to be attained will fail for want of means for the sufficent accommodations for the students who shall knock at our door. It may be ])roper to note the fact that the Agriiuiltural College does not exist for students alone. While it is desirable that it should have all the students for whom it has ample facilities for instruction; — the fact that it has not had this full attendance, should not make us oblivious of the fact that the college occupies a field of great public utility aside from its instruction of students. If the general public were aware of the correspondence of some of the Professors, notably those of Agriculture, Chemistry, Botany, Entomology, Horticulture, and Veterinary, always constant, and sometimes almost overwhelming, with citizens of the State making incjuiries about seeds, and soils, and lerti.izers, and grain, and fruits, and insects, and diseases of animals and the thousand and one matters that lill the fertile brain of our active inquiring people, many ques- tions requiring gro.it research and assiduous labor and observation in the field and the laboratory, much of the criticism heretofore indulged in would fall to the ground. 1 am ha])])y to state that the Professors one and all are prompt in their response, woi'king early and late, year in and year out, and are fully alive in their respective spheres to the importance of bringing whatever of pr.ictical information they may have to the general and individual public. Tiieie is not a drone in the faculty. It is impossible to estimate tho benefao- REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE. 69 tion such an institution in the far reaching developuieut of its powers and in- formation may be to tlie State. Year by year it is becoming better and better eqnipi)cd for this work. There was some aprehension among our agricultural friends that the adding of the mechanical department would in some way impair the agricultural de- partment; that the students would prefer the former and thereby deplete the matriculations in the latter. All such fears are groundless, for the reason that so long as the agricultural industry shall continue in the lead of all others in the State of Michigan, the proportion o students for that course will always be in excess. Under the policy I suggested to the Board, and to which I shall fitiijtly adhere, to wit: the classifying of no student into the mechanical course unless he has a bent in that direction, there is no possible chance for its over- slauo-hiug the agricultural course. The new students are about three for the agricultural course to one for the mechanic. We can fill the popular demand for both without impairing either. Respectfully yours, EDWIN WILLITS. Agricultural Collbgh, Sept. 30, 188.5. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE AND SUPERINTENDENT OF THE FARM. To the President of the College: Dear Sir: — I herewitli submit my report of the work of the Agricultural Department, for the college year ending Sept. 30, 1885. INSTRUCTION. No cliangcs have been made in tlie course in Practical Agriculture since my last report. I have endeavored to keep abreast of the best theories and practice of our time, and to present to my classes such instruction as my own experience has shown me, will be most likely to prove really satisfactory to its possessor — on the farm — not in ideal, but in actual agriculture. Instruction in Practical Agriculture must be largely (to be of real value) of details of practice, learning the characteristics and uses of the animals and products of the farm, the best and most profitable metliods of management. Just what instruction will bo most helpful is not easily determined; but our course has beeu aloptei by those who have had years of experience and whose judginent merits respect. We are sometimes criticised because we do not have more agriculture in our course, others intimate that the course is not extended and scientilic enough. AVill our critics please, in the light of the subjects treated, suggest what should be omitted that now receives attention, or what in Justice could be substituted for any part of the work, and further if any other department is expected to traverse so wide a range of topics in so brief a time? The whole number who have received instruction in Practical Agriculture during the year, is as follows: Freshman 46, Sop^jomores 39, Seniors 12; total, y?. 60 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. I append here the series of questious used at the examinations of the respec- tive chisses during the year as indicating in some degree the topics and the scope of instruction in tlie two and one-half terms, devoted to agriculture, in our four years' course. « FKESHMAN EXAMINATION IN DRAINAGE AND BREEDS OF CATTLE. 1. How is the soil affected by evaporation? 2. How does drainage affect soils? 3. Give the mechanical construction of soils and the proper conditions to insure germination of seeds. 4. What fall is necessary in tile drains? How does the water enter the tile? 5. At what depth and distance apart should tile drains be laid? C. Classify the twelve breeds of cattle we have studied, 1st as to origin, 2d as to adaptation. 7. Give points of difference between a Devon and Hereford? 8. What great breeder improved the Longhorns, and Avhat can you say of his life and work? 0. Name some of the most prominent of the early breeders of Shorthorns? a. Name some of tlie most noted families of Booth and Bates? b. Construct an ideal pedigree of a Sli or thorn bull to the fourth sire? c. Give six of the most important points to be considered in judging Shorthorns. (L Why is a record of pedigree desirable, and what steps are to be taken to secure the registration of Shorthorns? 10. Describe a typical animal, 1st for the dairy, 2d for beef production. FIRST HALF TERM SOPHOMORE EXAMINATION. Sheep. 1. Define growth and condition as applied to wool? a. Upon what does each depend? h. Grade wools. From what breed or crosses does each grade come? c. How does yolk affect wool? 2. Name the English breeds of sheep? (t. Compare a Cotswold and South-Down, (1) size, (2) weight of fleece, (3) color, (4) early maturity and quality of mutton?- b. Which of the English breeds is most popular in this country? What are its special points of merit? 3. What is the origin of the American Merino? a. What are its chief points of excellence? b. When and by whom w^ere the flrst importations of Merinos made? Swine. 4. Name and classify breeds of swine? a. Compare a Berkshire and Poland China as to origin, color, ears, size, early maturity, quality of hams and bacon? b. Compare a Duroc Jersey and Essex ? 5. Give rules for the selection of breeding swine? (I. Give period of gestation of sow. What care and food are best during this period and at the time of farrowing? REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE. 61 Horse. 6. Give natural history of the horse? 7. Give three rules that apply in breeding horses? 8. Give points of diiference between a Suffolk Punch and Englishshire? Give points of difference between a Cleveland Bay and Clydesdale. Give points of difference between a Percheron and Thoroughbred? 9. Period of gestation in mare? What food and management should she have during this period? a. What sign would indicate a stain or defect in the pedigree of a thorough- bred? SECOND HALF TERM SOPHOMORE EXAMINATION, Feeding of Animals. (Steivarts.) 1. What important elements of animal and vegetable substances are identi- cal? 2. What must the food of animals contain? How does the work of the plant differ from that of the animal? 3. Define and give examples of a nutrient — a ration? a. What three groups of nutrients are contained in plants? Give exam- ples of each and effects of feeding either alone. 4. Name three principles of alimentation? 5. What % of gain will cattle, sheep and swine make per lOOlb dried sub- stance consumed, per Mr. Lawes' experiments? a. What proportion of a full rat on is food of growth? 6. How should the food of young animals differ from that of mature ones? Give examples of foods suited to each. 7. Give details and results of Prof. Horsfall's experiment in feeding dairy >v cows? 8. Best foods for horses and best methods of preparing them? . 9. Philosophy of cooking food for stock? Will it pay? 10. Which would be preferable to enrich a Michigan farm, commercial foods or commercial fertilizers? Give reasons for reply. SENIOR EXAMINATION. 1. Define economy as applied to the farm? (1) in purchase, use and care of implements, {'l) buying and selling, (3) selection and care of animals, (■4) general management. 2. State four important principles in breeding? a. What is a pedigree and what gives it value? b. What is meant by an outcross? Is it objectionable in a pedigree? c. How does in and in breeding affect offspring? 3. Give important consideration* in locating and erecting farm buildings. a. Utility vs. Beauty in Architecture? b. Order and neatness about premises? 4. Give rotation of crops ou College farm? Criticise same? a Is it a good practice to fallow land? b. What factors require careful attention in mixed husbandry? 5. Give best methods of making, saving and applying barnyard manure? Upon what does its value depend? 6. On what soils and crops can salt, lime and plaster be used profitably? 7. What position did agriculture occupy in the older civilizations? 62 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. 8. Write a brief sketch of the history of agriculture. 9. Give your idea of tlie true scope and vahie of an agricultural education? 10. Wliat duties does its possessor owe the community and tlie State? LECTQRES AND INSTITUTES. I have taken my regular assignment of the Wednesday afternoon lectures and have also attended the Farmers' Institutes to which I was appointed by the Board of Agriculture at Manchester and Flusiiing and by the request of the local committees, those held at Paw Paw and Albion. I also attended the annual meetinof of the National Association of the Breeders of Dutch Fricsian Cattle held in Detroit, Feb. 4 and 5, and delivered an 'address on "Cattle Breeding and Feeding, the Most Important Elements in zVmericau Agricul- ture." I was present at the first meeting of the Jackson County Shorthorn Breeders' Association in January, and in August I was privileged to meet the farmers of Livingston, Wayne and Washtenaw^ Counties at their annual picnic at Whitmore Lake. The Board authorized me to attend the National Fat Stock Show held in Chicago in November and the meetings of all of the National Breeders' Associations held during the same week and in which the Agricultural Department of the college is specially interested. THE TEACHERS OF AGRICULTURE. The annual meeting of this association was held at Ann Arbor, during the meeting of the Society for the promotion of Science. The next meeting is to be held at Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. IMPLEMENTS. A Bullard hay tedder has been purchased direct from the makers, The Belcher & Taylor Agricultural Tool Co., Chicopee Falls, Mass. A Eureka mower from the Eureka Mower Co., Utica, N. Y., both giving excellent satisfaction. A Thomas smoothing harrow from W. L. Herendeen^ Geneva, N. Y., and a Barlow rotary corn planter from The Vandiver Corn Planter Co., Quincy, Ills. A Eureka fanning mill from J. C. Schneeberger, Lansing, which does excellent work. AVe are also using Sperry's agricultural steamers manufactured by D. R. Sperry & Co., Batavia, Ills., in our experimental barn and piggery and do not hesitate to commend it as suited to the wants and means of farmers who desire to cook some food for stock. We have also purchased a few rods of Ewer's farm and garden portable fence, made by Ewer & White, Battle Creek, Mich. The Strowbridge broadcast sower, manufactured Iby the Racine Seeder Co.,. Racine, Wis., and mentioned in last report has been thoroughly tested this season both in sewing grass seed and clover as well as oats. It is a cheap, simple, easily adjusted and ra^jid sowing seeder. I cheerfully recommend it to farmers needing a broadcast seeder. Donations are acknowledged from the following persons: Geo. M. Selleck, Imlay City, Mich., 1 bushel of Acadian seed wheat. Thorley Cattle Food Co., Chicago, Ills., samples in quantity of their stock food. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE. 63 E. W, Blateliford & Co., Chicago, Ills., one bag of stock food. Packages ol' imported seed wheats from Col. Coleman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Box of Learning seed corn from John F. Drew, Jackson. PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS, The tiling of No. 13 has been completed and we have crossed the Graifd Trunk II. R. and comnienrel work in No. 15. When it is remembered that tlie drainage water from this field must all be carried to the river, nearly a mile awav, the magnitude of the svsteni of drainase we are eno-a"'ed in becomes apparent. The unsightly hole east of the cattle barn has been ' drained and plowed. No. Ki has in good part been underl)rushed, picked up and burned. About two acres of timber still stands, which I think should be cut the coming winter, so that the clearing of this field may be completed. On account of the location of the new mechanical laboratory, the piggery has been moved twenty-five rods east and a little soutli and is now located about ten rods south of the sheep barn, a much better and more convenient site than tlie one it formerly occupied. A joint floor was laid and then planked similar to the old one. A well driven, and supplied with a good force pump and hose, so that the whole interior can bo thoroughly lloo led at any time. Yards contiguous to the pens have been enclosed with substantial post and board fence, so that it is all in much better shape than before. The old wagon shed has been taken down, as it was unsightly and implements could be stored elsewhere. The last legislature app'opriated $300 for the erection of a new wind mill and the taking down and repairing of the old one and erecting it near the Grand Trunk R. R., in No. 15, to supply the permanent pasture tields with water for stock. With this apjiropriation a new Manvel wind mill was purchased and erected on the site of the old mill taken down. This pumps the water into a ninety • barrel supply tank, whence it is conveyed in pipes to the experimental and sheep barns and to a twenty barrel tank east of tlie cattle barn. These tanks have all been enclosed as well as the pum]i in good shape, which makes our water supply at the barns for stock constant and easy of access and I believe it is so thoroughly protected as to give us little if any trouble by freezing in the tanks. The old mill has been thoroughly repaired, the derrick lengthened some twenty feet and substantially erected, and pump enclosed in No. 15. A fifty barrel supply tank receives the water and pipes carry it to twenty barrel tanks, in each of fields Nos. 15, IG, 12, 13 and to a smaller tank in No. 14. The pipes are arranged so that the tanks can be emptied during cold weather, as this mill is intended only to furnish summer supply. This arrangement gives us plenty of stock water in each o^' these permanent pasture fields. Its value to our stock cannot be over-estimated and its good results are plainly a|)paront in the thrift and better condition of our cattle over other seasons without any other ghange except jjlenty of })ure water whenever they wanted it I am con- vinced that cattle will do better on short feed and plenty of water than on flush feed and lack the water. The contract for the building of the tanks and erection of the mills, furnishing pipe and pumps, &c., was taken by the firm of Jas. Rork & Bro., North Ltmsing. Their work was done in a most satisfactory manner and reflects credit on tho 64 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. firm. Everything about the mills, pipes, pumps, float, valves, &c.,have worked "without any trouble from the start and a three months' trial seems to justify our confidence in the quality of their work. The skill and mechanical genius of their foreman, Mr. Joseph W. Gunnison, an old student of the college, deserve mention. EXPEKIMENTS ' The proposed feeding experiments referred to in my report a year ago were carried out with the assistance of Mr. H. D. French of the Senior class. The results were enibodied in a bulletin issued in July and also published in the last report of the State Board of Agriculture. The Legislature at its last session appropriated means to carry on these ex- periments. I had desired to secure two calves of each of the leading breeds as nearly of the same age as possible, and then under same conditions, except amount of food, to feed them together until three years old. Could good speci- mens of the Hereford, Shorthorn, Holstein Galloway, Polled Angus, Ayrshire, Devon, Jersey and native be procured and fed in this way, they could not fail to be an object lesson of interest and profit to all interested in growing cattle, from the beginning to the close of the feeding period. A careful record of all food consumed and the comparative data as to food, of growth, time of matur- ing, gain for food consumed, etc., would be of permanent value. Breeders may make fair or extravagant claims for their favorites ; but too often the claim has little foundation, except " I guess so." Actual knowledge of the value of breeds is what we want. It seem somewhat difficult to get the animals to start with, Hereford and Holsteins especially. At our spring sale in March, Mr. H. H. Hinds, President of the Michigan Shorthorn Breeders' Association, who has always manifested a cordial interest in all of our work presented this matter to the State Board of Agriculture and thought that the different Breeders' Associations would be glad to donate the calves, selecting such as they believed would be likely to make the best showing for the respective breeds. Mr. Robert Gibbons, editor of the Michigan Farmer, was present, and I herewith append his report of the remarks of Mr. Hinds and the resolutions adopted by the Board. TESTING THE BREEDS. At the stock sale at the Agricultural College last week, all the members of the State Board of Agriculture being present, Mr. H. H. Hinds, President of the State Shorthorn Breeders' Association, after a few words of explanation, made the offer that if the Board would select one or two choice specimens of each of the beef breeds, of about the same age, giving them equal care and attention, and keeping a full record of the feed consumed and the gain made by each, he, on behalf of the Siiorthorn breeders, would offer such selected animals free of expense to the college. He said he did this without consultation with liis brother breeders, but he knew they would stand by him. He wanted to see the breeds tested fairly, and each rej^resented by animals selected by the friends of the breeds to represent it. He would also like to see some good native steers, free from any admixture of thoroughbred blood, fed with the others, so as to bring out the true merits of each. These animals could then be exhibited at the State and other fairs, and farmers could draw their own conclusions. The college was in shape, since its experimental barn was built, to conduct such an experiment with the carefulness and attention to details it should have, and he hoped breeders of each of the beef breeds would take an interest in such a test. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE. 66 The nieuibers of the Board, after some discussion aniongthemselves, in which all spoke favoi'ably of the proposition, unanimously adopted the following pre- amble and resolutions: Whereas, The Michigan Shorthorn Breeders' Association, through its Pi-esident, has vohinteered to select and furnish two specimens of Shorthorn calves for the piu-pose of testing then- relative feeding quaUties compared with other breeds, therefore, Resoh'ed. That tlie Micliigan State Board of Agriculture accept the proposition and respectfully sohcit other associations or owners of other breeds to select two specimen calves of each of the several breeds for the purpose of making a careful test at the Agricultnral College of their relative merits for fattening purposes. Correspondence in relation to the test should be addressed to Prof. Samuel Johnson, Agricultural College, who will furnish information in regard to it. Now, let the Hereford, Polled Angus, Galloway and Devon breeders be heard from, and we shall have a test of the merits of each of the great families of thoroughbreds that will demonstrate their high merit and the value of each to the farmer. It will be a liberal education in feeding to have such a test thoroughly made. , There is no lack of public spirit among our cattle breeders, many of whom have expressed a desire for such a test; but many feel, and I cannot help sym- pathizing in the feeling, that the State is abundantly able to purchase the stock needed for its experimental work. The members of our State Board feel in this way and I think, as some six months have elapsed since the adoption of the above resolution and no offer of calves has been made, we had best conclude that if we are to have specimens of the breeds to feed we must buy them for that purpose. . The outlay required will be as much or more perhaps than the animals will bring after three years' care and feeding; but we must not forget that experi- ments are not remunerative directly in a pecuniary way — only in the lessons gleaned from them and the conclusions they demonstrate. I therefore recommend that a portion of the amount appropriated for feeding experiments be expended for animals for this purpose, and that they be secured as soon as possible, at the same tim* holding ourselves in readiness, to accept selections made by any of the Breeders' organizations pursuant to the resolution adopted by the Board of Agriculture; provided the animals in these classes have not been previously secured. STOCK. Since my last report some very desirable additions have been made to the college herds. In November last, Hon. F. AVells and myself attended the cat- tle sales held during the week of the Fat Stock Show in Chicago. From Mr. T. L. Harvey, of Turlington, Nebraska, we purchased Jenny Bald- win, a young Mary, Lady Catherine, a Princess, and imported Red Eose of Derwent, bred by Geo. Fox, Esq., of Staffordshire, and siredby his $12,000 bull, the 34th Duke of Airdrie. These have all dropped strong and vigorous calves since coming to the College farm, sixed by 33d Duke of Airdrie, sold at same sale for $3,300. The following day we bought at the sale of I. Barr & Son, Davenport, Iowa, the two year old Phyllis heifer Meadow Belle, and the im- ported four year old Cruikshank cow Victoria 71st from the celebrated Scotch herd. The heifer dropped a heifer calf in December by the imported Cruik- shank bull, imported Julius Caesar (48,073). The cow did not prove in calf and has been a little shy in breeding, but by change of conditions and reducing the flesh she promises to be of use. She is a fine specimen and we prize her highly. 9 66 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Ill xMiiy, at the Chicago sale of T. 0. Anderson, of Side View, Keutuoky, we pur(lia.^ acres Wheat No. 5 '20)4 acres 4 acres next to river 2714 acres too wet to crop. 'So. 6 600 bushels. 1,238 bushels. 939 bushels. 84% tons No. 7. "Vo 8 17 acres, 11 poles 23 acres, 37 poles 23% acres 23 acres Pasture. Oats No. 9 No. 10 Com Hay Two cuttings. No 11 33% acres Hay 34»/4 tons Timothy. No. 13 23 acres - - Pasture. Pasture. Corn Pasture. 24« bushels. No. 13 33 acres -._ No. U 10 acres No. 16 14 acres HIGHWAY TO TKOVVBRIDGE. The junction of tlie Detroit it Northern R R. with the Grand Trunk is about one-and-a-half miles from the college. It is often very convenient for college people to take or leave trains at the junction, as well as the residents of the vicinity. Unfortunately the highway was some eighty rods from the junction and the only means of reaching it Avas by walkinsr on the railroad track. Ascertaining from the owner of land adjacent to the Grand Trunk track that he would sell a strip of land wide enough for a highway, I circulated the pro- per petition among the land owners, who were only too glad to sign it, pTayiug the Com. of HigliAvays to lay out the highway. After some delays this was ac- complished. A deep cut in the route was impassable and there was no means to till it. I presented the case to the Board of Agriculture who authorized me to expend $75.00 on the road. This has been done and the road is now in very good sha[)e and is a great convenience to our community. At the close of the fall term 'to trunks were shipped from the junction 1^ miles from the college that otherwise must have gone to Lansing, a good part of them to Grand Trunk depot -t^ miles away. This will give something of :tn idea of the saving effected by this action and outlay. ENSILAGE. The college silo was tilled in 8ept. last. The ensilaged corn came out in excellent condition. Continued feeding of ensilage only confirms me in the 70 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. clnirns that I have for some years urged respecting tliis method of preserving- fodder. Ensilage is a clieap substitute for roots, and gives in convenient form au aj^ petizing, healthy food for our stack, during the long period they must be con- fined in stables. It should never be the only food of the animal, but fed in connection with some grain and dried fodder to secure the best results. It has passed the trial period and has come to stay. Silos have been built all over the country, a-nd without exception, so far as I can learn, when a silo lias been filled properly and its contents fed judiciously hi] a "practical cattle man, it has proved satisfactory. Some visionary people who have seemed to think that ensilage was to revolutionize cattle feeding and that it would supplement the lack of ca.re and common sense in feeding and management, have as a matter of course been disappointed, and a few of our farm journals have taken special pains to call the attention of the public to these examples of failure. Query. — Is it because the papers, or their contributors took the wrong side of this question on the start, and have been trying to prove themselves con- sistent ever since, that they maintain this antagonism? The English Parliament recently appointed a committee to investigate and report upon this method of preserving fodder as likely to be of great import- ance to agricultural interests. This committee, composed of some of the best known men in the kingdom, after taking a large amount of evidence from those who had built silos and fed ensilage, and after the most thorough examination of the subject, have made a most favorable report. They say that "all the evidence seems to show that a nourishing, useful food for animals can be preserved by this process." They further report " that the testimony of the dairy farmers doe's not justify the assertion that dairy products are injuriously affected by ensilage, but that on the contrary it distinctly improves the yield of milk and cream and the quality of the butter — the silos in Great Britain have doubled in number in the last twelve months — and that the evidence warrants the extension and development of the system as a valuable auxiliarv to the farm." We liave been favored with visits from committees appointed by the execu- tive committee of the State Agricultural Society and the State Grange. The Shorthorn and the Holstein Breeders' Associations also visited us during their annual meeting in December last. The college, to be useful and accomplish its proper work, must have the respect, support and sympathy of these and other kindred agricultural associa- tions in our State, and all legitimate means to cultivate pleasant and intimate relations should be improved. The kind words of commendation and the friendly criticism of many of our leading farmers and stock men have been a source of gratification as well as of encouragement to me in my work In April, Mr. Abram Birch, the foreman of the farm for the past five years, resigned his position to take charge of his father-in-law's farm. I desire to record uiy appreciation of the services of Mr. and Mrs. Birch during these years, iii wliat is in many ways, a trving position. They had proved them- selves efficient and faithful, our relations had been of the most pleasant char- acter, and I regretted to part with them. Mr. L. E. Snyder filled the position very acceptably until September let, Avhen Mr. H. D. French, class of '85, took charge. Mr. and Mrs. 0. W. Ayres were secured to take charge of the farm house, and have done so acce})tably. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF HORTIOULTURE. 71 Mr. Wiu. Brown luis remlertHl efficient service as herdsman, in this respon- sible position his tidelity, constant service, and pleasant Avays, deserve cor(iial coujnu'iulalion. To those named, as well as to all employes of the Department, I am under obligations for cheerful acquiesence in my plans. Whatever of success we have achieved is largely due to their generous support. Respectfully submitted, 'SAM'L JOHNSON, Frof. of AfjrictUture and Siipt. of the Farm. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GAR- DENING. To the President of the College : With this report is concluded the third year of the Department of Horticult- ure and Landscape Gardening as a separate feature in college management and instruction. Horticulture and landscape gardening have a longer history than that embraced within these three years, however. Hitherto these subjects had been associated with botany under the management of Dr. Beal, and through his work, both here and among the fruit growers of the State, arose the demand for an enlargement of instruction in horticultural matters. The work of the Department itself was initiated and outlined- by my immediate predecessor, Prof. Satterlee. It is now highly proper, therefore since the Department has been created and its usefulness is in a measure assured, to present a brief out- line of the work it aims to accomplish. It is the puipose of the Department to Avork with the horticulturists of the State and so far as possible to meet their demands in experiment and instruc- tion Its work naturally falls under two heads, so far as instruction is con- cerned: out-door illustration and practice, and class-room instruction. In most directions the means of out-door illustration are comprehensive. It is to be re- gretted that our climate is too rigorous to allow of the cultivation of peaches, sweet cherries and some other fruits. I apprehend, however, that some of the mischief which has been attributed to hard winters has been due to insufficient drainage or other causes. The most notable new feature of the department is a fruit garden which has been set apart this year for the double purpose of testing new varieties of small fruits and of furnishing illustrative labor to students. It comprises four acres of variable soil. It has been enclosed in a double windbreak composed of a row of maples alternating with a row of spruces. It is expected that tlie maples shall be removed when the spruce? become large enough to afford protection. A thorough system of tile drainage is being placed under the garden. Most of the fruits which are growing in the fruit garden were set last spring, or early this fall in the case of strawberries. A catalogue of these and other fruits is published in Bulletin No. ?, which has just been issued. There are forty-seven varieties of strawberries, representing three or four distinct species, fifteen varieties of raspberries, ten of blackberries, ten of currants, five of gooseberries, two of quinces, and a number of the newer grapes, pears and cherries. There 72 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. are also Eussian apricots in variety, several mulberries and various vseedlings of promising wild fruits. The care of this garden is placed entirely in the hands of students who work under the direct supervision of myself or my foreman. So far as possible the student is given class-room instruction upon the nature and culture of the plants he handles before he takes up the work in the garden. It is impossible in the fruit garden, as in all other directions, to give all the students practice in all the operations of small-fruit growing. When there is insufficient work in any direction to give to all the students Mdio work in the department, it is given to those who especially require it. In this manner we give the first choice of work in fruit growing to those who expect to follow it after graduation, and the same principle is true of work in the orchards, vine- yards, vegetable garden and on the lawns. It is not expected, however, that the work alone in any of these directions can make an accomplished fruit grower or gardener. Much depends upon the student. We encourage the presence of all students in the gardens and expect that they shall ask questions upon any sub- jects connected with our work. It is this interest on the part of the student that i)romises the most practical results. The orchards are two in number, comprising apples, forty-eight varieties; crabs, five varieties ; pears, thirty-six varieties; cherries, eight varieties; plums, seven varieties. The apple orchard has never been a success so far as produc- tiveness is concerned, although it has yielded some good results in the way of experiment. The first difficulty with the orchard is wet feet. A part of it is low witli a retentive subsoil. At present writing the drainage system of the orchard is receiving a thorough overhauling. Last spring students gave the orciiard a thorough pruning, elevating the tops of the trees so that it was possible to plow under them. The orchard was thoroughly plowed and cultivated, all .sod was removed from about the trees, the trunks were scraped and a general renovating was given. I have confidence in the orchard. It is certainly useful for experimental purposes. A part of the orchard is well loaded this year. The {)ear orchard is just coming into bearing. It is remarkably vigorous and promising. The plums, which had been injured previously by premature falling of the leaves, came through last winter in a weak condition. We shall plant again where necessary, however. The are two vineyards of considerable extent and a smaller one containing some of the new varieties. Altogether, we are growing sixty- three named varieties and a number of hybrids and seedlings. This year the grapes have been given much attention and we are confident of a good crop next year. In one vineyard we shall put up an illustrative system of trellises to represent to students all the methods of out-door training. In the vineyards, as elsewhere, the work is done by students. The vegetable garden comprises seven acres. It is carried on as a market garden under the immediate supervision of my foreman, Mr. Charles S. Cran- dall, who combines with experience a commendable zeal and energy. In fact, to him is due great credit in all work of the Department. Sj^ecial attention is given to the construction and management of hot-beds and cold frames. We are now constructing, largely by way of experiment, a hot-bed and forcing- house, to be heated by hot air from a home made coal furnace. The features briefly outlined above, with the methods and appliances acces- sory to them, comprise the means of out-door illustration in horticulture. In most regards they are sufficient to enable a diligent student to obtain the prac- tical operations of the art. As yet we are entirely unsupplied with any means REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURE. 73 for storing or evaporating fruits and vegetables, for colleciing and preserving specimens for class illustration, for providing green-liouse or forcing-house instruction, or for carrying on much necessary in-door work in cold weather; but I am confident that, as the Departmeut grows, these means will be pro- vided. The class-room instruction iu horticulture now extends through four and a half months, six weeks of which is elective. As an indication of the ground covered by the present term's lectures, I submit the following: BRIEF SYNOPSIS OF LECTURES ON HORTICULTURE. I. General Introduction. 1. Origin of cultivated plants. "i. Extinction in wild state due to cultivation. 3. Variations of cultivated plants. . a. Nature of. h. Causes of. ( !.) Excess of food. (2.) Change of latitude and climate as affecting size, form, color, productiveness, flavor, hardiness, etc., with discussion of accli- mation. (3.) Cross-breeding and hybridization. (4. ) Inlieritance. ' 5.) Bud variation. 4. Methods of cross-fertilizing. 5. Nomenclature of cultivated plants. 6. Propagation of plants. 7. General discussion of fuuijous diseases. 8. Wild fruits worthy of attention. 9. Weeds. II. Vegetable Gardening. 1. General methods and considerations. a. Capital. b. Land. c. Fertilizers — stable manures, commercial fertilizers. d. High culture — tillage, doul)le cro[)i)ing. e. Cold frames, hot beds, forcing houses. f. Transplanting. (J. Vitality of seeds. h. Marketing. i. >Storing. j. Irrigation. 3. Concise specific directions for growing all garden crops, with remarks upon history, botanical features and peculiarities of variation of each. III. Pomology or Fruit Growing. 1. General methods and considerations. a. Methods of improving fruits. (1.) Chance growing of seedlings. 10 74 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. (2.) Theories of VanMons and others. (3.) Cross-breeding and liybridizing. b. Nursery practices. c. Grafting and budding. Influences of stock on graft and graft on stock. d. Nomenclature. 2. Orchard culture. Discnssions of apples, pears, quinces, peaches, plums, cherries, et«;., in each case following this synopsis: a. Varieties. b. History. Regions of highest development. c. Soil, drainage, manures. d. Cultivation. e. Pruning, top grafting. /. Harvesting and marketing. g. Funo-ous and other diseases. (Insect troubles are discussed at length bv Prof. Cook. ) 0. Vineyard culture, following above syno])sis. i. Small fruit culture, following above synopsis in the discussion of straw- berries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, goosel)erries, cranberries, huckleberries, etc. IV. Miscellaneous Matters. 1. Commercial seed-growing. 'I. History of horticulture. Aside from the regular work in horticulture I have the Juniors in essay writ- ing as a part of their rhetorical exercises. These Juniors are also taking horti- cuilture, and I have assigned to them outlying subjects connected with their study and such as to demand investigation in both the field and the library. I submit the EXTEA THESES IN HORTICULTURE. Double fruits, their nature aiid cause. The genus Morns, its botanical and economical status. Differences between the apple and the pear. Leaf glands of peaches, plums, cherries, and apricots. Effects of autumn setting, with experiments. The genus Allium, its botanical and economical status. The genus Brassica, its botanical and economical status. Windbreaks for horticultural purposes. Variations of raspberry leaves. Productiveness of weeds. Methods of propagating onions. The weeds of our o-arden. The flowers of watermelons and nmskmelons. The flowers of pumpkins and squashes. Sweet herbs for the garden. Botanical structure of Indian corn, and methods for cross-fertilizing it. Culture of hol'se-radish, and changes produced by cultivation. Best time and methods of planting tree seeds, especially nuts. The genus Pyrus, its botanical and economical status. The genus Ribes, its botanical and economical status. REPOKT OF THE PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURE. 75 Autumn buds of apples, pears, plums, and cherries. Autumn tints of foliage. Tomatoes and peppers, and methods for crossing each of them. The genus Prunus, its botanical and economical status. • Asparagus, its cultivation and botanical characters. The Umbelliferee ; what has it contributed to the garden, and how? The genus Fraaaria, its botanical and economical status. Rhubarb, its culture and botanical characters. History of the dahlia and its culture. The college is fortunate in the possession of an uuusually line park wliich embraces one hundred acres of undulating and broken surface. Ten profes- sors' residences are arranged along one side of this park, ^vhile the central and rear portions are occupied by the college buildings, souie twenty in number. Opposite the residences, the park is skirted by Red Cedar river, a part of whose banks are high and precipitous, its whole length skirted Avith native trees and bushes. The grounds are laid out under the dominant features of the pictur- esque, and in the auiin the individual objects are arranged wirh excellent taste. The preservation of natural undulations of surface, and of wooded banks and forest trees, with the entirely natural growth of spruces, is especially fortunate. The grounds illustrate all the important principles of picturesque gardening. The selection of ornamental plants is large and instructive. During the lect- ures on landscape gardening, I take the students out of doors and point out to them the salient features of gardening. 1 have also required them to write down and describe those portions of the grounds which, to their minds, best illustrate the principles of apparent increase of extent, foregrounds, variety, simplicity, richness, polish, snugness, seclusion, gradation, appropriat on, adaptation, gaiety, tranquility, sombreness, poverty, etc. I add the following: BRIEF SYNOPSIS OF LECTURES ON LANDSO.APK <^\RUENING. I. Introduction. General Discussion of the Fine Arts. Principles of painting and their, relation to landscape gardening. II. Ideal Landscapes. 1. Xatural landscapes. (I. Imitation of nature. b. Interpretation of nature The Picturesque and the Beautiful, com])rising discussions of unity, harmony, variety, simplicity, contrast, appearance of extent, foregrounds, gradation, connexion, snugness, seclusion, adaptation, appropriation, richness, polish, gaiety, quietness, sombreness, poverty. 'i. Artificial landscapes. -, ill. Applied Landscape Gardening. 1 . Parks and paddocks. 'I. Cemeteries. 3. Highways, avenues, etc. '6. Homes and private grounds, including discussions of sites, conven- ience, economy, walks and drives, lawns, windbreaks, trees, shrubs and flowers. 76 DEPARTMENT REPORTS, EXAMINATION QUESTIONS IN LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 1. Name the fine arts. Difference between imitation and interpretation of nature. 2. Name the divisions of landscape gardening; also give the leading differ- ences between the beautiful and the pictuiesque. 3. IIow do you increase appearance of extent? Illustrate gradation. 4. Define variety. How is it attained? 5. What is appropriation? Name three important points in the adornment of highways. 6. What are the leading characteristics of formal gardening? 7. How can we produce gaiety? 8. Name five points to be considered in the selection of a site for a resi- dence. 9. Name some importannt points in the adornment of cemeteries. 10. How would you make a lawn? 11. Describe an ideal group of trees. 12. Describe an ideal windbreak. 13. Where should we plant l^ombardy poplars ? It is the endeavor to illustrate the lectures, both in horticulture and land- scape gardening, by actual practice, although, of course, it is impossible to ever fully realize the effort. Necessarily, some of our work is not illustrative. I transcribe from the work-book, the following routine of Avork, selected at ran- dom, for a student during July: Pruning apple trees; weeding onions; mowing with a lawn niower; potting strawberries; shovelling earth; cleaning apple trees; pruning young wood from vineyard; picking peas; cleaning drive; clean- ing and trimming drive, ditto; ditto; scraping apple trees; raking on drive; ditto; ditto; pruning grapevines; raking and trimming drives; ditto. Two- thirds of this was fairly illustrative. In this case the young man had expressed no preference for any particular labor. I will take another instance for the mojith of June: Killing currant worms; poisoning cabbage worms; ditto; ditto; repairing bridge on lawn; planting apricots; applying commercial fer- tilizer to cabbages; working on cold-frames; pruning apple trees; planting various vegetable seeds; poisoning potato bugs; ditto; ditto; removing cold- frames; poisoning ])otato bugs; ditto; transplanting celery; picking goose- berries; picking peas. This student had expressed a desire to kill injurious insects. One or two who desired to work in the orchards did four-fifths of their Avork in pruning, scraping, training, etc. For all students who desire it, I lay out experiments in the garden, orchards and vineyards, and give instruc- tion in methods of mauipulation and original investigation. Many of those who are taking the lectures in horticulture this fall will conduct experiments next year in methods of culture, cross fertilization, and in other directions. 1 um also endeavoring to give my students actual jiractice in budding, grafting, making layers, cuttings, etc. During the cold weather of early spring I shall conduct indoor work with root grafting and other matters so far as our accom- modations will permit. I shall also endeavor to give every student practice in criticising varieties of fruit. In their seasons, collections of many varieties of strawberries, rasi)berries, grapes and other fruits, upon labelled plates, will be put before the students for testing. The students have taken hold of the work cheerfully this summer. From the active horticulturists of the State the De])artment solicits comma- REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURE. 77 iiications and suggestions. It is proposed to inaugurate as many experiments as our means will admit for the benefit of fruit-growers and others. The means and appliances of the Department are very limited in this respect. However, many experiments are under way. The most prominent at present is the test- ing of new fruits and vegetables. We solicit new varieties from originators, desiring, especially, to secure them before they are put upon the market. We are attempting the improvement of promising wild fruits. The first essential to successful experiment is a systematic record. In order, therefore, to make an exact record of the whole visible biography of all our cultivated plants front sowing to maturity, arrangements have been made for competent observers — one for the fruit garden and orchards, one for the vineyards, and one for the vegetable garden — to make daily notes throughout the season upon conditions of plants and important phenomena of growth and structure. This arrange- ment will enable us to jiresent in systematic tabulated form the seasons of germination and maturity, the period of the ]3laut's greatest and least vigor, the exact external influences of culture and weather, the detailed characteristics of leaves, flowers and fruits, and many other highly important features of experiment. This report, so far as this paragraph, was jjublished and distributed to the press and to to the horticulturists of the State as a "Statement concerning the Department of Horticulture and Landscape of the Agricultural College of Michigan." It received extended and favorable commentfrom the press, and I hope that it has awakened an interest in the college among our very extensive fruit-growing population. The improvements upon the college premises, so far as the work of the De- partment is concerned, have been extensive in certain directions. The removal of over a hundred trees has improved our landscape in many places. The most patent fault with the grounds is the sombreness of expression. This fault must be corrected by the judicious removal of trees and by the introduction of attractive flowering shrubs. The drainage of the apple orchard and vegetable gardens has been overhauled. The cat-hole east of tlie farm house has been drained in the most thorough manner by Mr. C. M. McLouth. We intend to grow crops upon it next year. The needs of the Department are many and urgent. The supply of tools of all sorts is small and poor. There is no suitable room for keeping tools, for packing, sorting or storing fruits or vegetables. The basement of College Hall which is now used for this purpose, is dark, damp, and cold, and in every way entirely unfit for our use. It is also much too small. The storing of vegetables in the basement is unwholesome. The basement should be used wholly as a store-room for College Hall, having ash bins built in. The present method of storing ashes in barrels is bungling and unsafe. The Department needs a work- room which can be used in cold weather. Many students desire to carry on illustrative labor in root grafting and in other directions, but which cannot be done to any extent with our present accommodations. We have been ol)liged to work out of doors and in a cramped corner of the horse barn during the cold weather in making mats for hot-beds, and in doing other work which is illus- trative and attractive to students. We have no place for keeping seeds or for preserving specimens for class instruction. We have been obliged to sell nearly all our vegetables at a sacrifice tliis fall for want of any place for storing them. The instruction has been largely suited to our means of illustration; conse- quently it has been fragmentary and unsatisfactory in many directions. There has been given no adequate instruction in the important matters concerning 78 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. the propagation of plants, in iloriculture, forcing-iiouse and green-house prac- tices, and in numerous vital particuhirs. During tlie whole year an especially gratifying feature has been the readiness and in many cases the eagerness with wliich the students have entered into the spirit of all labor which is illustrative. This fact is indication enough that vo pains and elfort should be spared to render all features of illustrative labor prominent. As yet we have no means for furnishing educational labor. Kespectfully submitted, L. TL BAILEY, Jk., Profe.sxor nf Horticulture, and La7idscape Gardening. Ottobbk, i<>S.). REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY. President Willits : The 3'ear just closing has been one of busy [)rus[)eriLy in the Chemical Depart- ment. The attendance of students in t/neir classes has l)een pronipt, and their work satisfactory. In the autumn term three classes daily received instruction in this Depart- ment, namely: Seniors in chemical physics; Juniors in organic chemistry, and the same class in blow-pipe analysis. In the spring term the Seniors had daily lectures in meteorology, and the Juniors three hours daily in chemical analysis. In the summer term, the Seniors had one hour daily in quantitative chemical analysis, the Juniors a daily lecture in agricultural chemistry, the Sophomores a daily lecture in elementary chemistry, and two hours a week in chemical manipulation. This course iu lecturing and teaching would have been impossible but for the efficieiit aid of my assistant in chemistry, who has done the work of a full instructor, besides his assistance in the care of the lalioratory and the appar- atus. OUTSIDE WORK. In December I attended the Sanitary Convention at East Saginaw, and gave a public address on the water-supply for that city. In March I attended the meeting of the Sanitary Council of the Mississippi Valley (of which I am a member,) at New Orleans, and presented a report on the means to guard our people from a threatened incursion of cholera and yellow fever. I'his journey involved a large expense and considerable per- sonal sacrifice. The question may arise, "AVhy should a professor in an Agriculturjil Col- lege interest himself iu these questions of public health?" I am sure that the public health is a question of the first importance to agriculturalists because all disturbances of production and distribution of public wealth reach the produc- ing class in their final sweep, and leave their abiding impression there. The march of yellow fever from New Orleans to Southern Ohio in 18 ?9 affected the welfare of every farmer in Michigan as certainly as it did the citizens of Memphis in Tennessee or Gallipolis iu Ohio. A second outbreak of yellow fever on the banks of the Mississippi, or the sweep of cholera up the St. Law- REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY. 79 renoe would exert a marked depression ou tlie prosperity of Michigan. No class of men are more interested in liealth than farmers, and any effort to pro- mote the pul)lic liealth is not out of place even for a professor in an Agricult- ural college. FARMER.S' INSTITUTES. The duty laid upon me by the State Board of Agriculture in arranging for the Farmers' Institutes in the State \ras duly performed. I attended the Institutes in Flushing and Monroe. The Institutes in the State were held according to the programme adopted by the State Board. These Farmers' Institutes continue to be a power for good to farmers and College alike. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. The meteorological observations begun in 1863 by the order of the State Board of Agriculture, have been continued to the present day. The value of continuous observations running through so many years increases with the years in increasing ratio. They cover a longer period than any taken in this State, and furnish the data for an exact study of the meteorology of our State. While the labor of a single observation is trifling, the confinement and care of tri-daily observations for 22 years becomes a burden. While the Chemical Department has had no startling experiences for the year, and its work has been of the plodding, persistent, eve ry-day-a; -work order, yet reasonable prosperity and satisfaction with the results crown the vear. Respectfully submitted, R C. KEDZIE, Agricultural College, \ Prof. Chemistry. September 30, 1885. \ REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. To the President of the State Agricultural College: The work during the past year in my Department has been very pleasant and satisfactory. The students have shown much interest and enthusiasm in their work, and have made good progress. In the autumn term twenty-two of the Senior class elected zoology. The class in anatomy — consisting of Juniors — numbered thirty-six. Divisions of this class numbering nine students, each spent one hour daily in laboratory work under my special supervision. During the spring term, the Junior class, numbering thirty-one, attended the daily lectures in physiology. During the first half of the term three hoars were spent each afternoon in laboratory work. During the last half of the spring term twenty-two Seniors attended the lectures in geology, which are elective. During the summer term the Junior chiss, numbering thirty-two, attended the daily lectures in entomology. It 'is very desirable to have at least two hours a week laboratory work in this study ; but owing to the i)ress of other re((uired duties, it was found impracticable for the students to find the time. About one hour daily was given to such as could get the time in the laboratory- 80 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Since the beginniug of tlie spring term Mr. C. P. Gillett of the class of 1884 has been taking post graduate study, looking toward a master's degree. Mr. Gillett has studied very thoroughly and described with illustrations several in- sects that were discovered to be enemies to various garden and field products. Mr. Hodges, of the same class with Mr. Gillett, spent some time in the labor- atory engaged in histological work. One of the Seniors, Mr. Woodmansee, did much laboratory work dissecting insects. SUGGESTIONS. I wish to renew my urgent request that the apiary be made complete and put in charge of some competent assistant. It would be self-sustaining, and at the same time illustrate more fully the science and art of apiculture, would give me needed relief, and would surely add to the number of our students. I also wish to urge that our manual labor operations be so modified as to make it possible for me to liave for each pupil at least two hours each week laboratory w'ork in both entomology and zoology. This is granted in all kin- dred institutions so far as I know, and would add very greatly to the value of these studies. COLLEGE WORK OTHER THAN INSTRUCTION. I have lectured once before the whole body of students by special request, and have prepared two of the series of bulletins sent out by the college. One on a new wheat enemy, Isosoma nigrum, and one on the winter management of bees. I prepared two papers for the institutes, which were presented at Plymouth and Manchester. In one of these lectures I treated of the physiological effects of alcoholic drink, in the other of noxious insects. During the entire year I have taught a large and interesting class in the col- lege Sabbath School. Our study has been given to the life of Paul and to the life of Christ. EXPERIMENTS. During the year I have had fully the usual number of inquiries regarding in- sects. All subjects have been promptly investigated and the desired information given as soon as possible. In many of these investigations I have profited by the aid of Mr. Gillett. Several new insects have been described and illustrated, and such of these reports as have not been published in the last report of the State Board will appear in the next report. In the spring, I received a large number of bees dead of diarrhoea, that I might make a careful microscopic examination of the excreta, with a view to determining the precise cause of the winter malady. The results were published in all the bee journals. We have tried many experiments with insecticides, the results of which will appear in institute lectures. THE APIARY. Notwithstanding the general and widespread mortality among bees the past winter, our bees wintered very well indeed. It would seem that our unvarying success almost demonstrated that cellar wintering, in a proper cellar and with proper care, is a certain success. Owing to an accident, mice got mto some of our hives, and in two cases utterly destroyed the bees. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY. 81 We liave sold several colonies of bees during the season, and have secured a large harvest of honey. OUTSIDE WOEK, Last fall I prepared a large and complete collection of apicuUural products, instruments, bee plants, bees, etc., for the New Orleans Exposition. 1 attended the annual meeting of the State Horticultural Society, Avhere I pre- sented two illustrated papers, both of ■which are published in the annual report of that society. I also lorcscnted a paper before the annual meeting of the State 13oc Keepers' Association, of which body I was elected president. I hiive acted as j)resideut of the lugham County Horticultural Society, which holds monthly meetings. By special invitation I presented an illustrated paper on Economic Entomology before the North American Pomological Society at the Grand Kapids meeting. During our August vacation, I attended the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Ann Arbor, which was not only a very enjoyable, but a very profitable occasion. DONATIONS TO THE ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. Mifis Helen S. Norton : Three specimens lava from Sandwich Islands, and 57 specimens of marine shells. 0. H. Judson: Twenty-one specimens of fossils from Lucas county, Ohio. Voiselle ct- Larose : Two willow Pt.rraigans. A. W. Page: One ammonite. W. H. Jes.mp : Specimen of partzite. Lieut. J. A. Lock wood : Ammonite, 2 baculites, opalized wood, 2 concretions and fossil wood. Jiev. E. Murray : Brick of tin. Tin dust. Gates Stannard : Kill-deer eggs. A. G. Head purchased : Virginia deer and fawn, gray fox, white rabbit and long-tailed duck. Ji. M. Bates : Fossil brachiopods, crinoidal stems, spirifer, and fossil coral. Detroit Scientific Association : Fifty-seven si^ecimens of native woods. Chas. Smitli : Three specimens marble, selenite, five specimens sulphate of iron, three speci- mens iron ore. three specimens talc 'Turkish emery, two specimens tourmaline, hornblende, two specimens garnets in emery, three specimens Chester emery, serpentine, corundum, Turkish emery wheel, corundum emery wheel, brown hematite, three specimens sandstone, stalactite, conglomerate, granite, two specimens Italian marble, three specimens limestone, umber, two speeimens yjottery, quartz, iron concretion. T. A. Stanletj: Oast skin of ;i ,snake. 11 82 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. iS. 1). Feper : Jaw of bill fish, Florida beau. A. L. Marhoff: Peduncled wasp's nest. Student : AVasp nest. Veier- taining to the feed and care of the animals. FEED AND FEEDING NOTES. The rough feed was all cut into one-fourth to one-half inch lengths by a power cutter. The cornstalks were not very good, owing to bad weather while curing. The hay (timothy and clover, one-half each) and oat straw were of first quality. The meal, fed to the cows and steers, had 14 parts corn meal, 4 parts oat meal, and 9 parts wheat bran, by weight. That fed to the bull calves, and also to the Ayrshire steer, during the last six weeks of the experi- ment, was composed of one-third oat meal, one-third oil meal, and one-third wheat bran, by weight. Exact notes of the feed given to each animal were kept, and any feed left in the mangers was also carefully noted and removed before the next feeding. CONTENTS OF THE TABLE. The table contains a concise description of each animal, and gives the in- MADE BY THE FARM DEPARTMENT. 105 gredients and exact proportions of the average daily rations. It also presents a full showing, by fortnights, of the feed consumed, gains in weight and the milk yield. In the column headed " Total Feed Consumed," the decimals are omitted, but the calculations based on this column were made with the exact numbers. The losses in weight were put into the column marked "'Gain in Weight," but the minus sign was prefixed in every case, thus (-3G). The two columns headed "Gain per Cent" were calculated as follows: The " gain percent of live weight " was obtained by dividing the "gain in weight," each fortnight, by the weight of the animal at the beginning of the same fort- night. The "gain per cent of feed consumed " was obtained by dividing the "gain in weight," each period, by the "total feed consumed" in the correspond- ing period. In the fifth fortnight there was a slight gain in the milk yield of both cows. This is indicated in the column marked "pounds shrinkage" by the word "gain" over the j)roper number. 14 106 EXPERIMENTS WITH ENSILAGE, TABLE Shounng by Fortnights the Results of the Feeding Experiment. Description of Animals. ■s a 1^ ■< «t- o o ^ V XI £ a s 3 s a: Z 05 Name, Breed, Sex, Age, Etc., of Animals. « "5 » Liilu of Lansing. Ayrshire milch cow. Age 3 yrs. Dropped first call' Sept. 3, 1881. HermiaSd. Short- horn milch cow. Age 3 5-13 years. Dropped first calf Sept. 3, 1881. BataviaSd. Devon steer. Age 1% years. Scott. Ayrshire steer. Age IX years. Bonny Red Rose 3d. Shorthorn dry cow. Age 7 1-13 years. 4 months with calf. Crystal Queen 9th. Shorthorn dry cow. Age 5 5-13 years. 5 months with calf. Helianthus. Short- horn bull calf. Age 1 year. Horatio. Shorth'n bull calf. Age 11-12 years. Hamlet. Shorth'n bull calf. Age 9-13 years. 1 7. 3 7 3 i. 5. 4.5 5. 5. 4.5 5. 3. 3. 3. 3.5 3.3i 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.35 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 5.5 5.63 5.38 5. 5. 5.79 5.5 5.63 6. 6. 6. 6. 5.5 5.63 6. 6. 6. 6. Feed Record. Average Daily Ration. 3 5.75 6.5 7.5 5.75 6.25 7.31 7.5 6.35 7.5 7.5 6.35 7.5 37.75 34.78 33.35 12.5 6.38 6.78 6.5 6.39 7.39 9. 5. 3.78 3.83 4.79 .5.36 8.13 4. 3.5 3.3.' 3.46 4.39 M ft" ca a 02 o CS o O 3 30. 33. 9. 11.5 9.5 8.86 10.5 9.5 8.42 3 o 9.5 8.5 8.93 11.5 10. 9.38 15 15 31.5 i6 21 36.35 41.83 39.35 15 15 13 14.5 a 49. 50. 65. 65.7 63.7 59. 60. 66.5 63. 63. 19. 33.14 37.39 44.8: 44.43 15. 15. 73.43 84.18 78.50 13.5 15. 33. ;7.57 '9.43 29.96 30. n.m 7..50 38.93 !9.83 ;9.79 ca 3 53. 56. 57. 73. 73.5 70.7 53. 66. 67. 3.5 69. 69. 19.75 33.5 38.71 i6.35 41.83 o9.25 19.75 29.75 35.39 40.39 47.83 47.8): 47. 43.5 43. 7S 6.93 87.68 83. 48. 43.5 43.7 31.35 38.38 W.75 31. 35.01 39.63 40.93 41.35 43.08 29. 3.5.13 37.38 38.74 40 61 41.15 14.5 38.13 34..50 34.13 27.35 36.85 29..5()38.83 39.75|39.3I ;29.83i 40.31 738 784 798 1,008 1,015 990 738 934 938 1,039 966 966 377 455 .543 508 585 550 Zfi 417 495 .564 669 669 658 .595 613 1,077 1,338 1,148 463 .595 613 43H 396 375 434 490 .55.5 573 .579 603 406 493 533 543 .569 576 394 47H 516 543 .549 563 Weights and Gains. M 926 95: 916 930 957 960 1,234 1,313 1,18 1,336 1,344 1,368 740 710 760 77 776 760 680 7(10 736 7.56 767 774 1,516 1,.530 1,.5.53 1,570 1,.594 l,6:iO 1,492 l.-'.30 1,536 1,594 1,605 1,630 598 650 678 726 758 802 .508 540 ,.568 616 6.50 688 490 528 .500 600 631 676 bo !* 952 916 930 957 960 976 1,212 1,185 1,236 1,244 1,268 1,264 710 760 778 776 760 746 700 736 756 767 774 780 1,.530 1.5.53 1,.570 I, .594 1,630 1,636 1„530 1,536 1,.594 1,605 1,6:W 1,646 650 678 736 758 803 848 540 568 616 650 688 7::0 .528 .560 600 631 676 708 26 -36 14 27 3 16 -22 -27 51 8 24 -4 -30 50 18 _2 -16 -14 20 36 20 11 7 6 14 22 18 24 36 6 38 6 58 11 25 16 53 23 48 3i 44 46 32 28 48 34 38 32 38 33 40 31 45 32 0..= 2.8 1.5 3.9 .3 1.7 4.3 .6 1 2.4 2.9 5.1 2.7 1.5 .9 .9 1.4 1.2 1.5 2.3 .4 2.5 .4 3.8 .7 1.6 1 8. 4.3 7.1 4.4 5.8 5.7 6.3 5.2 8.5 5.5 5.8 4.7 7.8 6.1 7.1 .5.2 7.1 4.7 3.6 1.8 2.7 .3 1.6 5.4 .8 2.5 11 3.3 7.3 8.6 4 1.9 1. .9 3.1 .3.6 3.9 3 3 3!9 .5 8.2 1 9.5 3.5 6.3 4.3 12. 5.7 8.7 .5.6 7.6 7.6 7.9 5.7 9.3 6.3 6.7 5.6 9.6 6.7 7.8 .5.7 8.3 .5.7 Milk Yield. 0) 60 a J3i on a ■o u a J3 3 ^tl o Oh ■a a o 3 O o D^ Z al 5 lbs : hav 53^ lbs. : cornstalks. 9 lbs loses 30 lbs. Meal 43i lbs.: bay, 7 lbs.; ensilage. 23% lbs gains 34 lbs. loses 10% lbs. The superiority of ensilage over cornstalks as an ingredient in a mixed ration is marked. The loss on the 39 pounds of ensilage — all the steer would eat— is also significant. No. 4. Time fed. Daily Ration. 2 weeks.. .Meal, 5 lbs.; hay, .5% lbs.; cornstalks, 9 lbs. 4 weeks.- Meal, 4% lbs.; hay, 6% lbs.; ensilage, 21 lbs 6 weeks..lMeal, 31bs.; ensilage, 42 1-5 lbs Gains per fortnight. 20 lbs. 28 lbs 8 lbs Here the fluctuations are similar to those of No. 3, though not nearly as marked. During the last 4 weeks of the experiment, this steer would have eaten more ensilage had the allowance been increased. It is worth while to note that, with three pounds of meal added, No. 4, though not so hearty a feeder as No. 3, could eat 4:2 pounds of ensilage, while No. 3, ou ensilage alone, ate only 39 pounds. No. 5. Time fed. Daily Rations. 2 weeks.- 1 Meal, 33^ lbs.; hay, 7>r>' lbs.; cornstalks, llj^ lbs.; oat straw, 9)^ lbs.; roots, 15 lbs.. 4 weeks.. ' Meal, 3?s 1 bs.; hay, 7 lbs.; cornstalks, 9 1-5 lbs.; oat straw, 8% lbs.; ensilage, 15 lbs 6 weeks.- Meal, 3)4 lbs.; ensilage, 78% lbs ..- Gains per fortnight. 14 lbs. 20 lbs. 22 lbs. The above is a strong showing for ensilage, especially as compared with roots. No. 6. Time fed. Daily Rations. 2 weeks.. Meal, 3;^ lbs.; hay, 7,V lbs.; cornstalks, 10>(f lbs.; oat straw, 11>^ lbs.; roots, 15 lbs 4 weeks.. I Meal, 33s lbs.; hay 7 lbs.; cornstalks, 9 lbs.; oat straw, 8% lbs.; ensilage, 14Ji lbs.. Gains per fortniglit. 38 32 lbs. lbs. « weeks.. i Meal, 3>i ii n " 2(1 " 24. " 3d " --- 24. Average daily yield for 91 days 24.6 24.8 24.8 24. All opportunity is here offered to call attention to the fact that up to a cer- tain point the yield of milk may be influenced by the quantity of digestible food ; but beyond this point ATliich is determined by 1)reed, time of calving, and individual peculiarity, an increased amount of food fails to increase the yield of milk. Ensilage can produce no more milk than any other fodder which contains an equal amount of food, a point well illustrated by the above table. While the yield of milk and its percentage of butter cannot be increased at will, it is well-known that its quality may be very materially influenced by the feeding. It is claimed for ensilage that it makes "winter butter equal to June butter," a claim willingly adniitted, butter made from the fodder being to our knowledge of unusually line color and flavor. The composition of ensilage is by no means constant, as the following table of analyses shows ; soil, variety of corn, method of planting and cultivating, and above all, the time of harvesting exert a decided influence on its quality. The samples furnished by Mr. Piatt and Messrs. Whitman & Burrill had the characteristic vinous smell which indicated that they had been exposed to the air before reaching the laboratory — and probably an analysis of a perfect sam- ple would have indicated a larger amount of nutritive matter. From personal observation at the silo, we know that Mr. Piatt's ensilage was as well preserved as any we have seen. In this table the samples have been arranged with reference to their percent- age of water and carbhydrates : Carbhy- drates. Pr. Ct. Mr. Mills, Pompton, N. J Mr. Morris, Oakland Manor, Md Buckley Bros., Port Jervis, N. Y Ooe Bros., West Meridian, Conn Mich. State Agricultural Col., Lansing College Farm, New Brunswick, N. J Mr. Piatt, Sufrield, Conn Whitman & Burrill, Little Falls, N. Y. James Lippincott, Mt. Holly, N. J Dr. J. M. Bailey, Billerica, Mass Lobs at Fr. Ct. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Asli. Pr. (Jt. Pr. Ct. Pr. Ct. Pr. Ct. 77.4 1.02 0.68 6.85 1.00 78.51 .88 0.62 6.43 1.53 80.86 1.27 0.67 5.47 1.00 82.10 1.21 0.71 5.84 1.02 82.27 1.63 0.76 4.72 1.94 83.52 .94 0.65 5.18 1.43 83.56 1.06 0.73 5.76 .81 83.54 1.06 0..50 5.85 1.40 84.28 1.37 0.50 4.68 1.26 84.87 1.06 0.45 5.61 .98 13.04 12.03 10.73 9.62 8.68 8.28 8.08 7.65 7.91 7.03 The amount of ensilage to be used depends entirely upon its quality and upon the plans of the farmer. Mr. Mills, for instance, could make up a full ration for a cow of 1,000 pounds live weight, by feeding daily eighty pounds of his ensilage and five and 3IADE BY THE FARM DEPARTMENT. 113 one-lialf pounds of cotton seed meal; while at the college farm, with five pounds of cotton seed meal, one hundred and twenty pounds were necessary. In these rations nearly all the carbhydrates needed, and a portion of the pro- tein and fat is furnished at a very low price by the ensilage ; the balance of the protein and fat is drawn from the cotton seed meal. It: desirable, a much smaller quantity of the ensilage could be used, and the carbhydrates given in form of corn meal or any feed rich in these compounds ; in ensilage they can be had however, much cheaper than in any feed known to us at present. One thing must be considered : If the quality of the ensilage obliges the farmer to feed his cows more than eighty or ninety pounds daily per liead, there is reason to fear they will scour. The amounts fed by the above named gentlemen have varied from sixty-five to eighty pounds, and with these amounts no trouble whatever has been experienced. We therefore conclude that if the ensilage is of first-class quality, eighty pounds per day will furnish an animal with the full amount of carbhydrates ; if it is of medium quality, it will be safer to limit the amount to about ninety pounds, furnishing the rest of the carbhydrates in form of feed or straw. From the above experiment we feel justified in concluding that milch cows can be safely fed large quantities of this fodder, and that it is a perfect sub- stitute for hay. The question of expense we reserve for a future bulletin. ENSILAGE EXPERIMENTS OF 1882-3. Is an acre of corn grown for fodder, ensilaged, worth more to feed cattle; will it go farther than if cut up and dried in the ordinary way? is a question often asked, but still not answered conclusively. While the answer possibly may be in the negative (I am not of that opinion), it by no means follows that ensilage would not even then have a very important place among our cattle foods. If the reply should be in the affirmative, then, on the score of economy, convenience in handling, and value, it would be almost indispensable on a stock farm. This would be especially true where cows were kept for dairy purposes, as ensilage being a succulent food, is calculated to produce a liberal yield of milk. To still further test the value of ensilage as a practical, economical method of storing and preserving fodder fresh and juicy for winter feeding — as a chief substitute for roots^as a part ration with straw and coarse fodders, and espec- ially ill comparison with corn grown on adjacent plats and under the same conditions as the ensilage; but cut up and cured with great care in the ordi- nary wav — were the thoughts in mind in planning our feeding experiments for 188-^ and '83. ANIMALS CHOSEN FOE THE EXPERIMENT. Three lots of cattle were selected from the college herd December IS, 1882. 15 114 EXPERIMENTS WITH ENSILAGE, Lot I. consisted of three bulls, two Shorthorns and one Ayreshire. No. 1, a Short- horn bull calf, aged 9 mouths ; No. 'i, an Ayreshire bull, aged 15 months ; No. 3, a Shorthorn bull, aged 1-1 months. Lot IL was composed of two large dry cows, Shorthorns, nearly alike as to weight, condition and feeding qualities. No. 4, aged 6 years ; M o. 5, aged 8 years. Lot III. was made up of four milk cows ; three Ayrshires and one Shorthorn. No. 6, Ayreshire, aged 3 years, calved October 2, 1882 ; No. 7, Ayreshire, aged 4 years, calved September 29, 1882; No. 8, Ayreshire, aged 4 years, calved October 4, 1882; No. 9, Shorthorn, aged 4 years, calved November 24, 1882. PREVIOUS TREATMENT. Owing to the mildness of the fall weather the cows were turned out during the day until about the first of December, when they were given dry cornstalks and meal twice daily. The three bulls had been let out during the summer previous, only for exercise. During the month of November all the cows selected for the experiment had lost weight except No. 4 (Stewart Queen 9th), she having gained nothing. The bulls had each gained in weight. They were all in good or fair condition except No. 9 (Hermia 2d) ; she, hav- ing dropped a calf a short time previous, was rather thin in flesh. TREATMENT DURING THE EXPERIMENT. The cattle were attended throughout the experiment by one person, and pains was taken to secure regularity in everything pertaining to the feed and care of the animals. The animals were fed regularly three times daily at 0:15 a. m , 11:30 a. m., and 4:30 p. M. They were watered in the stall at 9 A. m., and had access to water when turned out to exercise, from 2 p. m., till 4 p. m. The milking was done just before the regular morning and evening feedings. The animals Avere daily groomed with card and brush; the stables were cleaned and littered both morning and afternoon. Salt was given regularly three times each week. They were weighed on putting up, and regularly each week there- after at 3: 30 p. M. The time of feeding consisted of periods of three weeks each. FEED AND FEEDING NOTES. The rough feed was cut into one-fourth and one-half inch lengths by a power cutter. The cornstalks, dried corn fodder, and hay were all of good quality. The meal had 14 parts corn meal, 4 parts oat meal, and 9 parts wheat bran by height. During the second and third periods the bulls had daily one pound of oil meal each, besides their regular feed of corn and oat meal and wheat bran. One pound per day of oil meal was given No. 8 during the third week of the first period. Exact notes were kept of feed given to each animal, and if any was left in mangers it was weighed and deducted from amount given. MADE BY THE FARM DEPARTMENT. 115 COMPARISONS BY LOTS. Lot 1. During the first period this lot had a daily ration of 15.95 pounds of meal 38.90 pounds hay, and 44. 75 pounds roots. During second period 20 pounds of meal, 28.89 pounds of hay, and 42.89 pounds of ensilage. During the third period 20 pounds of meal 29.73 pounds of hay, and G9. 77 pounds of ensilage. GAINS IN WEIGHT. Gain. First period 187 lbs. Second period 83 Third period 118 They were each given all the hay they would eat during the three periods, and during the first period nearly all the roots they would eat. During the second and third periods ensilage was substituted for roots, and they had what they would eat up clean once a day. Lot II. During the first period this lot had a daily ration of 6 pounds of meal, 12 pounds of hay, and 29.42 pounds of cut cornstalks; during the second period 6.38 pounds of meal, 12 pounds of hay, and 89.94 pounds of ensilage; during the third period pounds of meal, 12 pounds of hay, and 105 pounds of ensi- lage. GAINS IN WEIGHT. Gain. First period 126 lbs. Second period 22 " Third period 32 " Daring the first period they had all the cornstalks they would eat, but when ensilage was substituted for the corn stalks they were limited to 50 and 55 pounds respectively. Lot IIL During the first period this lot received 28.33 lbs. of meal and 78.34 lbs of dried corn fodder. During the second period 28 pounds of meal and 236.62 lbs. of ensilage. During third period the lot was divided; Nos. 6 and 7 receiving as a daily ration 14 pounds of meal and 133.06 lbs. of ensilage, about the same amount they had received during the second period. While Nos. 8 and 9 received 14 lbs. of meal and 37.09 lbs. of dried- corn fodder, about the same amount they had received during the first period. ]^umber 8 during the second period received, in addition to the regular feed, a feed of 3.42 lbs. of hay per day. 116 EXPERIMENTS WITH ENSILAGE, GAIN OK LOSS IX WEIGHT. First period. Second period -_ Third period (Nos. and 7). Third period (Nos. 8 and 9). Gain. 116 Loss. 133 50 First period, Lot III (Nos. C and 7) Second period," " " " " Third period, " " " " " . First period. Lot IV (Nos. 8 and 9). Second period, " " " " " . Third period, " " " " " . Milk Yield. 6UX 584>^ 681X 655 569)the Results of the Feeding Experivient. £ < o a g 3 Zi 1 Name of Animal. •a o o 2. O s g 3 z; Average Daily Ration. ■6 B 3 09 a o o ■3 601 496 734 Weights :— Gains and Losses. Milk Yield. o o S 3 w 3 o o o 3 o c u o ' -a 5° (U — a C3 60 03 XI 03 3 o E _o 03 3 ij 0. +j bo J= a ^B a ^^ 796 820 888 '3 3 36 34 38 "S a Hi 1H ^ bo ^% 3.3 3. 4.7 00 ■a a 3 p. IZi ■3 M en ■a a § p. 00 ■a a 3 . a" (0 em < ■3 College Baron. 1 2 3 9.45 6. 6. 9.46 7.11 7.37 14.28 28.69 33.63 34.48 770 796 850 10..52 21.11 +H 2 Horace of Lansing. 1 2 3 5. 6. 6. 13.24 9.26 10.23 15.23 33.47 30.56 39.56 703 641 830 683 754 780 754 765 804 71 11 34 10.4 1.4 3. EH O — 15.30 23.33 3 Hebe's Baron. 1 2 3 6. 8. 8. 16.16 12.21 12.16 15.23 31.39 37.37 45.49 659 783 955 890 980 1050 980 1038 1106 90 48 56 -- 11. 4.9 5.3 — 17.06 35.33 .... .... 4 Crystal Queen 9th. 1 2 3 3. 3.19 3. 6. 5.80 6. 13.44 33.44 52.51 59. 741 1103 1339 1400 14; SO 1440 1430 1460 1454 30 30 u -- 2.1 2 ."9 .... .... 43.52 50. H O 5 Bonny Red Rose. 1 2 3 3. 3.19 3. 6. 6. 6. 15.97 "53.09 55. 24.97 62.38 64. 534 1307 1344 1512 1608 1580 1608 1600 1598 96 is '8 6.3 — 1.1 .... .... 6 Phyl- letta. 1 2 3 7. 7. 7. 21.42 64'.94 67.24 28.42 71.49 74.24 596 1501 1559 887 864 890 864 902 918 38 38 33 "4.3 3.1 335>^ 339 309 i% 36" 15.50 16.14 14.71 t-H 7 Stewart Queen. 1 2 3 i . 21.99 63".78 66.11 ::::: 28.99 70.78 73.11 608 1486 1535 960 954 960 954 966 956 is 6 .... .. 1.2 '(■■■■ 289 275ki ■8>^ 32" 13.76 14.16 13.11 *-H O 8 Lulu of Lansing. 1 2 3 7. 7. 7. 3.42 12.18 17.73 '43.47 23.60 50.47 24.73 474 1059 519 936 893 910 892 913 910 30 34 "3.3 1871/2 191'/2 170 "4 " 2i'/2 8.92 9.11 8.09 9 Hermia 2d. 1 2 3 7. z- 22.73 19.35 39.73 72.47 26.35 624 1517 553 1250 1180 1170 1180 1226 1120 46 70 50 "'3'9 474 463X 3991/2 .... ioK 64 22.57 65.47 22.07 19.03 TEMPERATURE. The temperature was much colder during the entire period of feeding than during the experiments a year ago. At 8 o'clock each morning a note was 118 EXPERIMENTS WITH ENSILAGE, taken of the temperature as indicated by the thermometer, the direction of the prevailing wind, the aspect, and the humidity. The prevailing wind on a majority of days was from the southwest. Temperature. The maximum temperature. The minhnum temperature. The average temperature 1st Period. 40° 6° 25.66° 2d Period. 31° -18° 11.85° 3d Period. 48° -10° 19.18° I am under obligations to the Chemical Department over which Dr. Kedzie presides, for the following analyses of samples of the ensilage and fodder corn used in the experiments. The corn fodder contained 22.85 per cent of water, while the ensilage con- tained 79. GO per cent of water. The results of analysis are calculated water free. , Corn Fodder. Ensilage. Cellulose or fiber 33.15 27.75 Carbo-hydrates (not fat) 52. 02 46.43 Albuminoids (protein; -. 7.00 7.15 Ether extract, fat, wax, etc 1.95 1.19 Ash 6.88 5.49 Acid 12.00 100.00 100.00 The per cent of carbo-hydrates and albuminoids in the ensilage show it to have been of good quality. The "per cent of acid seems large; but not larger than some other samples here shown. CORN FODDER GROWN FOR ENSILAGE AND FOR DRIED FODDER. The land upon which it was grown was a sandy loam. Bailey's ensilage corn and Chester county corn were grown on the same plat in rows four feet apart, dropped in drills and covered with hoes. It was cultivated four times with a one-horse double-shovel cultivator. It attained a large growth, had a fcAV ears and had become a little brown at the butts of the stalks when cutting was com- menced September 12. The filling of the silo being finished September 15, it Avas covered September 16 and weighted with 100 pounds of stone to the square foot. The area of corn put in the silo was 211 rods, yielding 46,763 pounds. The dried corn fodder was grown on an area of 64 rods, yielding, when dried, 4,350 pounds. This would make the weight of ensilage grown on one square rod 231 pounds, or 35,360 pounds per acre. The yield of dried corn fodder joer rod was 68 pounds and 10,880 pounds to the acre. In other words, 3^ pounds of ensil- age makes 1 pound of dried fodder. The Aveight of corn in silo — weighed as it was put in September 12, 13, 14, 15 — 51,433 pounds. The silo was opened December 15 and each load taken out was carefully weiglied and a record kept. Finished the feeding April 1, but a few cubic feet of the ensilage left in the silo at this writing, June 8, seems after the surface is removed in a good state of preservation. The number of pounds weighed out was 44,315. This indicates a loss of 7,118 pounds or about MADE BY THE FARM DEPARTMENT. 119 15 per cent. I estimate the loss in weight of the fodder corn by drying out in tlie barn al)Out the same as ordinary hay, from 15 to 25 per cent. The analysis of the fodder corn shows a large per cent of water, although the fall had been quite favorable for curing thoroughly. I have always found dif- ficulty in drying corn fodder so that it could be stored without injury in large quantities. Here is one advantage in storing in a silo: If the work has been properly, attended to, cover and weights on, you may be quite certain that the ensilage will come out in good shape. You will be saved the vexation of watch- ing and turning your fodder, unbinding and binding, and seeking out new devices to prevent the fodder corn from moulding, which it is so likely to do. I am in- clined to believe that the green corn can be cut and placed in the silo at as lit- tle cost as the fodder can be cut, dried and passed through the cutting box be- fore feeding ; and this, too, at a season of the year when the work can be' more economically performed than in the winter. SILOS. I need only to add to my former report on this point that experience confirms the statement then made that any material may be used in the construc- tion of silos that will exclude the air ; that it is better to have several silos, or divisions, rather than a very large one ; that Aveighting with stone, barrels of earth, or sacks of grain is likely to be more satisfactory than a screw, which may not receive attention at the right time ; and that the silo is one of the most economical methods of providing shelter for fodder. In no way, perhaps- can the same equivalent in dried fodder be secured with so little expense. Sev- eral silos were built in the State last year of wood, and I have yet to learn that. any one of them has proven a failure. The results of the experiment, so far as comparing ensilage with dried fod- der corn, show that when ensilage was substituted for the fodder corn in the- second period, there was an increase in the weight of the cows and in the milk jneld from Nos. 6, 7 and 8, while No. 9 shows an increase in weight, but a shrinkage in milk yield. I should here say that the corn fodder was of good quality, and the cows Avere fed what they would eat clean. It will be noticed that the daily ration of corn fodder equals in weight nearly one-third of the daily ensilage ration. I am confirmed in the belief that three tons of tlie ensilage is equal in feeding value to one ton of hay. The yield of ensilage corn was eighteen tons per acre, equivalent in feeding value in a combined ration to six tons of hay. Ensilage means the growing of an equivalent to six or ten tons of hay per acre. Admit, only, that three pounds of ensilage will take the jAsLce of one pound of hay in a mixed cattle ration, even then, if animals fed with it thrive, tu'e healthy, and present a general appearance much like that resulting from grass feeding, coming out, after four or five months' confine- ment, with sleek coats, with not much, if any, loss of weight, and with no more shrinkage of milk yield than we ought reasonably to expect as the time from calving increases, we must conclude that there is some virtue in fodder prepar- ed in this manner Claim only this, and is it not a profitable and a practical method of securing large yields of corn, sorghum, and other forage crops, and preparing them for convenient and economical feeding ? It is to be regretted that so many extravagant statements have been made in relation to the value of ensilage — the number of cattle that could be kept from the product of a single acre, etc. Practical, thmking men have been deterred from investigating this subject and giving it such attention as it really deserves, because of the wild statements of impractical enthusiasts. 120 EXPERIMENTS WITH ENSILAGE. ENSILAGE A CHEAP SUBSTITUTE FOR ROOTS. I am more than ever convinced that the idea I suggested two years ago that ensilage "will prove a cheap substitute for roots, will be approved by any farmer who will make the trial. Farmers who have had experience in feeding stock know how desirable it is to have some succulent food as a part ration at least, during our long cold winters. Eoots are a desirable cattle food, but an expen- sive crop for the average farmer to raise and handle. But few farmers have the facilities for storing them in any quantity. They must be buried in the field ; and in the winter with the thermometer below zero, digging out the roots and getting them to the stock is not a desirable task. If ensilage will give us the succulent food at less cost, in shape to be easily handled and occupying but a small .'pace in storage, it must j^rove of value. What are the farmers in Michigan to do with the coarse fodders raised on our farms, but to feed them. They are too bulky to transport to market— they must help make beef and mutton, but the farmer needs something to feed in connection with them to make them of more value, and the ensilage will help out in this direction. The large number of silos erected during the last year in all parts of our country, indicates that ensilage has the sanction of a number of our leading ;f armors, and that actual tests confirm reasonable claims as to its value as a cat- •.tle food. The farmers of Great Britain, too, are greatly interested in this isubject, and it has received the favorable attention of some of the leading English aoriculturists. To Mr. AVill E. Hale, class of '83, I am under obligations for most careful ;and ctiicient aid in the carrying out of these experiments. Kespectfully submitted, SAM'L JOHNSON, Prof, of Practical Agriculture and Supt. of the Farm. Agricultural College, June 8, 1883. THE EIPEXKG OF WHEAT. BY E. C, KEDZIE. [First published in Report for 1881-'82.] The wheat crop of the United States is of great importance, because it is a staple agricultural production in nearly every State and territory of our Union. The grain is also important, because it furnishes the leading article of food for civilized man. Both as consumers and producers, Americans^re interested in this leading cereal. Any circumstance, therefore, which may affect its jjro- •duction or modify its nature as food, becomes a matter of general interest. One of the circumstances which has a modifying influence upon tl\e quan- tity and quality of wheat is the time of cutting the grain. There is some diversity of opinion respecting the time when wheat should be cut in order to secure the best results, some advocating early cutting, and others recom- mending that the grain should become dead ripe before harvesting. The plea for complete rijDening, like the plea for flinty wheats as a class, is based upon the claim that only the hard and flinty wheats have the desirable amount of gluten ; that the early ripened and the soft wheats are so deficient in gluten that good flour cannot be made from them, and only the hard wheats possess the requisite amount of gluten. The true explanation of this exaltation of the flinty wheats, and the depre- ciation of the soft wheats, is that there has been a revolution in the methods of milling by the introduction of the patent process. Under the old method of milling when the grinding was completed at one operation, the soft wheats were in demand, and early cutting, while the '^^ berry was in the dough," was recommended. But since the new process has been introduced, in which the grinding is accomplished in successive stages, and the highest prized and priced flour is now made from the middlings, which formerly were discarded as unfit for .human food, a verj^diilei'ent quality of wheat is desired. The soft wheats are no longer in demand, but the hard and flinty wheats which will produce the largest amount possible of middlings for purifying, making the "new process flour." The farmer is urged to discard his white winter wheat, and to let his wheat stand till dead ripe, in order to secure the hard and flinty berry. This is fair and legitimate, and should give offense to no one, for the miller has the right to give the preference to one quality of wheat berry over another quality; but the case becomes different when he alleges as the ground for such preference that the soft wheat is so deficient 16 122 THE RIPENING OF WHEAT. in gluten as to be incapable of making good flour, and that the formation of gluten is one of the latest acts in ripening of wheat, and that the early ripened berry is so deficient in gluten as to be unfit for milling. The ques- tion, then, becomes one not of physical texture but of nutritive value. The farmer resents the imputation that his grain is deficient in the most impor- tant nutritive principle, while the consumer becomes solicitous lest he may be using a flour not up to the standard in nutritive value. There would have been less heat in this discussion if the miller had frankly said that in consequence of a great change in the j)rocess of milling, wheat of a very different texture is now in demand, without attempting to drive out the wheats which had been standards of excellence by representing them so deficient in gluten as to be unfit for his use. The farmer replies: "My white winter wheat had enough gluten five years ago, and commanded the highest price. Why has it become so poor in gluten?" It is hardly fair for the miller to attempt to cover his change of base from white to flinty wheats by this flank movement of asserting that the soft wheats are deficient in gluten. But if it is true that the hard and flinty wheats alone contain the desira- ble quantity of gluten, and that gluten is the last principle developed in the process of ripening, it is important for all classes that the facts should be known, because in the long run the truth can wrong no one. We are told that the wheat of warm climates is richer in gluten and more flinty in texture than wheat of cold climates. Some persons seem to assume that the flinty quality of such wheat is in consequence of its large content of gluten, and that the hardness of any wheat is proportioned to its content of glufen ; that since the wheat of this climate becomes more flinty by over-ripening, this change must be attended by an increase of gluten in the last stages of ripening. The composition of wheat at different periods of growth seemed to me a subject of so much importance that I determined to give it a careful inves- tigation. In such a study it was not my desire to view the subject from the standpoint of either the farmer or the miller. My aim was to establish data rather than to formulate opinions. It seemed to me that for such an investi- gation the most trustworthy conditions would be furnished by chemical analysis of the wheat at different stages of growth. SELECTING SPECIMENS. A field of Clawson wheat, which appeared to be very uniform in its growth and in the quality of its soil, was selected for one set of specimens, and another similar field of Schumacher wheat for a parallel set of specimens. I decided to take two sets of specimens of different varieties of wheat in order to eliminate the influence of individual peculiarities in either variety. I began to gather my specimens on June 26, 1879, and gathered a speci- men of each variety at 9 o'clock a. m. for twenty-one successive days, a period embracing the progressive changes of the berry from its early forma- tion, and before the contents of the berry were milky in color, up to the time of dead ripeness. The Schumacher, however, was found to be some- what in advance of the Clawson through the whole series, and the berry was in the milk at- the first cutting. It seemed to keep about five days in advance of the Clawson. CONDITION AT TIME OF CUTTING, 123 A small bundle of the grain was cut, labeled, and placed to ripen and dry in an airy room, so as to give the best possible conditions in harvesting, and every bundle was subjected to the same treatment in drying and ripening. When fully dry the grain was beaten out by hand, winnowed, and preserved in glass jars for chemical analysis. The grain thus ripened on the stalk, as it slowly dried in the sheltered room, was different from what it would have been if threshed out as soon as cut, but the difference was the same for all, and the grain thus matured would represent the results secured by ripening under the most favorable conditions of harvesting at the several periods of cutting. CONDITION AT TIME OF CUTTING. The following diary will give some idea of the condition and development of the berry and the ripening of the stalk at the successive periods of cutting. I also include a brief statement of the condition of the weather, which may assist in explaining the rapid changes which took place at certain stages of growth : □ 1... 2 3... i... 5... 6... FT I 8... 9.._ 10... 11... 12... 13... 14... 15... 16... 17... 18. _. 19... 20... 21... Mean Daily Temperature. I 173 Cloudy. 75° Rain. 63>3° Rainy. 68». Cloudy. 70M°. Clear. Clear. 77K°. Cloudy and raining. 79°. Hot and close, cloudy. 66%°. Cooler and cloudy. -"1 2/ o I 173 . Clear. 78°. Rain in night. 73°. Rainy. 75%'. Cloudy. 74°. Clear. 16°. Rain in night. 75°. Cloudy. 73>i°. Clear. 79°. Clear. 81°. Clear. 85>i°. Cloudy. 78°. Degree of Ripeness of Stalk and Berry of Clawson Wheat at tlie Several Periods of Cutting. Stalk green; berry watery and im- mature ; a little milky. Stalk green, and leaves rusted slight- ly ; berry very immature, somewhat milky. Berry milky and sweetish ; color of berry green. Berry milky and sweet ; still green in color. Berry milky, sweet, green ; no dough. Straw still green ; berry milky, sweet, greenish in color, no dough. Stalks green, but leaves yellow ; ber- ry more milky, sweet, yellow-green. Straw green ; heads yellowisli ; berry yellow-green, thick milk, sweet. Stalks and heads ttirning yellow; berry milky-dough, sweet. Stalks and heads yellowish-green ; berry less sweet and more doughy. Stalks yellowish ; heads begin to bend ; berry thin dough, a little sweet. Straw yellow ; heads bend more ; berry in the dough, only a little sweet. Heads bend over; berry stiff dough. Berry crushed dry between thumb nails ; harvested to-day. Berry nearly dry and becoming hard ; straw entirely ripe. Berry dry and hard ; stalks a full yellow. Stalks over-ripe ; berry shells on handling sheaf. Stalks becoming brittle^. Stalks becoming brown and brittle. Manifestly dead-ripe. " Still dead." Degree of Ripeness of Stalk and Berry of Sciiumaclier Wheat at the Several I'eriods of Cutting. Stalks green ; berry milky, easily crushed by fingers, sweet. Stalk green; berry easily crushed by fingers, milky and sweet. Berry more milky, but greenish ; can be crushed by fingers, sweet. Berry yellowish, milky dough ; fingers stained by milk when being crushed. Straw becoming yellow ; berry in milky-dough condition. Berry in the dough ; crushed between thumb nails stains them. Straw purplish, but leaves green ; ber- ry in the dough and becoming yellow. Head brown ; berry deep yellow, stiff dough, can be crushed by tiiumb nails. Berry brown, hard ; difficult to crush between thumb nails. Berry crushes dry ; grain harvested to-day. Straw purpli-sh red and fully ripe. Heads bend over ; stalks becoming brown and leaves dry. Ripe and over ripe. The condition of the grain after ripening on the stalk is best exhibited by the specimen of each day's cutting now placed before you. 124 THE RIPENING OF WHEAT. THE GROSS PEODUCT PER ACRE AT EACH CUTTING, Tlie amount of grain as influenced by the period of cutting is a question of practical importance to the farmer. In making this estimate I confined my attention to the weight of perfectly dry berry, because I was satisfied that any variation in amount of grain, attendant upon changes during growtli, arises from variation in the size and weight of the berry, and not from any change in the number of grains growing on a given area, since new grains would not form during the period of ripening, and all those already formed would pass through the successive stages of development more or less completely. In this way there were eliminated several sources of error incidental to measur- ing the grain produced on a given area, such as the loss of grain in handling, and from incomplete threshing, varying productiveness of different plots of soil, etc. All broken kernels and foreign substances of every kind were removed, but no grains were removed in consequence of imperfect develop- mcTit. The grain was then poured into the scale-pan of a delicate balance, and ten grammes carefully weighed out and the number of grains of wheat counted. This was repeated ten times for each specimen and one-tenth of the sum of the whole was taken as representing the number of kernels of wheat for the weight of ten grammes. The gross product of grain at the several stages of growth would be directly as the weight of the kernels, and inversely as the number of kernels required to produce a given weight. The average number of grains of wheat required to weigh ten grammes at the several periods of cutting is given in the following table. I have also estimated the number of bushels of grain at the different periods of cutting, on the supposition that eacli variety of wheat produced thirty bushels to the acre as its maximum. The table also contains the percentage of nitrogen, cellulose, and ash, at the different periods of growth: TABLE I. Clawson. Schumacher. Clawson. Schumacher. Number of Cutting. a .5 ^ 'a B as 1- O < 2 X o Is a S 1- a! < o GO .a 3 c o u o J3 -< B £ i o 3 1 .3 ] 704 .593 .5:^1 471 4.54 362 384 327 316 290 276 282 267 272 264 272 270 277 268 272 268 11.23 13.34 14.91 16.81 17.44 21.87 20.62 24.23 25.03 27.31 28.69 28.08 29.66 29.12 30.00 29.12 29.27 3h.69 29..55 29.13 29..55 484 447 4.55 383 365 332 330 ;!08 304 260 267 260 261 2(53 266 263 260 260 262 273 276 16.11 17.44 17.13 20.37 23.00 23.49 24.37 25.32 35.66 .■!0,(X) 29.21 30.00 29.88 29.77 29.36 2!».65 130.00 30.00 29.36 28.67 28.36 2.63 2.36 2.37 2.09 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.96 1.90 1.89 2.00 1.98 1.93 1.93 1.87 1.97 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.92 4.03 4.05 3.55 3.47 3.29 3.16 3.18 3.08 2.80 2.80 2.79 2.40 3.35 2.20 2.26 2.15 2.26 2.36 2.40 3.38 2.39 2.72 3.48 2.30 2.24 3.04 1.97 1.9G 1.90 1.80 1.81 1.91 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.82 1.86 1.88 1.37 1,79 1.78 2.72 2.78 2.75 2..53 2.51 2 42 2M 2.45 2.37 3.39 2.41 2.36 2.39 2.39 2.37 2.39 2.36 3.27 2.25 2.23 3.21 3.40 3.42 3.31 2.90 2.86 2.88 2.85 2.80 2.83 2.76 2.74 2.68 2.45 2.31 2.26 2.21 2.24 2.29 2.33 2.37 2.36 2.20 •> 2.21 3 2.19 4 2.18 2.05 6 2.00 7 1.97 8 1.98 !) 1.96 10 1.94 11 1.92 13 1.96 13 1.91 14 1.93 1.5 1.90 16... 1.86 17 1.87 18 1.86 19 1.85 20 1.84 31 1.86 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. 125 It Avill be seeu that the Schumacher is about five days in advance of the Clawson ; that the growth of each kind j^roceeds by a somewhat uneven pro- gression, the increase of growtli bearing some rehition to the preceding daily temperature, because the specimens wore gathered in the morning. The falling oil* in the seventh cutting of Clawson is curious, and I can offer no explanation. After the complete ripening of the grain there is a sensible decrease, showing that the common impression among farmers that there is diminished production of grain when harvesting is delayed too long, is well founded. This loss is not from careless handling of the grain or from drying by over-ripening. The loss is a real one, though not large. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. The wheat was powdered by prolonged beating in an iron mortar, and sift- ing this in a wire sieve of 38 meshes to the inch, and this process repeated till the entire quantity taken had passed through the sieve. The amount of water in each specimen was determined by prolonged heating in the steam bath and cooling in a sulphuric acid desiccator till there was no further loss of weights, and the entire loss of weight was taken as water. The results of all analyses and other estimations are based upon water-free material. The ash was determined by prolonged burning in a shallow platinum dish, kept at a low red heat till the ash burned white, and the ash was weiglied with its natural contents of carbonic acid. The percentage of ash is given in Table I, which shows a regular decline as the grain develops by forma- tion of ash-free carbhyd rates. The cellulose was estimated by boiling in water containing Ij per cent sulphuric acid, then with water and repeating process; then with 1|- percent caustic potash solution — then boilinsr with water and washing the crude cellulose with alcohol and other, following lEennebergh's method. The crude cellulose was then dried in water bath to constant weight; then incinerated and the wei'^ht of ash deducted, when the residual weight was taken as cellulose. No estimate was made of the small amount of nitrogen which it contained. The cellulose was of a light brown color. The percentage of cellulose regularly decreased from the earliest forma- tion of the grain up to the time of ripening, the amount being greater in the first cuttings of Clawson than in those of Schumacher, because of its more imuiature condition. After ripening there is an increase of cellulose, showing that over-ripening is attended by a loss of nutritive material, if we consider dense cellulose as indigestible. The increase of cellulose seems to be in intimate relation to the process of hardening exhibited in dead ripening. The nitrogen was determined in the usual way by combustion with soda lime, and the amount of albuminoids estimated by multiplying the nitrogen by 6.4. The percentage of nitrogen is given in Table I, and the estimated amount of albuminoids in the dry substance is given in Table II. 126 THE RIPENING OF WHEAT. TABLE II. By Table II. it will be seen that the highest percentage of albuminoids is formed in the earliest stages of growth^ and it falls off regularly to the com- plete ripening of the seed, which contains relatively less albuminoids than at any previous period of growth. The claim that gluten is principally formed near the close of the process of ripening, and that the dead ripe wheat contains more gluten than wheat harvested at some earlier period of growth, receives no support from the results of these analyses. The liard and flinty berry secured by over-rij^ening is no richer in gluten than the soft berry secured by early harvesting. I am now speaking of the percentage composition, and claim that a hundred pounds of early ripened wheat will contain a greater number of pounds of albuminoids than will a hundred pounds of the same wheat at a later period of ripening, when the accumulation of starch and other carbhydrates will have lowered the relative amount of albuminoids. But while the albuminoids are centessimally greater at early periods of growth, the acreage product increases with the growth of the crop up to a certain stage of ripening (when the grain crushes dry), and after this jieriod there is no increase either relatively or absolutely. If the dead-ripe wheat is better for the miller than wh&at cut at an earlier period, it is in consequence of the physical properties of the flinty berry, and not from any change in the chemical Gomposition or increase of nutritive value. CARBHYDRATES. One significant change in the process of ripening was the rapid accumula- tion of starch. So rapid was the accumulation of the carbhydrates, that while the albuminoids increased in actual amount the increase of carbhy- drates was so much more rapid that the percentage of albuminoids fell off continually np to the period of ripening, and when the storing up of starch was completed the ripening of the grain was also complete. STRAW. 127 STRAW. Xo effort was made to determine the food-value of the straw at the differ- ent periods of cutting. The grain so far outranks the straw in money value that the farmer is willing to sacrifice the straw, if thereby he may secure a corresponding increase of value in his grain ; but the farmer is well aware of the rapid deterioration of the straw by allowing it to stand till the grain is dead-ripe, and if the dead-ripening is attended by no real increase of value in the grain, but an actual loss in the amount of grain, and the straw deter- iorates greatly in the meanwhile, he may conclude that it is best to cut his grain as soon as ripe and thus save himself from needless loss. In the hope of doing something toward placing agriculture upon a scien- tific basis, I offer this contribution to the chemistry of therij^ening of wheat. In making this investigation I have enjoyed the hearty and efficient coop- eration of E. F. Kedzie, then my assistant in chemistry, and now Professor of Chemistry in the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi, who made all the analyses and otherwise assisted me in a most satisfactory manner. TEMPERATUEE OF SOIL AS MODIFIED BY CFIEMICAL COMPOSITION^ ABSTRACT OF AN ARTICLE PUBLISHED IN THE REPORT OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE FOR 1868. BY R. C. KEDZIE. Tnese experimental investigations consisted of a series of observations, by means of thermometers placed in the soils, and the observations taken thrice daily, from the first of May to the 30th of Sej)tember. The soils nsed were tile clay taken from the subsoil ; sand, such as is used for making mortar, and f]'eed from all foreign matter, by washing; tile clay and 12 per cent, humus; sand and 13 per cent, humus; and humus. Each kind of soil was placed in a separate box; the several boxes being separated by hollow walls to prevent the lateral communication of heat. The thermometer bulbs were buried two inches deep in each soil, and the stems projected hori- zontally from the side of the box, so that the temperature could readily be read from the thermometer scale. The observations were taken at 7 a. M., 2 p. M., and 9 p. m. These observations and the results are contained in the following table : SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF TRI-DAILY OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL TEMPERATURE FROM MAY TO OCTOBER, 1868. • Average Temperature at 7 A.M. 2 P. M. 9 P. M. Of Thermometer in open air 60°.29 59°.39 60°.52 60°.56 60''.98 60°.02 65°.68 67°.99 69°.57 68°.33 70°.96 69°.35 76°.73 80°. 07 80°.88 80°.41 81°.61 79°.93 Over Air. 3°.3l 3°. 89 2°.6.5 3°.67 60°. 01 Of Tile Clay from subsoil 64:°. .50 Of Tile Clay and 13 Per Ct. iiumus 67''.53 Of Sand 64°.74 Of Sand and 12 Per Ct. Hnmus 69°.88 Of Humus, or Swamp Muck 68°.0O Average Daily Temperature of Thermometer in open air . Clay Over Clay. Clay and 12 Per. Ct. Humus I'M Sand Over Sand. Sand and 12 Per Ct. Humus .. . 2"'.63 Humus TEMPERATUEE OF SOIL. 129 The temperature at 2 p. m. is often excessive, and those combinations of soil would seem to be best adapted to vegetable grov/th which maintain an elevated temperature at other portions of the day, e. g., at 7 a. m., and 9 p. M. Tried by this standard, we find that clay, mixed with 13 j^er cent, humus, has a temperature higher by 2°. 08 than tile clay; and sand, with 12 per cent, humus, has a temperature higher by 2". 68 than pure sand, and this relative excess of temperature is maintained through the whole season of active vegetable growth, viz., from 1st of May till 1st of October. It will appear from this, that the farmer has an indirect control over the climate of his fields, through this relation of humus to temperature of soils, when mixed with them. The popular opinion in regard to muck is expressed in the epithet "frosty," so generally applied to it. One reason for regard- ing a mucky soil as j)redisposed to frost, probably arises from the position it usually occupies, viz., at the bottom of valleys, and other low i^ositions. Into these valleys the air, rendered denser from a loss of temperature, will pour from all the surrounding high lands, and hence a lake of cold air will fill each valley, and a slight reduction of temperature by radiation will result in frost, and this frost is the result of position, and does not neces- sarily arise from the nature of the soil in such valley. Persons who travel in an open carriage at night in summer, and when the air is still, are aware how abrupt is the passage from comparatively warm air on the highlands to the cold air filling a valley, and the equally abrupt change as they rise out of the valley into the warm air covering the opposite bank. All of which is respectfully submitted. R. C. KEDZIE. Lapsing, December, 1868. 17 AGRIOULTUEAL COLLEGE BULLETL^S. [The law providing for the publication of these bulletins (Act No. 81, 1885), is printed on page 47 of this Report. Bulletins Nos. 1 to 6 were printed in the Report of 1884. Any one wishing to have these bulletins regularly mailed to them as issued will please send their name and address to the Secretary of the State Board of Agri- culture, Agricultural College, Mich.] NO. 7.— DEPAETMENT OF HOETICULTUEE AND LANDSCAPE GAEDENING. I. Notes ok Fkuits. II. Notes oisr Vegetables. III. Notes on Some Hardy and Desirable Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. As my connection with the college dates from last January only, it will be impossible for me to prepare a bulletin which shall be the result of especial investigation or experiment. Aside from the notes upon hardy ornamental trees and shrubs, therefore, I shall attempt little more than an enumeration of the experiments which we have inaugurated for the testing of new varieties of fruits and vegetables, with catalogues of the varieties we are growing at present. It will be to the interest of many to know what fruits are growing upon the college premises. It is intended to test all promising new varieties as fast as they appear. We solicit new varieties from parties who originate them, desiring, especially, to secure them before they are put upon the market, A fruit garden of four acres is being fitted for the growth of small fruits. Unfortunately, our climate is a rigorous one, and none of the tenderer fruits can be grown. It is hoped to soon inaugurate other experiments of more general value, of wider application than the mere testing of varieties, but not to such an extent as to interfere with those in hand. In order to make an exact record of the whole visible biograj^hy of all our cultivated plants from sowing to maturity, arrangements have been made for competent observers — one for the fruit garden and orchards, one for the vineyards, and one for the veget- able garden — to make daily notes throughout the season upon conditions of plants and important phenomena of growth and structure. This arrange- ment will enable us to present in systematic tabulated form the seasons of germination and maturity, the period of the plant's greatest and least vigor, the exact external influences of culture and weather, the detailed charac- DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 131 teristics of leaves, flowers, and fruits, and many other highly important features of experiment. I. -NOTES ON FRUITS. As our gardens must always be maintained largely for purposes of illus- tration, it is necessary to retain certain instructive, interesting, or historical varieties which are no longer of use to the farmer or gardener. STRAWBERKIES. All the strawberries enumerated in the following list were set during last August and early September. Other varieties will be set next spring. In order to test the effects of soils upon the character of varieties, plants of many sorts and from the same sources have been set upon widely different soils, upon those ranging in character from light sand to heavy clay loam. Upon these dissimilar soils the plants will be given the same culture. Alpine Wood. Atlantic. Belle Bordelaise. Bidwell. Captain Jack. Cinderella. Crescent. Crystal City. Cumberland. Daniel Boone. Downing. Finch's Prolific. Glendale. Green's Prolific. Henderson. James Vick. Jersey Queen. Jewell. Jucunda. Kentucky. Longfellow Improved. Lord ( Vinelanil). Lower. Manchester. Marvin. Miner's Prolific. Mrs. Garfield. Monarch of the West. Mt. Vernon. Nigh's Superb. Old Iron Clad. Ontario. Parry, Pioneer {King of the North). Piper. Prince of Berries. Royal Hautbois. Seth Boyd en. Sharpless. Sucker State. Triomphe de Gand. Wilson. Windsor Chief. Woodruff Xo. 1. Woodruff No. 2. Also Benjamin Hathaway's No. 5, and a seedling from Ohio, said to have been reared from seeds of Big Bob, sent under the name of '* Big Bob's Baby." The following brief notes, which I made this year upon strawberries grown here and in this vicinity, mostly upon light soils, and with indifferent cul- ture in matted rows, are selected from a recent correspondence to the Coun- try Gentleman : Atlantic: — Very late and enormous in size; flavor rich and musky; color extra good, very dark. It promises well. 182 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. Bidicell : — With us this is one of the finest berries. Were it not for the characteristic green tip it would possess scarcely a fault. I think that it will succeed best in hill culture. Cinderella : — A good early berry, coming in with the Crescent. Fruit attrac- tive. Plant vigorous. Crescent : — For all purposes, perhaps, the best of the older berries. In dry weather it runs tec small. I know of no berry which does better upon all soils, and under all kinds 'of cultivation. Crystal City : — The earliest berry I have see)\. Quality high. It is not pro- ductive, and, aside from its earliness, is not to be recommended. It demands a light, warm soil. Cumberland: — An excellent berry for home use, perhaps the best of the well-known sorts for this locality. Too soft for market. Daniel Boone: — One of the most promising of the new sorts. The color is excellent, very dark and rich. Size medium, uniform. It may prove too soft for a market berry. Fincli's Prolific : — Much like the Manchester, but the fruit stands up better and is later. It is not so late as the Mt. Vernon. A good berry, but in no way superior to many other sorts. Glendcde : — A firm and late berry, but quality poor. Calyx very large, sep- arating readily from the berry. Gives evidence of excellent market qual- ities. Jersey Queen : — Of ordinary promise. Flavor very pleasant, but not rich. Kentuchy : — All things considered, the best late berry I know, but it is only moderately productive. Xorf/ (Vineland) : — Much like the Kentucky, but lacks the point of that berry. Promises nothing extraordinary here. Lower : — A berry which originated at Mt. Pleasant, Mich., and which has been grown here for three or four years. Productive, and of high quality. Size good and uniform. Excellent for home use, but too soft for shipping by rail. Manchester: — Eipens remarkably even. Color most too light, and the ber- ries are borne too near the ground. A most excellent berry, however, and especially valuable for its uniformity in size and coloring. Mrs. Garfield: — Does not appear to be productive, and the quality is not high. Needs to be further tested. Mt. Vernon : — To be recommended for its lateness, but is too soft for ship- ping. The core pulls out very easily. The fruit stands up well. A pro- ductive and beautiful berry for home use. Miner's Prolific : — A wonderful berry as grown here on rich soil and with good culture; productive, large, firm, quality good. It equaled the Sharpless in size. During the first two or three pickings the berries had green tips similar to the Bidwell, but these colored up well as the main pickings began. Piper : — Plants large and vigorous, but not very productive. Fruit borne too close to the ground. Prouty : — A failure. Vick : — Very productive, in fact, it is over productive, and for this reason the fruit is too small. The ''seeds" are borne conspicuously on the sur- face, giving the berry a ''seedy" appearance. I am disappointed in the Vick this year. DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 133 RASPBERRIES. Brandywine. Caroline. Cuthbert. Hansell. Henrietta. Highland Hardy. Gregg. Marlboro. Nemaha. Ohio Everbearing. Rancocas. Eeeder. Shaffer's. Souhegan. Turner. BLACKBERRIES. Agawam. Ancient Britain. Kittatiny. Minnewaski.* Snyder. Stone's Hardy. Black Xaples. Cherry. Fay's Prolific. La Versaillaise. Prince Albert. Downing. Houghton. Industry. Taylor. Wachusett. Wilson Jr. White, — propagated from wild plants. CURRAXTS. Red Dutch. Victoria. White Dutch. White Grape. Wilder. GOOSEBERRIES. Pale Red. Smith's Improved. GRAPES. The following note which I communicated to the Philadelphia Press, last sprinor, may possess some value: — "During last winter the thermometer recorded temperatures ranging from 25° to 33° below zero, and we had an opportunity to observe the hardi- ness of the different varieties of grapes in the college vineyard. The vines were pruned in the fall. Here are some transcriptions from my note-book: Barry, Brant, and Goethe, uninjured; Worden in most cases unscathed; Concord canes are killed back half their length, but the young shoots are strong. Cottage, Merrimac, and Black Hawk, very slightly injured. Aga- wam (Rogers 15), cut back a little, but new shoots very vigorous. Rebecca and Rogers 5 j^artially killed. Ives, Massasoit, Perkins, Martha, Norton's Virginia, Lady, and Haskell's Hybrids, Nos. 36, 340, 324, 343, and 348 killed to the ground. Champion, Wilder (Rogers 4) Taylor's Bullit, and Creveling nearly as bad. Clinton canes killed back a foot or two, Hartford half their length, Delaware ditto, and Seneca cut at the tips but vines vigor- ous. Isabella vines are all injured and often killed to the root. Many of the tenderer vines, like Creveling and Norton's Virginia, which had been laid down, came through unscathed and are pushing new shoots with great vigor." 134 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. I also transcribe a few notes made September 28, 1885, upon mildew. The American grape mildew, PeronosjHyra viticola, attacks the under sur- face of the leaf, where it may be detected in the form of little frost-like patches. If the fungus is generally distributed over the under surface, the upper surface will show the disorder by its yellow color and the final browning and death of the leaf. This mildew must not be con- founded with the fuzzy whiteness on the leaves of many varieties. The mildew is in patches, and is peculiarly frost-like, while the natural whiteness is continuous and made up of cob-webby threads. The varie- ties which have suffered most from mildew are as follows : Delaware, very much injured, the leaves unhealthy all the season and falling off by the middle of September, or before. Next in order come Merrimac, Rogers' 5, Agawam, Salem, Poughkeepsie Red, Empire State, Alvey, Ovvoss'o, Walter and Haskell's Nos. 64, 75, 229, 224, 122, 188, 136, 366, 420. Has- kell's Nos. 122 and 136 are the fuzziest leaves which I have known to be much attacked by mildew. The varieties injured to some extent, not seri- ously, are Herbert, Isabella, Telegraph on young leaves, Haskell's Nos. 128, 309, and 387. Brighton has some mildew, but the vines not injured; same with Seneca. Goethe shed its leaves very early, but the cause does not appear to be mildew entirely. The leaves of Haskell's Nos. 224 and 229 are very poor and small at best. The varities which withstood mildew best are Concord, Worden, Champion, Woodruff Red, Niagara, Hayes, Ulster Pro- lific, and Haskell's Nos. 325, 12, 317, and 33. The foliage of the Wood- ruff Red is remarkably thick and vigorous; also Haskell's Nos. 12 and 317. We fruited Ulster Prolific this year. It is like the Delaware in color, but larger, firmer, and fully its equal in flavor. Its leaves are rather small, but very firm and vigorous. It gives much promise. We have three vineyards, comprising about 850 plants. The following is our catalogue of grapes and sundry fruits : Adirondac. Agawam. Alvey. American Muscadine. Barry. Black Eagle. Black Hawk. Brant. Brighton. Cambridge. Challenge. Chanipioa (Tallmwi). Clinton. Concord. Conqueror. Cottage. Creveling. Cuyahoga. Delaware. Diana. lona. Isabella. Ives. Janesville. Jane Wylie. Lady. Martha. Mary Ann. Massasoit. Maxatawney. Merrimac. Moore's Early. Niagara. North Carolina. Norton's V = Owosso. Perkins. Peter Wylie. Pocklingtou. Poughkeepsie Red. irgmia. * A variety not yet put upon the market, being tested for the originators, A. J. Caywood & Son, Marlboro, N. Y. DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 135 Dracut Amber. Duchess. Elsinburg. Elvira. Empire State. Goethe. Hartford. Haskell's Seedlings, Nos. 2, 19, 35, 36, 58, 64, 75, 95, 118, 122, 128, 136, 169, 184, 188, 224, 229, 230, 267, 287, 295, 300, 306, 309, 324, 334, 340, 342, 343, 348, 366, 371, 398, 418, 420. Hayes. Herbert {Rogers' No. JfJ/). Prentiss, Rebecca. Sogers' No. 5. Salem.* Seneca. Taylor's Bullit. Telegraph. To-Kalon. Ulster Prolific. Walter. Wilder. Wilmington Red ( Wyoming Red). Woodruff Red. Worden. Also a variety of seedlings. QUINCES. Apple {Orange). Belle de Choisy. Black Heart. Carnation. Governor Wood. May Duke. Jefferson. Lombard. Mariana. Reine Hortense. Bartlett. Belle Lucrative. Beurre Bosc. Beurre d'Anjou. Beurre Giffard. Beurre Gris d'Hiver. Beurre Hardy. Beurre Superfin. Bloodgood. Brandywine. Buffum. Clapp's Favorite. Daimyo. Doyenne Boussock. Doveune d'Ete. ^ Flemish Beauty. Gray Doyenne. Howell. Kieffer. Meech's Prolific. CHERKIES. PLUMS. PEARS. Morello. Yellow Spanish. Windsor. Also a variety of seedlings. Smith's Orleans. Washington. Wild Goose. Lawrence. Lawson {Comet). Le Conte. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Madeleine. Madam Von Siebold. Mikado. Napoleon. Onondaga. Osbaud's Summer. Rostiezer. Seckel. Sheldon. Tyson. Urbaniste. White Doyenne. Winter Nelis. About 150 trees. 136 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. APPLES. Baldwin. Ben Davis. Benoni. Chicago. Early Harvest. Early Strawberry. Fall Jennetting. Fall Pippin. Fameuse. Garden Eoyal. Gravenstein. Grimes' Golden, Golden Sweet. Hall. Hawley. Herford. Hurlbut. Jersey Sweet. King. Late Strawberry. Maiden's Blush. Melon, Northern Spy. Ohio Xonpariel. Pennock. Pomme Grise. Porter. Primate. Eed Astrachan. Red Beitigheimer. Eed Canada, Eed June. Ehode Island Greening. Eibston Pippin, Eoxbury Eusset. Swaar. Sweet Bough, Sweet Eomanite, Summer Eose, Talman's Sweet, Titovka. Twenty Ounce. Wagener. Warfield. Wealthy. Williams' Favorite. Yellow Bellefleur. Yellow Transparent, About 300 trees. CEAB APPLES. Blushing Maid. Gen. Grant, Marengo, Transcendent, Whitney. MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS. Eussian Apricot, Prunus Sibirica. Prunus Pissardi. Prunus Simoni. Sand Cherry, Prunus pumila. Wild Plum, Prunus Americana. Dewberrv, Eubus Canadensis. Barberry. White Mulberry, Morus alba. Black Mulberry, Morus nigra, Spanish Mulberry, Morus Hispanica. Japanese Mulberry, Morus Tokwa. Langdon's Mulberry. Downing's Mulberry. Wild Mulberry, Morus rubra. And various seedlings of wild fruits. II.— NOTES ON VEGETABLES. The vegetable garden is nearly seven acres in extent. It is maintained for the purpose of furnishing illustrative labor to students, and supplying the college tables with vegetables. It is intended also that new varieties of vegetables shall be tested, although there has been little attempt in tliis direction this year. The season has been one of cool nights. Melons on heavy soils have not ripened. In most cases there has been an undue growth of plant at the expense of fruitfulness. Beans appear to be a light crop DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 187 throughout the country. The most satisfactory test was in the case of a new sweet corn, Ballard's Early, which was compared during the season with the Early Minnesota. Both were grown on the same soil, side by side, and were given the same culture. Early Minnesota was planted May 22, and picked first August 7. Ballard's Early was planted June 2, and picked first August 1, being over two weeks earlier than the Early Minnesota. The ears are as large as that variety, more uniform, and the quality is certainly superior. This sweet corn has been bred up by Mr. A. Ballard, of North Lansing, Mich. We grew the following early peas: Ferry's First and Best, Bliss' Ameri- can Wonder, Prince of Wales, Maule's Earliest of All, Carter's Stratagem. The most desirable of these for earliness and productiveness was Ferry's First and Best. Maule's Earliest of All appeared to differ from it only in diminished productiveness. Our best lettuce, as to tenderness and flavor, was Finch's Perfection, although Ferry's Prize Head was little inferior. Our poorest lettuce was the Oak-leaved. Maule's Sure-head cabbage is remarkably vigorous, but the heads are soft. The Giant Rocca onion is very uneven in size owing to lack of maturity in this climate. The flavor is mild and pleasant. For market, a failure here. III.— NOTES ON SOME HARDY AND DESIRABLE ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. The climate of Lansing appears to be uncommonly severe for this lati- tude (43° nearly) in Michigan. Last winter the mercury sank to — 32°, and many times in quick succession it was below — 20*^. That, how- ever, was an unusually rigorous winter. Moreover, the college campus lies in an open and exposed country, and the winter winds are very destructive. It is only the hardiest plants which can endure long, and the following list, although including few elegant plants and no novelties, must be useful to those who would ornament in cold climates. The plants here mentioned have been set and trained by my predecessors, chiefly by Dr. Beal, who has also published occasional notes in regard to many of them. EVEKGKEENS. The Norway Spruce is, of course, the leading evergreen for this climate. It varies much, some of the weeping forms being especially attractive. The Arhor Vit(B must be placed second on the list. It is alwa3'S hardy and easy of cultivation. Its leading fault is its yellow color in winter. With age and increased fruitfulness it often assumes a straggling and un- comely aspect. The so-called Siberian Arbor Vitm is the best of the named sorts which have been tried here. Its especial value lies in its very com- pact and rotund form, and in the bright green of its winter color. The varieties known as ericoides, globosa, Hoveyi, and pyramidalis are hardy and desirable. The last is especially desirable for small and neat enclo- sures. The Chinese Arbor Vitce has not proved hardy. I should give the white spruce, Abies alba, the third place among evergreens. As compared with the Norway spruce, it is much more refined, a slower grower, more dense and regular in outline, and lighter in color. 18 138 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. The Hemlock Spruce is perhaps the most graceful of evergreens ; but, although native to higher latitudes than this, it is not entirely hardy in exposed situations here. It suffers from scorching suns and winds rather than from low temperature. When planted behind sheltering groups of trees they appear to attain their highest excellence. The Oriental Spruce, AMes orientaUs, is an elegant tree, but was severely injured last winter. It is recovering, however. Once before our speci- men had the same experience. This spruce excels in the perfection and enduring greenness of its lower limbs. Two Relinosporas, R. squarrosa, and R. pisifera are hardy. Juniperus Sahina var. pi'ocumbens, the native Savin Juniper, is hardy and attractive. It is probably our best procumbent evergreen for small places. The Irish Juniper, J. C07mnuiiis, var. Hibernica, is unique, formal, and comely. Occasionally it has been somewhat injured by winter. The Swedish Juniper, /. communis var. Suecica, is more hardy, but not so attractive. Of the Pines, Pi7ius C'embra, the Cembrian Pine is the prettiest. It closely resembles a small and shapely white pine. A slow grower ; very hardy. This and the gray or scrub pine of northern Michigan, Pinus Banksiana, are the only upright growing sorts suitable for planting near dwellings. The scrub pine takes well to cultivation, and is neat and graceful in habit. I suspect, however, that old specimens will exhibit too much of a straggling habit. Pinus resinosa, the red or Norway pine, is growing upon the grounds, but is yet too young to exhibit character. Three other pines are in common cultivation, and in regard to general desirability they should stand in the order named, in my estimation: Native White Pine, Scotch Pine, Austrian Pine. The dwarf or straggling pine of Europe, Pimis pumilio, is always hardy and desirable for rough and rocky places. The Balsam Fir and native Black Sjyruce are attractive while young, but they lose their beauty in ten or fifteen years. The common red cedar, Jnniperus Tirginiana, if well grown is a graceful tree when young, but it loses its beauty with age. DECIDUOUS SHRUBS AND VINES. The Imperial Cut-leaved Alder is hardy. The thinness of its tops gives the plant an appearance of poverty, however, and the persistent old cones are unsightly. The wild climbing bittersweet or wax- work, Celastrus scandens, is desirable for a rear building or rough object. A very pretty covering for a tree-trunk is a mixed festoon of bittersweet and Virginia Creeper. The contrasts in autumn coloring of foliage and berries are striking. The Virginia Creeper is still our popular climber. Some individuals do not climb well. Dr. Beal propagated two plants from one parent, but they are quite dissimilar in habits of clinging to a building. The Japanese Ampelopsis will p-'obably prove hardy when once established. The Chinese Wistaria is not hardy. The ordinary choke cherry, Primus Virginiana, is one of our most beauti- ful shrubs; so also is the common flowering dogwood, Gornus fiorida. The flower buds of the dogwood were killed last winter, however. The smoke tree, Rhus Cotinus, both the white and purple sorts, are always desirable. The common wild dwarf sumach, Rhus copallina, is one of the very best small shrubs for autumn coloring. DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 139 The wild crab, Pyrus coronaria, is very attractive when in flower. It should find a place in the shrubbery. The Fringe, Chionanthux Virginica, is hard^^ The English ]u^wthorn, Cratcegus oxyacantha, has not been hardy. Our three lilacs, the common, Syrinqa vulgaris, Persian, aS'. Perdca, and the Josika, .S' Josihcea, are hardy and satisfactory. The latter is to be re- commended because it blossoms three or four weeks la^er than the other sorts. Tamarix Gallica, Tamarisk, was injured last winter. Hitherto it had stood well. The chaste little Deutzia gracilis, with some protection of leaves, is very desirable. From Spi7'a}a triloba we get onr most profuse white flowers. Attempts at Rhododendron culture have so far proved unsatisfactory. Double-Jlowering Alnwnd was iujirred last winter. The Mock Orange, PhiladelpJius coronarius, is always hardy. The Kose Acacia, Kohina hispida, is hardy and very attractive. The Missouri or Bulfalo Currant, Eibes aureum, is hardy and popular. It is often sold by nurserymen under the name of Ribes fragrans. The Japanese Quince is not hardy. Hercules Club, Aralia spinosa, although hardy, is scarcely desirable as an ornamental plant. DECIDUOUS TEEES. The American Ehn is certainly queen of the American landscape. The Red or Slippery Elm is too stiff and straggling for ornament. The Corh Elm is a curiosity, very picturesque, but never beautiful unless in the soft aspect of its leaves. These three native elms are readily distin- guished as follows: Red elm — buds globular, hairy; leaves very rough. American elm — buds long, not sharp; top diffusely branching; branches slender, drooping. Cork elm — buds long, very sharp ; trunk usually continuous through the top ; branches mostly horizontal; young branches bearing corky ridges of bark. The English elm, Ulmus campedris, is not desirable; in fact, it is not per- fectly hardy. The Maples are desirable in the following order: Norway Maple (Acer phuitanoides). Black (a variety of the hard maple), Hard or Sugar Maple, Silver Maple, Red or Swamp Maple, Sycamore Maple, of Europe (A. Pseudo- platanus). Field Maple, of Europe (A. carapestre). \Yiefs cut-leaved Maple, a form of the Silver Maple, is the best horticultural variety we have tried. The Sycamore Maple was injured somewhat by the last winter, but it has now nearly recovered. Acer campestre is not hardy. The best of the Oaks for ornamental purposes is the Swamp AVhite Oak, Quercus bicolor. This is followed by the Burr Oak, a highly picturesque tree, and the Chestnut Oak, Quercus Primus. Tlie White Oak ranks next, fol- lowed by the Black Oak (Quercus tinctoria), Scarlet' Oak, and Red Oak. The English Oak does not appear to be hardy. The best of our ashes for ornamental purposes is the Black Ash. ^yhen the tree is given plenty of room it forms a symmetrical and very graceful top. The Wisconsin Weeping Willoiu (evidently a variety of the old Salix Baby- lonica) is perfectly hardy. The ordinary Weeping Willoio is not hardy. 140 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. The Cut-leaved Weeping Birch is always desirable. The i/o;>e Chestnut is hardy upon heavy clay soil, but it has always winter killed upon our light sands. The two Catalpas, C. speciosa and C. Ugnonioides, are about equally hardy. Both suffer considerably, and appear to be unreliable. As Catalpa speciosa has not been recognised as distinct from the older species until quite recently, the leading distinctions between the two may be given: C, speciosa — tree tall, a straight grower; leaves softly downy, inodorus; flowers two inches across, nearly white, the lort^er lobe notched; pods stout and long [1^ inch in circumference). C. bignonioides — tree lower, diffuse in growth; leaves smooth, or nearly so, giving a disagreeable odor when touched; flowers smaller, dingy, the lower lip entire; pods more slender, leas' Japan Hybrid Catalpa is not hardy. The Cucumber tree, Magnolia accuminata, was injured nearly every winter until eight or nine years old. It endured the last winter better, although the highest shoots were killed. Others of the Magnolias, although not hardy, are desirable for the great annual shoots which have a tropical appearance. The Lomhardy Poplar is short lived in this climate. Yellow-wood, Cladrastis tinctoria, is always desirable; very beautiful when it comes into flowering. The Bald Cypress, Taxodium distichum, suffered last winter for the first time. The Ginkgo, GinTcgo (Salisburia) adiantifolia, is perfectly hardy. The following are among the new ornamental plants set last spring: Ehododendron Catawbiense and vars. I Quercus Robur Forma Nigricans. Purple Beech. Cut-leaved Weeping Beech. "Wheatley's English Elm. Halesia Tertraptera. Japanese Maple. Paulownia Imperialis. European Basswood. AVeeping European Basswood. Deutzia Crenata. Lonicera Fragrantissima. Sambucus Nigra. Dutchman's Pipe {Aristolochia Sipho). Double-flowering Apple. Double-flowering Cherry. Silver-leaved Pear. Medlar [Pyrus Germanica). Crataegus Douglasii. Pyrus Hybrida. Pyrns Domestica. Pyrus Halleana. Russian Mulberry. Retinospoi'a Decussata. Sciadopitys Verticillata. Picea Punsrens. L. H. BAILEY, Jr., Oct. 1, 1885. Professor of Horticulture and Landscajie Gardening. No. 8.— WINTERING BEES. The importance of bee culture, as one of our national industries, is hardly appreciated. According to our well demonstrated modern ])hilosophy, plants pour out their nectar as a sort of free coffee or lunch, to attract bees and other insects to a most important work in vegetable economy, the work of fertilization, which largely depends upon insects, and without which full fruitage is impos- WINTERING BEES. 141 sible. The simple work of gathering nectar then is indirectly of tremendous economic importance to the farmer and horticulturist, and so to our whole country. Again, this nectar, when acted upon by the digestive juices of the bee, is con- verted into honey, a food long valued for its superior excellence, which, with- out bees, would be wholly lost; worse than lost, as we see from the fact stated above. Bees, from their exceeding number and peculiar fitness for the work, are greatly superior to any and all other insects in the accomplishment of this fer- tilization of plants, while only the honey bees are aljundant early in the season, and they alone save this valuable food element to minister to man's good. To show the activity of bees and their wondrous accomplishments, we have only to present well-known facts. I find, by actual observation, that single flowers are sometimes visited by bees fifty times a day, and I have seen bees visit over twenty flowers a minute. Mr. L. C. Root, of Mohawk, New York, (see American Apiculturist, Vol. III., p. 197), extracted 4,103 pounds of honey on July 2S, 1885, collected from basswood, which had all been gathered by forty colonies of bees in just seven days. This is ovar 100 pounds per colony, and the daily stores of each colony exceeded fourteen pounds During the same time we secured, here at the col- lege, nearly half as much beautiful comb honey from single colonies. I know of a farmer in this State, — a good farmer, Avith a farm of over 100 acres which he tills excellently well — who has kept bees six or seven years, and who, for the last three years, has had from sixty to eighty colonies ; the cash receijDts from these bees, during each of the last three years, exceeded those of the entire balance of his farm. During all these years this gentleman has never lost a colony of bees, till last winter, when one or two died of starvation. The same experience would be true of any farmer in almost any Michigan neighbor- hood, who would put the same thought, study, and energy into the business. WINTER LOSSES. The one great drawback in this industry is the danger of loss which comes ■with each of our severe winters, which are unpleasantly frequent of late. Last winter was one of the most severe. Judging from the experience of the last twenty years, tiiese terribly cold winters may be expected about once in three years. If we may judge from the past, we may also safely assert that during these most trying winters there will be a loss of from fifty to one hundred per cent of the colonies of bees in all the northern States. Such a loss as this, unless it can be prevented with ease and certainty, is too serious an obstacle in the way of success to be cheerfully endured, even by those in the most attract- ive and remunerative of employments and it is greatly to the praise of apicul- ture that, burdened with this loss, it has made such constant and rapid prog- ress. AEE SUCH LOSSES NECESSARY? The fact that so many apiarists, like the one referred to above, meet with no loss, makes it clear that, with full knowledge, followed by equal care and pains, this loss may be wholly prevented. Many of our best bee-keepers have no more fear of losing their bees than of losing their cattle and horses. We, at the college, have met no such loss for years. 142 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED. Bees are natives of a warm clitnate, which would lead to the conclusion that in rigorous climates they would need protection, especially at times of i^reat cold. The fact that winter losses are never heard of in California and the south strengthens the argument, which seems almost demonstrated by the fact that our losses in the north always occur in winters of great and long contin- ued cold. Again, bees are very neat, and in confinement hold their fecal excreta, or try to, till they can fly. If kept very quiet, they eat very little — we have had single colonies of bees pass four and five months in the cellar without consuming more than four or five lbs. of honey— and the food they do eat when thus ((uiet is large] V, if not wholly, of honey, and so there is very little waste. Thus, when quiet, bees need not fly to discharge their feces and so bear confinement for months with no harm. The best condition to maintain this needed quiet is uniform temperature, which experience has demonstrated should be about 45° F. I prefer the temperature about the hive to be kept at from 40'^ F. to 45° F. In a surrounding temperature much higher or lower, the bees are dis- turbed-, exercise much, eat more and become diarrhetic. From years of experience and observation, it seems pretty well demonstrated that with enough good, wholesome food — 30 lbs. of good honey or cane sugar syrup— and a uniform temperature as suggested above, our bees will winter invariably without loss. DAMPNESS AND VENTILATION. It would seem that a damp atmosphere, which, as we all know, is favorable to the growth and development of fungi, and inimical to healtli in higher ani- mals, would be harmful to bees. It has been found, however, that in many cases, even during terribly disastrous winters like the past one, bees have win- tered remarkably well in very damp cellars. Tlius while we may presume that a very dain(» atmosphere is not the best, yet we may safely assert, other things being all favorable, that it of itself -will not carry the seeds of mortality with it. Ventilation has also been much discussed, and various theories have been ofl'ered. Yet the physiologist, and especially the physio-entomologist, will not be easily persuaded that insects whose functional activity is so slight, that a minimum of food supplies their wants stand in need of much air. One year at the college I sealed a large colony of bees with ice frozen solid at the entrance of the hive, and yet the colony wintered exceptionally well. This colony remained for more than three months entombed in a snow bank. As the hive was glued or propolized at the top we can see that the ventilation was slight indeed. Thus physiology and experience both show that under the best con- ditions litle heed need be "iven to ventilation. While bees do not hibernate in the sense of becoming totally inactive, yet they may and should have their vital activity kept at the minimum else they will need air and quite ample ventila- tion. As we have already seen, cold or heat — that is a temperature much below or above 45° F. — arouses bees, excites nutrition, and of course would necessitate more food and oxygen, and so more ventilation. Unless we can keep the bees then in just the condition to enforce quiet, we must arrange for ample ventilation. It goes without saying, that the temperature inside a hive, in which bees are wintering, must generally be warnicr than that outside the same. The fact WINTERING BEES. 143 that bees do not hibernate establishes this truth. The thermometer confirms it. We know that moisture is sure to collect on a cool surface; but water dripping upon bees can not be healthful. The disturbance and the wetting would both be injurious. To winter bees then with the most success needs a covering that is not a good conductor of heat. Experiments on quite an extended scale have shown me that this is not all theory. AVe see then that the requisites to success in wintering bees are: enough good food, uniform temperature without the hives at about 45° F., slight ventilation, and a cover to the hive which is a non-conductor of heat. METHODS THAT HAVE SECURED SUCCESS. Food. The food may be either honey or cane-sugar syrup. Any kind of honey, if wholesome and pleasant to the taste, will answer. Even last winter the bees at the college Avere wintered wholly on honey gathered in autumn, after the 25th of August, and all wintered well and there was no sign of diarrhoea, except in a few cases were much pollen was left in the hives. Cane-sugar syrup is quite as good, possibly superior to honey at times, as we can be certain that the syrup is free from deleterious elements. The syrup for winter food may be as condensed as i)ossible, and yet it must not crystallize when cold. One-half to one-third as much water as sugar by weight is about right. A little honey added will also retard crystallization. A little tartaric acid is often used for the same purpose. It is best to feed quite early so all may be stored and capped before winter's cold prevents further labor in the hive. Bees should never be put into winter quarters with less than thirty pounds of food, which will always suffice from September till the harvest of the following summer. ' Important Siiqgestions. It is well to have all colonies reasonably strong in autumn, and soon after the first hard frost give each colony as few combs as possible and secure the requisite amount of honey. I prefer to use about six Gallup or Langstroth frames, and by use of division boards, crowd the bees; then I cover warmly with burlap sacks of fine, dry saw-dust. This costs but little, and aids greatly to preserve the vital strength of the bees during the cold days of October and November and early the next season. Uniform Temperature. This is best and most cheaply secured by use of a good, dry ( ?), dark cellar. As a cellar is entirely or nearly all beneath the surface of the earth, it remains unalfected by the severest cold of winter or the more genial warmth of spring. The great requisite is that the temperature shall never go below 38° F., even during the most severe weather of our most rigorous winters, nor above 47° F. A good underground cellar will secure the former, but when many bees are put into our cellars, it is not always so easy to secure against too great heat. There are two ways to accomplish this : First, by use of water in the cellar, and, second, by means of underground or sub-earth ventilation. AVhen a running stream from sprino-s can be secured, it forms the most desirable moderating aofency I know of. Such water is just about the pro])er temperature, and while it modi- fies against heat or cold, it also serves beautifully 'o dissolve impurities and sweeten the atmosphere. In lieu of such a spring or running water (under- 144 AGRICULTURAL COLEEGE BULLETINS. ground tile are constautly carrying -water into and out of our college bee cellar) a good cistern answers well. The water in this is regulated by the usual tem- perature of the cellar, which is about that of the earth, and so in times of extreme cold or too great warmth protects the cellar against change. I know of such a bee cellar that passed the coldest weather of last winter with an east window constantly open, and yet the temperature was maintained at the desired, point. Such an amount of latent heat stored up in a cellar cistern is a great safeguard, and is especially valuable when a great number of bees are placed in a cellar. Each colony generates some heat, and with a multitude, the heat, especially during a protracted warm spell in winter or spring, is a]it to become ruinously excessive. Sub-earth ventilation secures this moderating agency in air which comes to the cellar, cooled or heated by a long transit through an earth pipe, which runs many yards through the earth beneath the influence of the outside temperature. To secure the necessary exchange of air and certain influx of the tempering atmosphere, a small sized stove-pipe connects from near the bottom of the cellar with a stove-pipe, preferably, of the kitchen stove above. This small pipe has its lower end open, while above it connects with the kitchen stove-pipe some distance above the stove, else the stove will not draw well, and will trouble from smoking. A second pipe of four or six inch tile also passes from the bottom of the cellar througli the wall and thence beneath the frost line for one or two hundred feet through the earth, when it should come to the surface and the end be protected against vermin by use of a wire screen. We can easily see that whenever the kitchen stove is used — daily — the air is drawn from the cellar and the out-door air warmed in winter and cooled in spring and summer is drawn through the tempering soil into the cellar. I have known of this arrangement being tried in many cases, and always with the best results. If it is feared that water may enter the cellar through the sub-earth pipe the joints may be sealed by use of cement, or arrangements made to drain at the lowest point. This arrangement not only protects against extremes of tem- perature, but it serves ever to keep the cellar sweet. Mr. D. A. Jones of Can- ada, builds above ground, when it becomes necessary to have his building double-walled, with a 30-inch space filled in with saw-dust, not only on the sides but above as well. Others dig a pit in a side hill. These methods are only inferior to a cellar in that they are more difficult to regulate. Mr. Jones not only has the sub-earth arrangement but he is forced to provide ice boxes in the warm days of spring in order to protect against too great warmth. In all these cases, good, close double doors should be made, and the rooms should surely be mouse tight. Pachmg. Many bee keepers have succeeded well by packing. Southard and Rauney, of Kalamazoo, have practiced packing of single hives with marked success. They place a box about the hives six inches distant on each side. This space they pack very closely with straw. They also put a chafE sack in the upj^er chamber of the hive, are sure to have the covers on the hive close fitting, and then pack well above with straw, when they add a cover to keep the straw dry. These gentlemen attribute their success to careful, thorough packing, and close covers above the bees and beneath the packing. The packing extends close down to the earth. A tunnel at the entrance) permits the bees to fly if suitable weather entices them out. Others, like Mr. Bingham, of Allegan county, are very successful in the use of packing, but put six or eight hives close side by side and pack snugly about all. In this case the entrances all face WINTERING BEEO. 145 out, and a tunnel at each liive jiermits flight. So many who pack lose their bees that I can but think the latter method named above is preferable for the average bee keeper if either is to be practiced. Many others use chaff hives and some with success. Such hives are expen- sive, cumbrous, and, in view of the extensive losses by those using them, I ques- tion their desirability. From the great saving of food consumed by the bees, and the comparative freedom from danger, I feel that cellar wintering is far preferable in this climate to all otiier methods. This conclusion is formed only after many years' careful experiment. Other methods may succeed: this, with proper pains, surely will. Ventilation. If the cellar is all right — surely so — the entrance to the hive may be left wide open in the cellar. If it become too cold, less ventilation is imperative ; if too hot, more may be required. But we must be sure to keep the temperature right. I feel positive that, with the proper temperature, we need not fear the presence of pollen, or bee bread, in the hive. If the cellar become too cold or too hot, in either case the bees become disturbed, and. then I feel certain, after many experiments, that the bees are safer with no pollen. Yet such a disturbed con- dition is always dangerous. The fact is we must be able to control and must control the temperature. The Coiner. As already stated, the cover should be a non-conductor of heat. Cloth with a filling of fine chaff or fiue dry sawdust serves well. In winter I prefer to have a factory cloth over the bees, and a burlap sack full of dry sawdust still above the cloth. METHOD OF PROCEDUEE. As soon as we have a frost, to stop storing, I place six or eight frames where they are desired for winter. These should be nearly full of honey. Place a short stick above the frames at the center, so the cloth can not fit close to the frames. This permits the bees to pass over. As soon as the brood is all hatched, remove all other frames and pack well above and beside the bees. If we are to pack out doors, do it now. From the 1st to the 30tli of November, before severe weather, place the bees in the cellar, open the entrances, and remove the covers, but do not remove the cloth or burlap sacks If the cellar is as described, the bees will remain very quiet and free from diarrhwa. If they are in a poor cellar, and so become diarrhetic, it is best to remove them from the cellar for a few hours some warm day, when they can fly out for a cleansing flight, and then return them to the cellar. It is always best, when taking colonies from the cellar, to place them on the same stands from which they were removed when carried to the cellar. We should not remove the bees finally from the cellar till theyjcan go to work in the spring. In Central Michigan this is not before the 10th or 15th of April. In the spring, when the bees are placed on the stands, I would clean all of the hives out thoroughly — this should be on a warm, quiet day — and would remove frames of comb and move up the division board so that all the frames left will be covered with bees. "We should also cover above and protect at the sides with ample ])acking. I have found that bees in single walled hives, thus protected, do as well in spring as those in chaff hives. As the bees increase, nuu-e frames should be added, 19 140 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. and so soon as the bees can protect the brood, the weaker may be strengthened by receiving cupped brood from tlie stronger, but never so rapidly as to endanger the brood from cliilling. Such has been our ijractice here at the col- lege, and we have not been troubled by loss from " spring dwindling.'* I feel very sanguine that if the above suggestions are heeded, winter losses will cease to vex our northern bee keepers. A. J COOK Agricultural College, ) Nov. 1, 1885. )" No. 9. -FROM CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. MARL. In many j^arts of the State farmers find, especially at the bottom of muck beds and shallow ponds, a layer of varying thickness of a white or yellowish- white material, differing so much from the ordinary soils in the vicin ty tliat they are curious to know what this mineral is, and what it is good for. I have received so many specimens of this nuiterial for analysis, and so many letters of inquiry as to its value, and how to use it, tliat I have concluded to answer these questions once for all in the form of a bulletin. The material is marl: and consists of carbonate of lime, carbonate of mao'- nesia, sometimes a small amount of phosphate of lime, some oxide of iron, and a variable amount of clay and sand. I give the results of analysis of specimens from different parts of the State, which will afford a general idea of the com- position of marls in this State: MARL FROM RERRIEN COUNTY. Carbonate of lime 79.(30 Carbonate of magnesia 4. 54 Oxide of iron 1.43 Clay and sand (insoluble in acids) 13.00 Organic matter and loss 1.43 Total 1 00.00 MARL FROM ST. .JOSEPH COUXTY. Carbonate of lime 56. 16 Carbonate of magnesia 6. 00 Oxide of iron 1. 05 Sand and clay (insoluble in acids) 36. 79 Total... 100.00 MARL FROM LENAWEE COUNTY. Carbonate of lime 00. 00 Carbonate of magnesia 3. 00 Sand and clay (insoluble in acids) 5. 50 Organic matter 2 50 Total 100.00 CHEI\[ICAL DEPARTMENT. 147 MARL FROM OTSEGO COUNTY. (Jarljonate of lime . . - 80.00 Carbonate of magnesia 3.50 Phosphate of lime 1. 50 Sand and clay (insoluble in acids) Kj.OO ^f Total 1 00. (HI Marl is sometimes found in such quantity and of such purity that it is burned for lime, and alfords a fair quality of "bog lime'' for mason's use. TEST OF VALUE OF MARL. The value of marl depends almost entirely upon the amount of lime and magnesia it contains, and its value is diminished in proportion to the amount of clay and sand present. The lime and magnesia are found in marl mainlv in the form of carbonates. A ready test for a carbonate in such cases is to pour on the material some strong acid, and if a carbonate is present, it will foam up or elfervesce in the same way that saleratus will foam up when vine- gar is poured over it; only the effervescence wifch marl is slower, because the marl is less soluble than soda. If the material does not foam when an acid is added, it is not a marl, but probably a clay. MODE OF TESTING. A good way to determine the quality and value of a marl is to determine how much of the material is soluble in common Muriatic Acid. This can be pro- cured in any drug store, and ought not to cost more than ten cents a pound, as it only costs three cents a pound. One pound of the acid Avill be enough to test three or four specimens of marl. Mix the acid with one quart of rain water and put this in a bottle for use. Take a tablespoouful of the material supposed to be marl, put this in a large glass or earthen vessel (avoiding metal- lic dishes) and slowly pour over the material a half teaspoonful of the dilute muriatic acid. If it is a marl the effervescence will show this fact; if it all dissolves, leaving no residue or but little at the bottom of the vessel, it is marl of good quality. If but little is dissolved and a large residue is left at the bot- tom of the dish, it is of iiiferior quality. By weighing out on delicate scales a definite quantity of the dry material, say 100 grains, and then weighing the washed and dried residue which is insoluble in acids, an estimate can be made of the percentage of active and inactive material in any specimen of marl. The insoluble residue is of no value. A popular and simple test to distinguish between nuirl and clay is made by placing a lump of the material in a basin of water and leaving it undisturbed for a short time. If it is marl it will crumble down into a diffuse mass, but if clay, it will be little changed. USES OF MARL. To the farmer marl is of value mainly as a fertilizer. When found on or near the farm it is the cheapest form in which lime can be applied to the soil, and exerts all the beneficial influences of lime, but in a milder degree than caustic lime. A certain amount of lime is required in every productive soil to furnish the necessary amount of lime found in the ashes of all plants, and absolutely required for their growth. But lime applied as a manure is used 148 AGRICUT.TURAIi COLT.EGE BULLETINS. greatly in excess of this amount. It causes tlic decomposition of inert vege- table matter found in many soils, and accelerates the elaboration of plant food. When mixed with the soil marl destroys the acid condition in any soil, decomposes the sulphate of iron which is sometimes present, and affords the alkaline condition in soils so necessary for nitrilication and preparation of plant food. KIND OF t=On. BENEFITED. Light sandy soils containing a fair supply of vegetable matter, and where the decomposition of humus is slow ; soils that run to moss and bunch grass; soils Ro open and porous that the physical state of the soil prevents fruitfuluess — all such soils will be benefited by a dressing of marl. So also where the excess of vegetable matter prev3nt3 successful cropping, as is seen in the shallow i .uck beds. When these '"cat-holes" have been cleared of bushes and fliigsand prop- erly drained, it is ofteii found that they run to wild grasses, or if grain is sown, the product is loose-jointed straw instead of ripened grain. On such soils a dressing of 50 to 75 bushels of marl to the acre will greatly benefit the crop and ameliorate the soil. To secure the benefits of marl it requires to be on or near the surface. This is one reason why the marl at the bottom of a muck bed exhibits no beneficial action. To do the most good marl needs to be finely pulverized and to be mixed with the surface soil. To secure this fineness of division no agent is so good as frost. If it is thrown on the surface of the ground and left all Avinter to the splitting wedge of frost, it will be found in the spring as mellow as an ash heap, and can then easily and uniformly be spread upon the field. Grass lands, whether in pasture or meadow, can thus be benefited by a surface dressing of marl. If two or three bushels of common salt are spread on each acre with the marl the benefit is usually greater. Indeed, the combination of marl and salt is usually found to be beneficial. On grass lands the marl may be applied at any season when we are sure that frosts will follow so as to mellow and break up the clods. If it becomes dry and hard without freezing it may remain in lumps and be of very little benefit. In grain crops the finely divided marl exerts most benefit if applied just before seeding. In the light soils of Otsego county, a dressing of marl was found to be very beneficial to the corn crop. I would advise farmers to try it on the light soils of our northern counties, if marl can be obtained near the farm. I also ask them to try the combination of salt and marl on such soils. I have spoken mostly about the use of marl on light soils abounding in humus. Soils entirely destitute of vegetable matter will probably derive little benefit from marl. On heavy clay soils marl will be less beneficial unless used in so large amount as to change the physical properties of the soil. The expense of transporting so large an amoun*". of material as will be required to alter the physical proper- ties of the soil, even when the distance is short, is too great for this region of cheap lands and high wages. POVVDEKED LIMESTONE. The inquiry has been made about the value of pow'lered limestone for manure. If the limestone is as finely pulverized as marl it wouldbe as valuable for ma- nure. In tliest^ days of cheap fuel the least e.xpeusive way to grind the limestone VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 149 to dust is to bum it into caustic lime, and when this slakes in water, or, better etill, air-slakes, by taking up water and carbonic acid from tlio air, the pulver- ization is most complete, and the material is in the best condition to be applied to the soil The dose of marl to the acre is from 30 to 100 bushels. For arable soils and light lands 30 bushels will do. On lauds having a large excess of vegetable matter, as in muck beds, tlie larger dose is desirable. There is little danger of injuring the soil by a heavy dose of marl, whereas an excessive dose of caustio lime may produce lasting injury. The marl is "mild," and entirely wanting in the burning qualities of caustic lime. R. C. KEDZTE, Agricultural College, ) Professor of Chemistry. December 1, 1885. f No. 10.— VETEKmARY DEPARTMENT. A DISEASE AMONG HORSES THE RESULT OF INJUDICIOUS FEEDING. In the spring of the year it is generally a matter of much consideration amongst farmers to have their horses in the best condition possible to do the work necessary at this season, and after a severe winter, w^hich we often have in northern latitudes, many matters in the shape of extra farm work accumulate, which would have, weather permitting, been done before; and there is the spring plowing to be done, which, with a good pair of horses up to their work and in high spirits, becomes a much lighter task for the lover of horse flesh who tills the soil. We can scarcely wonder then that such a man will feed his horses well, and upon the most nutritious food while they are resting, recruiting as it were, in order that they may be the better able to perform their various duties when the time comes, and thus, through the error of liberality, quite a number of animals are sacrificed, ^'killed by kindness" every year. Again we find at this season of the year that horses kept for pleasure, or very light work, are often compelled to remain in the stable for several days, owing perhaps to inclement weather, and as such horses are generally pretty liberally fed and in high condition, they are frequently affected with the comjjlaint which I am about to describe; but before doing so perhaps it may be better to settle upon a name for the disorder, and although this may appear to some an easy matter, or may be one of little importance, yet this very point has given rise to con- siderable controversy as to the cause, seat and other matters in connection with the disease — for instance, it has been called '"'Congestion of the loins," but I have seen cases where the muscles of the shoulders were alone affected. In the State of Michigan I have from time to time seen the disease referred to in agricultural papers as "Red w^ater," but this is misleading from the fact that in some of the worst cases the water (urine) is not red ; besides it differs from a disease of that name in the bovine tribe in several respects, among others the cause. Without however commenting at any length upon the name, let me say that the one by which it is generally recognized in this country by veterinarians is Azoturia, a name given to it from the fact that the urine has been found to contain an undue proportion of nitrogen during 150 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. an attack. So, adopting this cognomen, let us for a moment turn to the cause of the comphiint, which in this case, as in all others, is the first thing to discover before we can hope to combat in an intelligent manner the invasion of the disorder ; and in reference to it I may say, without going further, that exj)erience has taught us beyond all reasonable doubt that the disease is caused by feeding horses too liberally upon nutritious food and not giving them any exercise. I may say in this connection that every case of this malady I have met with presented just about the same history, and may further say that those who have described the disease, did so in a manner which corroborates what I myself have witnessed, so I think if I just briefly outline in familiar terms the history which I invariably get, it may make an impression that will do good in the future, to wit : The horse was in good condition and well fed, but owing to certain cir- cumstances had not been out of his stall for a day or two. When 'Drought out he was in the best of spirits, never, perhaps, feeling better in his life; but in a variable time, from a few minutes to, say, a quarter of an hour after being on the road, it would begin to show symptoms of distress, and the change from what would appear to be robust health, to extreme prostration is very alarming, indeed almost incredible, running its course and destroying life in a day or so ; happily, though, this is a malady Avhich, if dealt with judiciously, is often amenable to treatment. This disease may occur at any season of the 3'ear, but in my experience is more jDrevalent in the early spring than at other times, owing, of course, to the fact that animals are more subjected to the exciting cause at this than at other times. To be able to recognize the disorder in the early stages is a matter of im- portance, for the sooner appropriate remedies are administered the better. THE SYMPTOMS are usually very well marked, although we will once in awhile meet with cases where it is not eas}' to recognize the disease at first sight ; as a rule, though, the horse, after being driven and alloAved to stand, will tremble, sometimes violently. The eyes Avill present a very anxious look ; perspira- tion will rmi down the face ; sometimes the whole body is bedewed with sweat. The animal, at this stage, generally paws with its fore feet and soon lies down, or it will crouch behind and appear as if injured across the back, having much difficulty in manipulating its hind legs when required to walk, when it eventuallv lies down and in manv instances is unable to rise, although it may be able to get up on its fore legs and sit, as it were, like a dog; but this attitude is not often attained more than a few moments, when the poor creature will fall upon its broad side. At this stage the urine, if voided or draAvn away, is usually of a brownish red color. I have seen it described as being of the apjjearance of coflt'ee, and, indeed, the comparison is striking. The breathing becomes hurried, the nostrils often being dilated and red within. When the hind quarters are apparently most affected they will have a hard board-like feeling when pressed uj^on with the hand ; the same con- dition of the muscles will apjjear on the shoulders when the forequarters are affected. The pulse becomes elevated. TEEATMENT. It has become a very threadbare exjiression to say that an '' Ounce of pre- BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 151 Tention is worth a pound of cure," but I know of no disease where this adage can be moi'e a|)pro2)riately applied than the one under consideration ; so it goes without saying, that horses which are well fed should be exercised daily, or else they are liable at any time, after a day or more's rest, to come down with this disease. But when they do, the course of treatment which I have found from time to time to be of much benefit, is in the first place to give an active purgative consisting of about a quart of raw linseed oil ; as soon as this has been administered the affected part should be covered with cloths wrung out of warm water and the whole covered with oil-cloth or other close fabric to keep the heat in. An enema may be given every hour or two until the bowels begin to act. It should be composed of soap and warm water. After about the first twelve hours the hot cloths may be left off, but the body should be kept comfortable and clothed according to the season. In some instances great relief is afforded in an hour or two after the hot cloths have been applied, in which cases they may be discontinued. In those cases in which the animals become very uneasy and knock themselves about consid- erably I have found great benefit from the use of chloral hydrate in doses of about four drachms every two hours or oftener until several doses have been given or the animal is influenced by the medicine. The urine should be drawii several times a day. After a day or two it is a good plan to get the horse upon its feet, and a few steps of exercise will often stimulate the blood-vessels in the legs, and thus do much good. It is also a good plan to rub the legs thoroughly when it is possible to do so, say three times a day. I think in cases of this kind the services of a veterinary surgeon should be secured as soon as they can be, for nearly every case differs somewhat in the manifestation of its symptoms, and requires somewhat different treatment, so that the above can only be looked upon as a general outline, but at the same time such a course will have a good effect in ordinary cases. E. A. A. GRANGE, V. S., Agkicultueal College, ) ^fof- of Veterinary /Science, Febniarv 1, 1886. f m. 11.— BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. MAKING A LAWN. MIXED LAWN GRASS SEEDS ANALYZED. "Grass is the most lowly, the simplest, and the loveliest element to be used in the adornment of home. A smooth, closely shaven surface of grass is by far the most essential element of beauty on the grounds of a suburban home." — F. J. Scott. ' ' It would be a great gain to horticukure if ten out of every twelve flower-beds in Europe were blotted out with fresh green grass." — Robinson's Parks of Paris. "'A lawn is the ground work of 3i landscape garden." — H. W. Sargent. " We love the soft turf wliich is thrown like a smooth natural carpet over the swell- ing outUne of the smiling earth."— ^4. J. Downing. Many of the farmers of Michigan, as well as large numbers of people who own, each one or more, lots in or near town, are seeking to improve their homes. In embellishing a place, we agree with the excellent authorities cited above, that nothing gives more satisfaction for the outlay than a well established and well kept plat of grass called a laivn. 152 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. Owing to the diflBculty of learning to recognize the seeds, the purchaser is usually at the mercy of the dealer, whose interest it is to enshroud in mys- tery the whole subject of grasses for the lawn. Most of the leading seedsmen of our country are advertising extensively and appear to be selling large quantities of " mixtures" of lawn grass seeds for which there is quite a variety of attractive names. The writer has frequently examined these mixtures and has watched the success of several of them in various portions of the Northern States. For the benefit of the people who have so liberally supported Michigan Agri- cultural (College, I present below the results of a careful "analysis" of the mixed lawn grasses sold by some of our largest growers and dealers in seeds. In former years, the vitality of the rarer grass seeds has universally been found to be very low, while the germinating power of the common sorts, such as are raised in this and neighboring States, has been satisfactory. The accompanying report does not contain a test of the vitality of the seeds, as a few of the packages have been kept over a year. Owing to the great labor of assorting the seeds only a small portion of each package was "analyzed." A considerable quantity was carefully mixed and evenly spread on a table when two to five grams (about one-fif- teenth to one-sixth of an ounce avoirdupois) was selected from each package. It is not probable that this analysis furnishes the exact proi^ortions of the grasses found in a peck or a bushel of the mixture, but it approximates the correct result and gives the names of all the seeds which are found in any considerable quantity. An attempt has been made to procure mixtures which were thought to be the best in the market. These packages were not purchased directly of the seedsmen by us, but were ordered by friends in neighboring towns. CHICAGO PAEKS MIXTURE. Sold hy J. C. Vaughan, Vhicago, Illinois. The table shows the relative proportion of the diiferent kinds of seeds found : June Grass, or Kentucky Blue Grass, Poa pratensis, L., in the chaff.. 1740 White Clover, Trifolium repens, L., clean 90 Sweet Vernal, Anihoxanthu7n odoratum, L., in chaff •. 37 Perennial Rye Grass, Lolvum pereyme, L. , in chaff 35 Orchard Grass, Cock's Foot, Dactylis glomerata, L., in chaff. 30 lied Top, Brown or Creeping Bent, Agrostis, in chatf 16 Timothy, Phleum pratense, L. , clean 6 Mixed and containing traces of the following 15 Velvet Grass, Holcus lanafus, L., in chaff (a weed). Sedge, Carex (worthless). (Narrow?) Dock, Rumex (a weed). Panic Grass, Panicum (worthless). Chickweed, Stellaria (a weed). This mixture is advertised as especially adapted to the inland and western States, and costs 25 cts. per quart, or $4,00 per bushel. As will be seen, it consists mainly of June grass, which the same house offers at 11.50 per bushel; and the latter, if pure and sowed alone, is far preferable for a lawn to this mixture. Besides those marked weeds, the BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 153 Others which are most objectionable are orchard grass, a coarse, bunchy grass, timothy, which is too coarse and short lived, perennial rye grass, which just takes the cream of the soil for a few years and then dies out. FINE MIXED LAWN GRASS. Sold ill Milk by D. M. Ferry & (Jo., Detroit, Mirli. Table showing the proportions : June grass, or Kentucky blue grass, Poa pratensis, L., in chaff- 637 Perennial rye grass, Lolium perenne, L., in chaff 470 Timothy, Phleum pratense, L. , clean 340 White clover, Trifolium p?-afense, h., clean _. 220 Red Top, Brown or Creeping Bent, Agrostis, in chaff. 217 Mixed and containing traces of the following : 15 Velvet Grass, Holcus lanatus, L., in chaff (a weed). Orchard Grass, Cock's Foot, DactyUs ghmerata, L., in chaff. Chess, Bromus, some species. (A weed). Crowfoot, Rajiunculus hulbosus {?) (a weed). Dock, Rumex (a Aveed). Lance-leaved Plantain, Plaiitago lanceolata, L., (a weed). Shepherd's Purse, Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. (A weed). This mixture is sold at 50 cents per pound, or 14 per bushel, and is not so good as the Chicago parks mixture noticed above, because it contains a much smaller proportion of June grass and a much larger propoition of perennial rye grass and timothy. flint's lawn grass. Sold hy D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Mich. Table showing the proportions : Perennial Rye Grass, Lolium perenne, L., in chaff ^'^^ Sheep's Fescue and Hard Fescue, seeds much alike, Festuca ovina and var. duriuscula, L 295 June Grass, or Kentucky Blue Grass, Poa jjratensis, L., in chaff 255 White Clover, Trifolinm repens, L., clean 227 Red or Mammoth Clover, Trif alum jrratense or inedium, L., clean 130 Timothy, Phleum pratense, L., clean 105 Meadow Foxtail, A lopecurus pratensis, L. , in chaff - 103 Italian Rye Grass, Lolium perenne, var. Italicum, in chaff' 47 Sweet Vernal, Anthoxanthum odoratum, L., in chaff 35 Hair Grass, Aira flexuosa, L., in chaff" (a weed) 25 €haff - 80 Mixed seeds containing traces of the following. - 3f» Chess, Bromus (a weed). Fescue, (species?) Velvet Grass (a weed). Self Heal, Brunella (a weed). Sorrel, Rumex (a weed). Ribbed Grass, Plantago lanceolota, L. (a weed). Chickweed (a weed). Nonesuch, Medicago lupu- lina, L. A sedge, Carex. Two or three others not recognized. This mixture is sold at per quart or per bushel. In addition to the objections made to the two former mixtures are the following : 20 154 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. Sheep's fescue and hard fescue grow \n tufts or bunches and will not pro- duce a lawn of even appearance. The red or mammoth clover will also pro- duce a coarse patchy lawn, and the former will die out in two or three years. Italian rye grass will kill out the first winter. Hair grass is a weed substi- tuted for crested dog's tail, which is a feeble grass of no value in this country. FINE MIXED LAAVX GRASS. Sold by Hiram Sibley & Co., Rochester, New York. Table showing the proportions : June Grass, Kentucky Blue Grass, Poa praiensis, L., in chaff 995 Perennial Eye Grass, Lolium perenne, L., in chaff 373 Orchard Grass, Cock's Foot, Dadylis glornerata, L., in chaff 327 Ked Top, Brown or Creeping Bent. Agrosfis, in chaff 212 Velvet Grass, Holciis lanatus, L. , in chaff (a weed) 23 Mixed and containing traces of the following : Chess, i?rom?fA-, Sp. (?) (a weed). Lance-leaved Plantain, Eibbed Grass, Plantago lanceolata, L. (a weed). Dock or Sorrel, Rumex (a weed). White Clover, Trifolium repens, L. Timothy, Plileum pratcnse, L. Crowfoot, Ranunculus bulbosus, L. (?) (a weed). Shepherd's Purse, Capsella Bursa-pastoris, McBncli (a weed). The above is sold at 14.00 per bushel. For objections to some of these ingredients, consult the comments inserted in connection with the former mixtures. CENTRAL PARK LAWN GRASS SEED. Sold in bull- by Peter Henderson c(- Co», Neio York, Table showing the proportions : June Grass, or Kentucky Blue Grass, Poa prateusis, L., in chaff 648 Eed Top, Brown or Creeping Bent, Agrostis 528 White Clover, Trifolium repens, L. , clean - 158 Timothy, Pltleum pratense, L. , clean 38 Ergot of Agrostis, or Eed Top, (infested with fungus) 10 Mixed and containing traces of the following: Eggs of insects. Dung of insects. Dead insects. Panic Grass, Panicuui (a weed). Chickweed. Sheperd's Purse, Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench (a weed). Dock, Rumex (a weed). Orchard Grass or Cock's Foot, Dactylis glomerata, L. Eleocharis, a rush or grass-like j^lant (a weed). Eound Leaved Mallow, Malva rotundifolia, L. (a weed). This is sold for $5.00 per bushel, and is a good mixture omitting the seed of timothy. The house claims to have sold 70,000 packages in 1885. The same house otters June grass for 12.25, and Bent grass for $4.00 per bushel. BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 155 THE "HENDEKSON" LAWX GRASS SEED. Sold hy Peter Henderson & Co., New York. Table showing the proportions : Brown or Creeping Bent or Red Top, Ayrodif>, in chaff 880 June Grass or Kentucky Bhie Grass, Poa pratensis, L., in chaff 715 White Clover, Trifolium rej^ens, L., clean 120 Sheep's or Hard Fescue, Festuca ovina or var. duriuscula, L., in chaff. 110 Perennial Rye Grass, Lolhun j^erenne, L. , in chaff' 95 Sweet Vernal, Anthoxanthum odoratum, L., var. Puellii, in chaff' 17 Timothy, Phleum pratense, L., clean 10 A few seeds of Chickweed, some Panicum, Mallow, Malva rotundifolia, L., (a weed). Ergot, some other weeds not recognized. This is much like the Central Park lawn grass previously noticed. This one contains some seeds of small fescues apj)arently mixed, a little perennial rye grass, which is no benefit to it, and a very little Timothy, which would be better to omit, and a small amount of sweet vernal, which apparently is the annual variety and of no value. The three leading ingredients are the June grass. Bent grass, and white clover. The seller claims this as a new mixture for lawns, and the successful result of two years' (I) experimenting. It Avas the freest from weeds of any mixture examined. It is sold for 25 cts. per quart or S5.50 per bushel. The same house sells June grass for 82.25 per bushel. Bent grass for $4.00 per bushel, white clover for 40 cts. per pound. The preceding tables and the remarks below each should be studied in connection with what follows : The lawn surrounding the State capitol in Lansing has been much admired. To begin with, the land is clay, and was thoroughly tile-drained, deeply trenched and well fitted in every respect. I am not certain what mixture of seeds was sown, but for a few years, the lawn contained much perennial rye grass, none of which now remains alive, at least none to amount to any- thing. There Avas some ribbed grass and other weeds which have been carc- fally removed at a great expense of labor. The main things to be seen in the land this season were June grass and white clover, with some fine red top or bent grass. At the Agricultural College, numerous plats in various seasons and soils, mixed and separate, have been tried, and those grasses of most value are June grass and a small red top. White clover often thrives well with these, but it varies much with the change of seasons. Sod taken from a rich old pasture or the roadside usually makes an excellent lawn as soon as laid, but it is too expensive for a large plat. The main grasses making such a turf are those last mentioned, June grass and red top, with jjerhaps some white clover. In making a lawn, too little stress is usually placed on thorough trenching or subsoiling and enriching the land. The surface should be harrowed and hand-raked till it is in the finest condition. Our experience fully accords with the following from A. J. Downing, who long ago wrote on many rural topics : " Now for the sowing : and here a farmer would advise you to ' seed down with oats', or some such estabUshed agricultural precept. Do not listen to him for a moment. Do not suppose you are going to assist a weak growing plant by sowing along with it a coarser growing one to starve it."' 156 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. Witli the writer's experience, having tested for some years over two hun- dred kinds of grasses and clovers, both native and foreign, for Michigan and places with similar climates, he would sow about two bushels of seeds (in the chaff) of June grass, Poa pratensis, L., and two bushels of some small bent grass, known as Rhode Island Bent, Brown Bent, or Creeping Bont, or as red top. The latter grasses vary much and are usually much mixed, as they were in all the sam.ples above examined. A few ounces of white clover may be added, if the owner prefers, but it is by no means very important. Each one of these two or three kinds of plants will appear to cover the ground all over, so it will look uniform. To the farmer who is accustomed to sow coarse seeds for a meadow or pasture the above quantity of seeds appears to be enormous. But the aim is to secure many very fine stalks instead of a few large coarse ones. If a little sweet vernal and a little perennial rye grass are used a careful observer, at certain seasons of the year, will see that the lawn looks " patchy." Especially in early spring, or in very dry weather, some of these and others often recommended, will grow faster than the rest and assume different shades of green. For a lawn yiever use any Timothy, orchard grass, tall oat grass, red clover, meadow fescue or other large grass or clover, but only the finest perennial grasses or clovers. Sow the seeds in September or in March or April, without any "sprinkling" of oats or wheat, and as soon as the grasses get up a little and the straggling weeds get up still higher, mow them, and keep mowing every week or two all summer. Avoid purchasing mixtures advertised in seed catalogues, as it will be much cheaper and safer to buy each sort separately, and only one or two or three sorts are desirable. The rarer grasses are mostly imported, and up to the present time, as was said, have been found to possess very low vitality ; besides, bad foreign weeds are very commonly mixed with these grass seeds. There are good reasons, then, for buying common sorts, and, if possible, those raised and cleaned in a careful manner. James Hunter, of England, in his manual of grasses, says: '^Careful analysis of the mixed lawn grass seeds sold by some large seed houses at high prices prove them to consist of from 40 to 50 per cent, of rye grass, whereas not a single seed of rye grass shoiild be included in any mixture for produc- ing a lawn." The Royal Agricultural Society of England employs a consulting botanist, Wm. Caruthers, who, for small fees, tests the seeds for its members. lie finds it best to avoid purchasing mixtures for lawn, pasture or meadow. The editor of ihe Gardener's Monthly echoes the sentiments of our best judges in this matter when he advises for lawn to sow June grass or red top cither one alone or both mixed. E. S. Carman, one of the editors of the Rural Neiu Yorker and manager of a fine homestead and an experimental farm, writes: " Thirteen years ago we sowed on different parts of an acre of lawn blue grass, red top, Rhode Island bent and the Mawn mixtures' sold by seedsmen. To-day the red top presents the finest and brightest appearance, while the ' lawn mixtui-e' por- tion has since been re-sown with red top and blue grass." IN CONCLUSION. If not so already, make the soil strong, drain thoroughly, deeply pulver- ize, harrow and hand rake the surface carefully. In early spring, or in DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 157 early autumn if not dry, sow, without any wheat or oats, three or four bushels to the aero of June grass or red top, either one or a mixture of both in any proportion. W. J. BEAL, AaiiicuLTUiiAL College, Mich., ) Professor of Botany and Forestry. March 10, 188G. \ NO. 12.— DEPARTMENT OF HORTIOULTUllE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 1,— HINTS ON RURAL ADORNMENT, WITH LISTS OF HARDY ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. The adornment of rural homes should be considered a necessity rather than a luxury. As the country becomes older and natural windbreaks are destroyed, it is imperative that we plant for protection. The attractions of farm life for our sons and daughters is largely determined by the character of the arrangement and exterior adornment of the home and farm premises. Our climate is a rigorous one, however, and it brings serious discourage- ments to those who would ornament their premises. But it should be re- membered that the beauty of a home does not depend so much upon the number and variety of species of plants as upon the taste of the planter. The elements of attraction in landscape gardening are comparatively few and simple. A tasty and thoughtful disposition of a half dozen kinds of ordi- nary trees and shrubs is far preferable to a thoughtless mixing of twenty rare and more beautiful kinds. So far as practicable, trees and shrubs should be j^lanted in groujjs, especially at some distance from the house. In this way a greater variety is secured. These groups should be so disposed as to hide from the common points of view, especially from the windows of the residence, all undesirable objects and to afford glimpses of all attractive objects and landscapes. It is a serious mistake to pack the front yard full of bushes and flowers. The first requisite to an attractive place — a good lawn — has been discussed in bulletin No. 11, just issued by the Botanical Department. As over half our year is practically winter, it is important that we should plant for winter effect as much as for summer effect. It is surprising that BO few people see any attraction in leafless trees. The aspects of deciduous trees in winter are singular and characteristic for each species. When one begins to study them he soon comes to appreciate their importance in winter landscapes. Among deciduous trees I like best the winter aspect of the pepperidge or sour gum, Nyssa multiflora. The peculiar tortuous short horizontal branches designate the tree from its companions. The beech, when grown singly, approaches the pepjjeridge in character, but never equals it. The second best tree for winter effect is probably the swamp white oak, Quercus bicolor. Then follow the burr-oak, white oak, especially slow- growing specimens, beech, the exotic weeping white birch, buttonwood, and 158 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. jiiiallv tlie more sym metrical and straighter limbed trees, as maples and elms. 1 til ink it is desirable to plant with reference to the winter aspects of deciduous trees and shrubs. The evergreens must comj^riso the chief attractions of winter landscapes, however. A list of such as are desirable and have proved hardy at the col- lege is appended. SomcAvhat similar lists as those which follow were given in" a recent bulletin, but these are more complete. The climate at the college is exceedingly trying on plants, and many trees and shrubs which are hardy in villages in the vicinity have not endured the winters upon our grounds. CONIFEROUS EVERGREENS. Xorway spruce. White si)rncQ— Abies alba. Oriental spruce — Abies orientalis. Balsam fir — Abies balsamea. Black spruce — Abies nic/ra. Western blue fir — Pirea pujvjens. Common hemlock. Common arbor vitas — Thuya orciclentalis. Thuya Occident alis iornm globosa. " " forma en'coides. , , " " forma Hoveyi. " " forma pyramidalis. " " forma Sibirica. lietiunspora sq xm'rom. 1\. imifera. R. decussata. Saviii — Juni'perus Sabina variety procumbens. Eed cedar. Juniper — Juniperus communis. Swedish Juniper — ./. communis forma Suecica. Sciadopitys verticillata probably ; tried only one winter. Cembrian pine — Pinus Cembra. White pine — P. sfrobus. Scotch pine — P. sylvestris. Scrub pine — P. Banksiana. Dwarf pine — P. pumilio. Eed pine or ''Norway" pine — P. rcsinosa. Austrian pine — P. Austriara. XoTES. — For all purposes the Norway spruce is probably our best ever- green, although it is too coarse and it grows too large for the immediate vicinity of the house. In order to grow good Norways, they must not be crowded by other trees, and the lower limbs must not be allowed to get ragged. It is a great mistake to trim up evergreens from the bottom. Their greatest beauty lies in compact lower limbs. The tree can be kept compact and green to the base by heading in the branches a few inches every year or two. There are many trees ujoon the grounds which are green and dense to the ground, although they are twenty-five years old. These have not been trimmed to such an extent as to destroy the natural form and grace of the tree. DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 159 The white spruce should take the place of the Xorway for planting within four or five rods of the house. It is a smaller, more compact and lighter colored tree. It is not sufKciently known. The Oriental spruce is remark- able for the enduring greenness of its lower limbs. Although a specimen upon the grounds has been seriously scorched by two winters, 1 should regard it as hardy under ordinary circumstances ; it stands here in one of our most exposed places. It is a slow-growing tree. The balsam tir and black spruce soon become ragged below. The hemlock should be planted behind a grouj^ of trees, so as to be partially screened from sun and winds. It is then our handsomest evergreen. The blue fir varies much in blueness. Seedlings do not come true in this regard. The most reliable trees are secured by graft- ing from the best trees. Norways are largely used as stocks. The arbor vita? is always desirable, although on poor soil it gets scraggly in a few years. The Siberian holds its color best in winter, and on the whole, is probably the best of the horticultund varieties. All these varieties are small and compact, and well adapted to the immediate vicinity of the house. The Eetinosporas or Japanese cj'presses, are dwarf, slow-growing ever- greens of great merit. E. squarrosa is especially attractive. R. decussata has been tried here only one winter, but it stands in a very exjiosed place and does not appear to be injured. For ornamental planting the pines jirobably stand in about the order named above. Our experience with evergreens is in favor of planting in late spring, just as the growth begins. SHKI7BS. Mock orange — PJiiladelplms coronai'ius. Alder — Alnus f>errulata (native). Cut-leaved alder — Ahms ghifinosa forma laciniata, {imjieriaJis laciniata). Spiru'ci triloha. SpircBa sorlifolia. Bohinia Mspida. Missouri or "flowering" currant — Bihes nureum {B. frag vans). Flowering almonds — Frunus nana. Eed-twigged osier — Cornus stolonifera (native). Flowering dogwood — C'ormis floj-ida (native). AVitch hazel — IlamameUs Virginiana. Choke cherry — /'runus Virginiana. Mahonia — Berber is aquifoUuin. Clethra. alnijolia. Bea Virginica. Bladder-nut — Staphylea Irifoliata (native). Juneberry — AmeJanchier Canadensis var. Botry apium (native). Wild crab — Pyrus coronaria. Cock-spur thorn — Crattegus Crus-galli. Fringe — Clt ionantli us Virginica. Smoke-tree — Blius Cotinus. Dwarf sumac — Bhus copallina. Common lilac — Syringa vulgaris. Persian lilac — aS'. Fersica. Josika lilac — S. Josilccea. Tartarian maple — Acer Tartaricum. 160 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. Japanese quince. Hydrangea paniculata forma gra?id(flora. Rosemary-leaved willow — Salix rosmnrinifolin. Kilmarnock willow — Sali-x Caprcea forma pendula. Shining willow — Salix litcida (native). "Pussy" willow — Salix discolor (native). Weeping aspen — Po/ndiis grandidentata iovnvA pendula. Tartarian honeysuckle — Lonicera Tarfarica. Deuizia gracilis. Siberian pea tree — Caragana arborescens. Common elder — SamhtcAis CaiuuUnsis. Snowball— Viburnum Opulus. Winter-berry — Ilex verticillata (native). VINES. Common hop. Virginia creeper. Trumpet creeper — Tecoma radicana. Common wild clematis — Cleinaiis Virgimana. Various cultivated clematises. Wild wax-work — Celastrus scandem. Notes. — Most flowering shrubs present the best effect when planted in small groups. Flowering almonds are sometimes injured by the winter, but they spring up again so quickly and are so pretty that they are recommended. The same remark will apply to the Japan quince ; of this the deep crim- son variety is the be^t. The Mahonia or evergreen barberry should be planted behind a clump of trees in order to be partially screened from the winter and spring sun. In fact, all broad-leaved evergreens profit by such protection. Clethra alnifolia possesses a delightful spicy odor. The wild dwarf sumac, Rhus copallina, is especially desirable for autumn coloring. The Josika lilac possesses the advantage of blossoming two weeks after the blossoms have fallen from thp other lilacs. The Rosemary -leaved and Kilmarnock willows should be grafted upon hardy stocks. The stocks of these trees, as we get them from the nurseries, are oftener injured than are the tops. Deuizia gracilis is often injured, but the plant is so small that it is easily protected by a covering of leaves or straw. It deserves a place in every yard. Vigorous plants of the large Deutzia, D. crenata, passed this winter with some injur}' in an exposed place. The common elder, when properly trained, is one of our most attractive shrubs. On a good lawn which is often mowed, I do not think that it will sprout enough to make trouble. The trumpet creeper has been often injured upon the grounds, although it has stood well in a city lot in Lansing. It is too desirable to be discarded, however. If trained to several stems it can be laid down the same as a grape vine. The same may be said of the cultivated clematises. DECIDUOUS TKEKfe. American or white elm — Vlmus Arnericana. HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 161 Cork elm — JJlmus racemosa. Norway maj^le — Acer platanoides. Wild black sugar maple — Acer saccharinum variety nigrum. Sugar maple — Acer saccharinum. Wier's cut leafed maple — Acer dasycarpum forma Wierii. Silver maple — Acer dasycarpum. Red, swamp, or soft maple — Acer ruhrum. Sycamore maple — Acer P seudo-platanus. Cut-leaved weeping birch — Betula alba forma laciniata {laciniata pendula). Purple birch — Betula alba forma, jnirjmrea. Paper or canoe birch — Betula papyr if era. European white birch — Populus alba. American white birch — Betula alba ya,Tiety pop2ilifoUa. Common beech. Cucumber tree — MaynoUa acuminata. Tulip-tree, or whitewood — Liriodendron tulipifera. Kentucky coffee tree — Gymnodadus Canadensis. Pepperidge or sour gum — Nyassa multiflova. Swamp white oak — Quercus bicolor. Burr oak — Quercus inacrocarjja. Chestnut oak — Quercus Frimis, especially the variety acuminata. White oak — Quercus alba. Black ash. White ash. Horse cliestnut. Yellow wood or Virgilia — Cktdrastis tinctoria. Wisconsin weeping willow — Salix Babylonica variety. Bald cypress — Taxodium disticlium. Wild black cherry — Prunus serotina. Ginkgo or Salisburia — Ginkgo adiantifolia. Box elder — Negundo aceroides. Sassafras. Tamarack — Larix Americatui. European larch — Larix Europcea. Plane tree or button wood — Platanus occidentalis. American basswood or linden. European basswood or linden. Bitternut — Oarya amara. European Mountain ash — Pyrus Aucuparia. ;N'otes. — The majiles are desirable in the order named. The purple birch holds its color well. The purple beech has been tried to a limited extent without success. Recent plantings have been made. It is a form of the European beech jvhich is evidently tender here. The cut- leaved weeping birch is worthy a place in every yard. The cucumber tree is hardy under ordinary circumstances. Ours has been in a trying place and has suffered somewhat. The winter aspect of the Kentucky coffee-tree is singular, and its summer dress is scarcely less so. The pepperidge is valuable alike for autumn coloring and winter oddity. Our native oaks are recommended in the order named. 21 162 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. The black ash is preferable to the white ash for ornameut. It thrives here on upland. For floral display the yellow wood is the finest tree on the list. The bald cypress was injured a little a year ago. The plane tree is not often enough planted. Its Old World congener^ Platanus orientalis, is not hardy. The American mountain ash, Pyrus Americana, is probably as good as the European, but we have not grown it. Trees purchased for the American species prove to be the European one. II. HORTICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS AND LISTS OF RECENT ACQUISITIONS IN FRUITS. Although the Department has no sjoecial means for the conducting of experiments, several lines of investigations have been inaugurated. Sugges- tions and aid from the fruit-growers of the State are solicited. It is especially desired that those who originate new fruits or vegetables, or who have old fruits not on our lists and which are worthy of trial, should send us plants, scions, or seeds of the same. Accurate and minute record will be kept of each variety, and an honest trial will be given. A synopsis of horticultural experiments is appended, the series being arranged about in the order of their importance. In each series we have under way one or more experiments, according to our means for conducting them. SYNOPSIS OF HORTICULTUKAL EXPERIMENTS. Series A. Acclimation and adaptation of fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables of acknowledged merit in one or more directions, both exotic and from foreign por- tions of the United States, will be grown and tested, and their acclimation will be attempted in some cases. Series B. Improvement of native wild fruits. Series C. Impi'ovement of fruits and vegetables by crossing and hybridizing. Series D. Experiments to determine limits of crossing and best methods of manipula- tion. Series E. Mutual relations between stock and scion, and limits within which grafting is possible and profitable. Series F. Experiments upon methods and possibilities of propagation by all methods of making cuttings, layers, etc. These experiments will have especial reference to the propagation of native wild plants. This subject, and that outlined in Series G, although old, are very imperfectly understood. Series O. Germination experiments, concerning behavior of seeds and germination, especially in wild plants. Experiments to determine the effect of cold upon seeds are now In progress. Series H. Imjjrovement of native wild plants for ornamental purposes. Series I. Effects of soils, selection and culture upon variability of plants. Series J. Studies upon Classification, Terminology, and Nomenclature of fruits and vegetables. Series K. Synonymy. It is a conspicuous fact that many or most of the seedman's novelties are old varieties or very sUght and unimportant modifications of tliem under new names. It becomes the business of experimenters to test all varieties of every product side by side, and to determine some standard or measure for each variety. It is impossible to undertake experiments in this line upon more than one kind of vegetable at a time with ordinary facilities. All American varieties of to- matoes are being gx-own this year. Series L. Special observations upon the behavior of individual plants and varieties. Series M. Studies concerning the influence of latitude upon vegetation; also observa- tions for determining minimum and maximum periods of plant activity. Series N. Methods and modifications of grafting and budding. Series O. Testing commercial varieties of fruits and vegetables. Series P. Tools and methods of culture. HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 163 It is proposed to set a huckleberry plantation next spring. A hot-bed heated with a home made coal furnace was constructed last fall. This has worked well. It will probably prove to be a cheaper hot-bed than the manure beds in common use. Details of its construction may be expected later. Bulletin No. 1, issued last October, contains a list of our fruits. This spring the following fruits, and many others, will be added: APPLES. Arabskoe. Arnold's Beauty. Bailey's Sweet. Beauty of the West ( Western Beauty). Bennington Stripe. Ben Peffer. Bernard. Bethel. Bidgood. Black Twig. Blinkbonny. Blooming Beauty. Bonne Gardner. Broadwell. Cadwallader's Golden. Celestia. Cellini. Cheese. Chenango. Choice. Clark's Orange. Clermont. Cole's Quince. Cooper's Early White. Cornell's Fancy, Dawe's Porter. Decarie. Domine. Dr. Noyes. Dumpling of Iowa. Durham's Winter. Early Colton. Early Pennock. Early Pipe. Egyptian Russet. Fairchild's Wisconsin. Fall Spitzenbergh. Fameuse Sucree. Flower of Genesee. Fourth of July. Fulton. Gibb's Apple. Lewis. Maiden's Favorite. Mann. Marquis of Lome. Mason's Orange. Mcintosh Red. Mexico. Milden. Minkler. Missouri Pippin. Monstrous Bellefleur. Mote's Sweet. Muster. Nickajack. Nicnac. Occident. Ontario. Pear of Illinois. Pewaukee. Pickard's Reserve. Pittsburg Pippin. Pomeroy. Portsmouth Beauty. Powers. Presh's Winter. Pyle's Green Winter. Pagan's Red. Red Russet. Richard's Graft. Ridge Pippin. Rock Pippin. Rolfe. Roman Stem. Rubicon. Salome. Sawyer. Scott's Best. Seedless. Shiawassee Beauty. Somerset (of Maine). Southern King. St. Hilaire. St. Lawrence, 164 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. Gideon's No. 9. Stark. Greyhouse {Hooper). Stayman's No. 2. Haas. Stayman's Winesap. Hancock. Strode's Birmingham. Hawthornden. Stuart's Golden. Henwood. Stump. Highland Beauty. Summer King. Hnbbardston. Summer Sweet Paradise. Hubbard ton Pippin. Superb Sweet. Hunterdon. Surprise. Huntsman's Favorite. Sutton Beauty. Hyde's King of the West. Sylvester. Indiana Favorite. Tetofsky. Indiana Seedling. Tippecanoe. Johnathan. Wal bridge. Kansas Bcllefleur. Washington Strawberry. Kansas Queen. White Pippin. Keyes' Red. Whinnery's Late Red. Kinkead. White Winter Pearmain. Lady. Winter Sweet Paradise. Large Summer Queen. Wolf River. And others. Lawver. BLACKB] ERRIES. Crata?gus-leaved. Stayman's Early. Early Cluster. Wallace. Early Harvest. Western Triumph. Evergreen (Oregon). Wilson's Early. Missouri Mammoth. CHER RIES. Belle Magnifique. Large Morello of Tennessee. Bigarreau Blanc. Large Montmorency. Black Eagle. Leib. Dyehouse. Louis Philljppe. Empress Eugenie. Ohio Beauty. Flemish Morello. Olivet. Hoppock's Yellow. CRAB I LPPLES. Bryant's Favorite. Dartmouth. Byer's Beauty. Fay's Gem. Cherry. Hyslop. Coral. Large Red (from Nova Scotia) Currant. Large Yellow. Meader's Winter. Picta Striata. Minnesota Winter. Power's Large. Montreal Beauty. Quaker Beauty. Oblong. Queen's Choice. Orange. Stayman. Paul's Imperial. Telfer Sweet. Pewell. Van W^yck's Sweet. Wanglis. HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 165 DEWBERRIES. General Grant. Lucretia. Cluster. Hudson. Mary. Black. Common Swamp. Dwarf. Lucretia's Sister. GOOSEBERRIES. Transparent. Triumph. GRAPES. I Progress. HUCKLEBERRIES. High-bush. Low-bush. PEARS. *Bailey. Birket. Centur3\ Chinese Sand. Cocklin. Duchess Hybrid. Early Harvest of New Jersey. Early Harvest of Ohio. Garber. Grand Isle. Japanese large-leaved. Golden Gage. Kelsey's Japan. Moore's Arctic. PLUMS. Jefferson. Little Gem. Macomber. Eefreshing. Sandwich Island. Sha Lea. Smith's Hybrid. Suet Lea. Wilkinson's Winter. And others. Pond's Seedling. Shipper's Pride. PLUMS — Nadve: {Prumis Chicasa and P. Americana.) African. Bassett. Blackman. Caddo Chief. Clinton. Colletto. Cumberland. De Caradeuc. Deep Creek. Indian Chief. Itaska. Jenny Lucas. Langdon. De Soto. Early Eed. Forest Garden. Forest Rose. Golden Beauty. Gordon's Nos. 1 and 2. Hattie. Indiana Red, Purple Yosemite. Quaker. Reed. Robinson. Rollingstone. ♦ A seedling sour pear grown by L. H. Bailey, South Haven, Mich. A full characterization may be expected next fall. 166 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. Leptune. Lone Star. Miner. Minnesota. Minnetonka. Moreman. Newman. Parsons. Bentley. Champion. Missouri. Wayland. Wazata. Weaver. Wier's Large Red. Yellow Yosemite, And others, including seedlings from wild trees. QUINCES. Hong-kong. Rhea. RASPBERKIES. Philadelphia. Reliance. Superb. Sweet Home, Thwack. Tyler. And others, including seedling grown by J. T. Macomber, Grand Isle, Vt., and figured in Rural New Yorker for March 6, 1886. Burlington (Prosser) Davison's Thornless. E aril art. Golden Queen. Hilborn. Lost Rubies. STRAWBERRIES. Belmont. Black Defiance. Champion. Cornelia. Cowing. Duncan. Early Canada. Garretson. Great American. Huddleston. Lida. May King. President Lincoln. Primo. Sunapee. Warren, And otners. MISCELLANEOUS. Breda Apricot. Moorpark Apricot. Boston Nectarine. Tong-pa Peach. Seedling Peaches. Hick's Everbearing Mulberry. New American Mulberry. Japanese Chestnut. Spanish Chestnut. Chinquapin — Castanea pumila. Soft Almonds. Prunus maritima. Medlar — Pyrus Germanica. June-berry — A melanchier Cana- densis. Cultivated Service-berry — Aniel- anchier. Aucuba-leaved Apple. Paradise stocks. Various Chinese Pears — I'yrus Sinensis. And various exotic peaches, ap- ples, currants, etc. April 1, 1886. L. H. BAILEY, Jr., Professor of Horticulture and LandscAqM Gardening. FARM DEPARTMENT. 167 NO. 13— FARM DEPARTMENT. POTATO CULTURE.— VARIETIES— EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF SEED. The writer has received a number of letters from different parts of the "State of similar import to the following, from a well-known farmer of Ionia county : '•' My Dear Sir: — I desire to ask a few questions as to your experience at the College Farm, in the planting and raising of potatoes, as to the amount of seed to be put in a hill, the distance between the rows, the dis- tance between the hills, in the rows, the proper time to plant for winter use, etc. " Considering the importance of the potato crop it does seem to me that more should be known as to the best method of raising the crop. " Of all the farm crops raised in no one is there such a diversity of prac- tice as in the cultivation and raising of potatoes." This bulletin is sent out as a reply to queries of this sort, and with the hope that it may be of use, not so much to the potato specialist as to those who have had but little experience in growing this important crop, or who have never given much attention to their methods. POTATO CULTURE. — SOILS AND FERTILIZERS. The soils best adapted to the potato are sandy and gravelly loams. Clay soils, if the season be wet, produce very poor potatoes, and they will be much more liable to rot than those grown on sandy land. An old pasture turned over or any sod ground is specially fitted for the growth of the potato. A little well rotted compost harrowed in thoroughly upon such a sod, to give the plants a good start, will usually give a fair crop upon comparatively poor soil. The potatoes grown upon sod are usually smoother, less liable to rot and of superior quality. The application of fresh stable manure is not desirable on potato land, as it frequently results in a diminished yield and greatly increases the liability to rot. Mucky soils in a dry season often produce a good crop ; but as they are deficient in organic matter an application of leached ashes will be found desirable to supply the potash essential to the growth of the potato. Ashes may be considered as a special fertilizer for potatoes, adding to the yield and improving the quality. They can be used on the hill or in it. A good way is to mix them with the earth that covers the seedf or as a top dressing after the plants are fairly started. PREPARATIOJSr OF THE SOIL. The soil should be thoroughly plowed and harrowed until it is well pul- verized and leveled. More potatoes can be grown in drills three feet apart and from twelve to eighteen inches apart in the drill than when the ground is rowed each way and the planting is in hills three feet apart. 168 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. It is more work, however, to keep the potatoes clean, and necessitates more or less hand hoeing. In field culture we think rowing both ways and planting in hills three feet apart each way the most economical and satisfactory. In cultivation keep the land free from Aveeds and as level as possible ; avoid hilling up, because hills heat and cool more rapidly than a level surface, and feel the effect of drought more. Use a marker that makes a deeper furrow than the corn marker. The varieties that produce tubers close together require deeper planting, or the upper ones will be exposed above ground. It is better to cover such varieties to the depth of five or six inches. Deep planting, especially on sandy soil, is a good rule to adopt in potato culture. SEED. For seed select perfect specimens of good shape and of medium size rather than the largest potatoes, and cut with three or four eyes on a piece. Some growers think it best to cut the potatoes some days before planting, spread them on a floor and sprinkle with gypsum or land plaster. I am of the ojjinion that it is quite as well to cut them when planted. It is often, however, desirable to have the cutting done before the hurried time of planting. My own experience leads me to question the practicability of cutting to single eyes and i^lanting three or four eyes in a hill. We prefer one piece with three or four eyes to less or more seed. The expense of cutting to one eye is no small item. If the weather is dry there is so little of the potato that it dries up alto- gether or makes but a sickly growth. The larger piece has vitality enough to start a good healthy plant. TIME OF PLAKTING. Some growers favor early planting. Some seasons the early planted give best returns, and other seasons the late. We generally intend to plant the main crop about the middle of May, and while no rule can be adopted as to time, we are inclined to the opinion that in most localities in Michigan it is early enough. CULTIVATION AND HAKVESTING. If the potatoes are a long time coming up, it is best to run over the field with a light harrow. Anything that will stir the ground sufficiently to cause the death of the little weeds and break the crusted surface will answer. When the rows can be seen, with a shovel plow cover the rows of new plants with about two inches of earth. This should be done thoroughly. Frequent cultivation during the growing season is essential to a good crop, and if attended to properly there will be little need of hand labor. In August it is well to go through the fields, each hand taking from four to six rows, and pull any large weeds that may have escaped the cultivator. Dig as soon as thoroughly ripe, and when the ground is dry, if possible. Store in a cool, dry place. We have never had a potato digger that proved satisfactory, and still con- tinue to dig in the old-fashioned way with hooks. FARM DEPARTMENT. 169 VARIETIES. We have been testing several of the newer varieties for some years. The Beauty of TTebrou and ]'>iirbank's Seedling are our main sorts for field culture. They yield well and are of excellent quality. The Early Ohio, Clark's No. 1, the Rural Blush, and tlie White Star, are good yielding sorts, but they have not proved equal, with us, in smoothness, uniform size and quality, to the two varieties first iiamed. I clip from the New England Homestead a few notes, on papers on potato culture, read at the winter meetiiig of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, by Hon. Edmund Hersey, of Hingham, Mass., and Major Alvord, of Houghton Farm, N. Y. Mr. Hersey is said to have had a lifetime of observation and experience with this crop, and Major Alvord is known as a careful experimenter. It will be seen that there is some difference in the opinions expressed. " Mr. Hersey said, thus far, he has got the most, the largest, vjul the best (piality of potatoes from small tubers cut two eyes to a piece. Here are his conclusions: "1. The shape of a potato cannot be changed by the continued selection of any particular form of the seed planted. 2. The crop may bo increased by selecting for seed healthy, well kept tubers, and diminished by selecting for seed diseased and poorly kept potatoes. 3. Hard potatoes that have sprouted but little are better for seed than those that are soft, or have any long sprouts. 4. Long continued planting of any variety gradually changes its characteristics. 5. Large crops are only obtained on rich soils, well pre- pared by being thoroughly pulverized. G. In ordinary field culture the size of the tubers planted should be sufficient to give the young plants a vigorous start. 7. Neither the size or form of the seed tuber is of half as much consequence as is its healthy condition or its vital powers. 8. No rule can be laid down in regard to the quantity of seed per acre, the amount of manure to be applied, or the particular method of cultivation. '.). One or half a dozen experiments are not sufficient to establish any particular facts, and each one must experiment for himself on his own farm. " Following Mr. Hersey's address, came the reading by Secretary Ilussell of a paper from Major Alvord detailing the experiments witii potatoes at Houghton Farm, New York, during the past season. A collection of tubers grown in this experiment were displayed at several of the Massachusetts fairs the past fall. The result of the trial was that the planting of fair-sized whole potatoes was the most satisfactory in result. This was true not only of a single kind, but was the average of 128 different kinds, treated exactly alike except in the form or cutting of the seed. In ])roducLiveness alone, the seven leading varieties stand in this order: American Giant, Burrough's Garfield, Cheeseman's Seedling, Hiker's Graft, Chief, Beauty of Hebron, 0. K., Mammoth Prolific, In greatest number of merchantable tubers, this is the order of preference: Farimi, Blush No. 2, Chicago Market, Defiance, Beauty of Hebron, liural Blush, Burrough's Garfield, Adirondack. Of the varieties in these lists, these are objectionable because rough and of bad shape: Chicago Market, Burrough's Garfield, Adirondack, American Giant (rather deep eyes), Cheeseman's Seedling, Defiance. And this leaves as favorably recorded on account of gross productiveness and merchantable in regard to both quantity and condition, the Beauty of Hebron only. 22 170 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. ''^The Beauty of Hebron, all in all, is the best potato grown. This was the general verdict of the meeting. The jDotato election in the Homestead last spring had the same result." EESULTS FKOM PLANTING DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF SEED ON COLLEGE FARM. 1. The question is often asked, in planting potatoes, what amount of seed will give the best returns in yield and quality. Potato growers differ greatly in their views, — from a single eye to each hill to a whole potato. I am of the opinion, however, that most of the tests made indicate that when potatoes are cut to about three eyes to the piece, and one piece planted in a hill, the yield and quality will be better than with a greater or less amount of seed. 2. Desiring to add our mite, in determining this question, five plats of potatoes were planted on June 2, 1885, of the Burbank variety. The soil was a sandy loam, well adapted to potato culture. No fertilizers were used except a dressing of well-rotted barn-yard manure, which was plowed under. The plats were put in good condition, rows three feet apart, and potatoes planted eighteen inches apart in row. During the season of growth the soil was thoroughly cultivated and kept free from weeds, 3. The following notes give, the appearance of the vines and other items of interest during the growing season, while the table gives the number of plats, amount of seed, date of planting and digging, weight of large and small 23otatoes, total weight of each plat, per cent of small potatoes. NOTES ON POTATO EXPERIMENTS. June 35. Those from one eye are very thin. Did not come up as well as the others. There are from one to two stalks in a hill. Those from two eyes are larger and not so thin; but not so large as those from more seed. From three to five stalks in a hill. Those from three eyes are making good strong growth, with from five to eight stalks in a hill. Those from one-half of a potato are making rank growth, having tops nearly as lai'ge as those from whole potatoes. Those from whole potatoes present the largest growth, having from five to ten stalks in a hill. The tops are not as rank as some of the others; they are long and slim. June 30. Vines from whole potatoes are largest ; and from one eye the smallest. Those from one eye do not spread out so much. July 7. Same as last observation. July 14. Those from whole potatoes and those from half are nearly same in growth. Those from one eye are large, but there are only two or three stalks in a hill. The vines from three eyes are very strong, making vigorous growth. Observations were taken at various times during the season, but there were no apparent changes from condition referred to in these notes. The table gives the results so far as yield is concerned. There was very little difference as regards the quality. The potatoes from whole seed were not quite as smooth as those from a less amount of seed. They grew more rough and scraggy than the othei's. The table indicates that three eyes in ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, 171 a hill gave the best results as to quality and quantity of large marketable potatoes : *Xo. of Plats. Date of Digging. Amount of Seed in each Hill. Weight of Large Potatoes, lbs. Weight of Small Potatoes, lbs. Total Weight of Potatoes, lbs. Per Cent of Small Potatoes. Plat 1 Plat 2 Plat 3 Plat 4 Plat 5 Oct. 17 " IT " n " n " ir lEye. 2 Eyes. 3 Eyes. Vi Potato. 1 whole Potato. 84 104 1.52 140 130 20 40 34 42 58 104 144 186 182 188 19 28 18 23 31 * Potatoes were planted June 2. We intend to continue this experiment through a series of years. SAM'L JOHXSON, Agricultural College. ) Professor of Agriculture (tnd Ajoril 10, 1886, j Superintendetit of the Farm. NO. 14.— ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. THE CODLING MOTH AND BARK LOUSE. CoDLiiiTG Moth. Carpocapsa po?no}ieUa Limi. — This insect, though so well known as a larva — the ''apple worm" — is not familiar even to many of our wisest fruit growers in its mature or moth state. Hence the desirability of a brief description of its size, markings and habits, even in a paper written wholly to give practical instruction to practical folks. (Fig. 1.) The moth (Fig. 1, f and g) is accurately represented in the figure, in form and size. The main color is gray flecked with darker dots and bars. 172 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. and with a characteristic copper colored spot at the end of its front wings. This spot will always enable one to distinguish this moth. Every apple grower should put wormy apples in a small box and rear the moths, that there may be no doubt about the species. In May, about two weeks after the blossoms appear, the female moth commences to lay eggs in the calyx of the blossoms (Fig. 1, b). These soon hatch, when the minute larva (shown full grown, Fig. 1, e) eats into the apple and feeds upon the pulp about the core, filliug the space with its fecal filth. Some good observers argue that a single larva feeds in several apples. While it is hard to prove that this may not be true, I am sure that it is not always the case, and from my observations and experiments I have been led to believe that it w^as exceptional if ever true. One wormy apple placed with several others in a box has always remained the only one injured. Again, I have several young trees which only bear a few apples; in early fruit, I have found one, two or three apples on a tree attacked late in June, each containing a full grown larva, while the few others near by would all be sound. And yet the apples injured, and which still contained the full grown larva, seemed to be no more eaten than those usually found with the mature ''worms" in them. Here each certainly fed on a single fruit, and as it would be safer for the larva to confine its attacks to a single apple, I have been led to wonder if it were not a mistake to argue that they gen- erally migrate to different apples. These spring moths continue to come from cellar or apple house till July. I have taken such moths July 4th on the screen of my cellar window. The whitish larvad attain their fall growth in about four weeks. This period will be lengthened by cold and shortened by heat. When mature the larva leaves the apple, which may have fallen to the ground, and seeks a secluded place in which to spin its cocoon (Fig. 1, i) and pupate. The pupa or chrysalis (Fig. 1, d) is much like those of other moths. The pup® of the June and July larvse are found in the cocoons soon after the latter are formed, while those of the autumn larva; do not pupate till spring, but pass the winter as larvae in the cocoons. The eggs of the second brood are laid in July, August and September. The larvis feed in autumn and often till mid-winter, while as just stated they do not pupate till spring. EEMEDIES. As this is by far the most injurious pest of the apple, it should be widely known that we have a very satisfactory remedy. The old method of bandaging failed signally, as it required careful atten- tion right in the busy season, at intervals of from ten to fifteen days. This was neglected and so the method was a failure. A better method was that of pasturing hogs in the orchard, which would eat the wormy apples, as soon as they fell, and thus save the fruit, and kill the insects. This remedy was imperfect, as many larvge left the apples before they fell from the tree, and so of course escaped. To render this practice effectual, the orchardist mast fell the wormy apples to the ground, before the worms leave them. As the mound of filth at the calyx end — which as the apple grows Avill hang down — shows which apples are wormy, it is not very difficult, with a forked stick, to remove all wormy fruit. This not only makes the hog remedy quite perfect, but also thins the fruit, which insures much finer apples. Another so-called remedy which finds space in the papers each year, is to ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 173 attract these moths to liquids, either sour or sweet, which are pLaced in vessels suspended in the fruit trees. It is stated that sour milk and sweetened water will lure scores of these moths and drown them. This remedy, like thftt of attracting these moths by fires in which they will be burned, is entirely worthless. I have tried both repeatedly, and with not a shadow of success. SPRAYING WITH THE ARSENITES. By far the best remedy for this codling moth, is to use either London Purple or Paris Green. The remedy is not only very efficient, but is also easy of application, and not expensive. I have now tried this thoroughly for six years, and in each and every case have been more than pleased with its excellence. Enterprising fruit growers of ISTew York, Michigan, and other States have also tried it and are as loud in its praise as I am. Indeed, I know of no one who has tried it in vain. I have found London Purple just as effective as Paris Green, and as it is cheaper, and rather easier to mix in the water, is to be preferred. White arsenic will serve as well, but from its color it is apt to be mistaken for some otlier substance, and may thus in the hands of the careless do great harm, and perhaps even destroy human life. I mix the powder one pound to fifty gallons of water. It is best to wet the powder thoroughly and make a paste before putting it into the vessel of water, that it may all mix, and not form lumps. For a few trees we may use a pail, and Whiteman's Fountain Pump, always keeping the liquid well stirred. One common pail of the liquid will suffice for the largest tree. A tea- spoonful of the poison is enough for a pailful of water. For a large orchard, common barrels should be used, and drawn in a wagon. I prefer to have the barrels stand on end, with a close movable float, with two holes through it, one for the pipe or hose from the pump and the other for a stirrer. If very large orchards are to be treated a good force pump should be fastened to the barrel. In western New York the handle 'of the pump is attached to the wagon wheel, so that no hand power is required other than to drive the team and manage the pipe which carries the spray. The spray may be caused by a fine perforated nozzle or a cyclone nozzle. The finer it is the less liquid will be required. The important tiling is to scatter the spray on all the fruit, and get just as little on as possible. The larva is killed by eating the poison, and we find that the faintest trace suffices for the purpose. Again, the poison should be applied early, by the time the fruit is the size of a small pea. I have found one such application to work wonders. There is no doubt but that the first application, followed by one or two others at in- tervals of two or three weeks, would be more thorough, yet I have found one application, made early, so effective, that I have wondered whether it is best or necessary to make more than one apiDlication. I do think, however, that it must be early. In May and June the calyx of the apple is up, and so the poison is retained sufficiently long to kill most all of the insects. One more count in favor of this treatment, is the further good we receive by killing the several phytophagous larvte that attack the foliage of the apple at this early period when defoliation is so harmful. Thus the terrible canker-worm, the several destructive leaf rollers which even eat out the very buds, and that old pest, the tent caterpillar, are all made to bite the sod. Very likely, too, the plum gouger which so deforms the apple in Wisconsin may also find in this remedy its death warrant. 174 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. The clanger from this practice I have proved to be nothing at all. The microscoj^e and chemical analysis have both shown that all the poison has been removed long before we wish to eat the frnit. The wind no less than the rain helps to effect this removal, as I have shown by putting the poison on plants sheltered from all rains. Of course we should not turn stock into an orchard till a heavy rain lias washed the poison from all herbage under the trees. I am entirely positive that a knowledge and practice of this remedy throughout our country will save hiindreds of thousands of dollars to our fruit growers. It will serve to give us the fair, perfect apples knowni to our fathers, but which have become lamentably scarce in our modern orchards. THE APPLE TEEE BARK OR SCALE LOUSE. In mauy parts of our State the Apple Scale or bark louse is very common and destructive. This is often called the Oyster Shell Bark Louse and is known in science as Mytilasjiis pomorumi Bouclic. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, 7 show^ the scales as they appear from August to June. Under these scales at this time, from late summer till the following June, wall be found scores of small white eggs. (Fig. 3, 1) which resemble white powder, unless magnified. Fig. 2 Fig. 3— Much Magnified. Early in June these eggs hatch, and the minute yellowish lice (Fig. 3, n) will be seen scattered about the trunk and branches of the tree. Soon they insert their beaks into the bark, sometimes into the skin of the fruit, and commence to suck the sap or juice. They now grow rapidly, and secrete a waxy, fibrous substance which forms the growing scale, (Fig. 2, 3, 4, s. e) which will be fully developed by August, when the many white eggs will again be laid under the protecting scale, where, unless eaten by some para- site or mite, etc., will remain in safety till the coming June. It seems strange that these small, almost microscopic, insects can do so much injury, as they often entirely destroy large, vigorous trees. Yet when we consider their numbers — often millions, which almost cover the bark of the tree (Fig. 2), it does not seem so strange. The scales of the male lice are rarely seen. They are found on both sides of the leaves, and are more sym- metrical than the female scales. The males have two wings. REMEDIES. Parasites, Mites, and Lady Beetles all prey upon these fell destroyers, but though efficient aids, they are not always enough to exterminate the lice. CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. , 175 and then the trees fall victims to these ruthless suckers. I have seen trees in all parts of our State thus enfeebled or destroyed. The old remedy, soft soap, or a strong solution of the same, will surely vanquish this enemy if it is applied to the trunk and main branches in early June and again three weeks later. I have proved the efficacy of this treatment over and over again. The trees at once put on new vigor, and in a short time only dead lice could be found. To apply this specific I know of no better way than to use a cloth and scrub by hand. To be sure we can, if dainty, use a brush like a shoe-brush, but I like to go at it with a good cloth, when, with sleeves rolled up, I make pretty sure that no louse escapes. If this carbolic acid solution is used, caution is required that we do not sprinkle the foliage, or the leaves will be killed. For the past few years I have changed the substance by adding crude car- bolic acid, which I think improves it, especially if but one application is to be made ; and we know that at this busy season the second application is apt to be neglected. I heat to the boiling point one quart of soft-soap to two gallons of water, and while still hot thoroughly stir in one pint of crude carbolic acid. This may be applied as before. This carbolic acid mixture retains its virtue, I think, longer than does the soap alone, and so is especially desirable when but one application is to be made, as described above. Like the arsenites, so this carbolic acid and soap mixture is of triple value. Not only does it kill the dreaded lice but it also keeps off the borers, which are also serious pests in the orchards of Michigan. The old borers, Saperda Candida, and ;S'. cretata, are quite common and destructive in our State, while the Big-headed Borer, Chrysohothris femorata, is even more prevalent and harmful. I have demonstrated beyond question that these enemies are surely kept away by the same treatment, applied at the same time for which we use it to ward off the scale lice. No v.'onder, then, that our trees put on such new life and vigor after this annual scrubbing. In each of these remedies, then, not simply two but several birds are killed by the self same stone. It is to be hoped that many of our fruit growers will throw it, and thus secure fairer fruit, and save much to our State. A. J. COOK, Agricultural College, [ Professor of Zoology and Entomology. May 1, 1886. No. 15.— CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. MANURIAL VALUE OF ASHES. The value of ashes for manure is a subject ot inquiry among farmers and fruit growers, and has given rise to so large a correspondence with this De- partment that I have concluded to group my answers into one general reply in the form of a bulletin. Tables of analyses of the ashes of plants of great scientific value can be found in the books, especially in Prof. Johnson's "How Crops Grow;" but the very nicety of these analyses, and the careful exclusion of all foreign and accidental substances usually present in ashes as we find them on the farm or at the factory, render such analyses of less practical value to the farmer and 176 . AGRICULTURAL COLEEGE BULLETINS. fruit grower. A quantity of sand and earthy materials adhering to the fuel, of charcoal, etc., is found in ashes made in the usual way, and some allow- ance must be made for these in estimating their real value. A careful ex- clusion of all such foreign materials would give greater scientific accuracy to the analysis without adding materially in making an estimate of their value as they were usually found. It is a matter of scientific interest to note the ditferences in the composition of the ash of different kinds of trees; of the ash of the body wood as compared with that of the branches of the same tree ; of the ash of the bark, etc. But when body-wood, limbs and bark are all reduced to ashes in the stove or furnace, with some accidental dirt present, the farmer wants to know the value of such ashes just as he finds them. So in the case of leached ashes, he cares less to know what is the value of ashes from which every trace of soluble materials has been removed by pro- longed exhaustive treatment with water, than to know what is their value when leached in the ordinary way and thrown out when further leaching does not pay. In selecting specimens of ashes for analysis I have aimed to secure repre- sentative specimens directly from the stove, furnace, ashery, etc., in the con- dition in which the buyer would find them. The market condition rather than the scientific condition has been the object in these selections. ESTIMATE OF VALUE. In making an estimate of the cash value of ashes I call potash worth five cents a pound ; insoluble phosphoric acid, 5 cents a pound, and the mixed carbonates of lime and magnesia one-eighth of a cent a pound, because these materials would cost these sums if purchased separately at wholesale rates in the open market. Some may ask, why place a value on ashes any more than on any other waste product? The answer is that when these materials are used with skill on farm or orchard, they pay the cost and leave a profit besides in the increased production and improved quality of the crop. AVhen we consider how large an amount of vegetable matter is represented by a small amount of ash, the value of wood ashes for manure becomes evident. Thns only ten pounds of ash remain from the combustion of a cord of hardwood, and only five pounds from a cord of soft wood. One hundred pounds of ash represent the mineral matter of 85 bushels of wheat, 85 bushels of corn, or a ton of timothy hay. Eleven tons of gooseberries, grapes, black- berries, peaches or apples would each contain only 100 pounds of ash. Seven tons of cherries, plums or raspberries contain only 100 pounds of mineral matter. This gives some idea of the large amount of farm or orchard produce which will be represented by a small weight of mineral matter. But small as is the amount of ash, it is still indispensable for the production of these crojjs, and must be present in the soil in available form before profitable cultivation is possible. Let it not be supposed that the ash in all these crops is identical in com- position. The ash of each class of plants has a composition peculiar to itself, and differing in some respects from that of other classes ; yet there is a certain similarity in the ash of all cultivated plants. When the ashes of vegetable substances are served up for any plant by mixing them with the soil, such plant does not of necessity order every dish on the bill of fare, but CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 177 selects such materials and in such quantities as are adapted to its wants, and leaves the balance for some future meal or some other guest. If any soil is naturally deficient in any of the ash constituents, or has been impoverished b}^ excessive cropping, the restoration of these materials in the form of wood ashes appears to be the natural and safe process because they contain all the minerals of vegetable growth. KINDS OF ASHES AND THEIR VALUE. Hard-wood ashes were taken from my kitchen stove, the fuel being a mix- ture of beech and hard-maple. Small fragments of charcoal were scattered through the ashes and a little sand from dirt adhering to the wood. Ninety- three per cent was soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, the potash constituted 12:^ per cent., and phosphoric acid 6 per cent. One hundred pounds are worth $1.00. I have just received a letter from a very intelligent fruit grower in which he says : " I can get pure, dry, hard-wood ashes at $3.20 per ton here — and the same mixed with fish offal, half and half, at 15.00 per ton. "Which is the best for pears, apples, grapes and berries, ' Fine Raw Bone ' at $38 or the pure ashes, or ashes and fish offal? " My answer is, " Whatever you neglect to buy, do not fail to buy all the hard-wood ashes your means will allow or your land needs when you can get them for $3.20 a ton. If a man offers to sell you gold for the price of silver, buy the gold and sett it not! " Leached ashes were taken from an ashery in Lansing, the leaching having been carried as far as was profitable. Eighty-nine per cent, soluble in acid. The potash was 1.6 per cent, and phosphoric acid 6.8 per cent. Value of 100 pounds, 52 cents. If leached ashes are of enough value to be bought in car lots in Michigan and carried by rail to Buffalo to make commercial manures for Michigan farmers, then they are valuable enough to be used as manure at home, where they cost little or nothing, and the expense of double transportation is saved. Soft-wood ashes were obtained from the ash-pit of the furnace of a planing mill in Lansing, being the ashes from planings of pine, hemlock, fir and basswood lumber, with some soft-coal ash mixed in. It represents the ash from saw mill and planing mill furnaces. Fifty per cent, of the ash was soluble in acid, and so much soluble silica was in the ash that, when treated with acid, it formed a jelly-like mass of precipitated silica ; the ash contained 12 per cent, potash and 4 per cent, phosphoric acid. One hundred pounds are worth 84 cents. Corn-cob ashes were obtained by burning cobs in the open air. Seventy per cent, soluble in acid; the potash is 45 per cent., and phosphoric acid 4|- per cent. Value of 100 pounds, $2,50. Tannery ash was obtained from the furnace of a tannery in Lansing, where spent tan and some soft coal were used for fuel. In gathering the specimen an effort was made to exclude the coal-ash as far as possible. Forty- five per cent, of the ash was soluble in acid; the potash was 2^ per cent., and phosphoric acid 1.2 per cent. The prolonged steeping of the tan-bark appears to have extracted some of the potash and phosphoric acid. Value of 100 pounds, 22^ cents. Soft coal ash was obtained from the furnace in the Laboratory, where bitu- 23 178 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. minous coal is used for fuel. A small amount of wood ash was present from wood kindlings used in starting the fire. Eighteen per cent, soluble in acids ; the potash was one-fifth of one per (•ent.. and phosphoric acid one-seventh of one per cent. A trace of lithia in the ash. The insoluble residue — 82 per cent. — consists of silica and insol- uble silicates. The small amount of valuable manurial materials present come in part from the wood kindlings. Soft coal ashes have very little value for manure. Value of 100 pounds, 2 cents. Hard coal ashes were obtained from the anthracite burned in a stove in the Laboratory. Four and one-half per cent, soluble in acid ; potash found to the amount of one-tenth of one per cent., and phosphoric acid one-twentieth of one per cent. The soluble part contained a small amount of sulphate of lime. The insoluble part, 94^ per cent., consisted of clay and other insoluble sili- cates. Estimated by its chemical analysis, one hundred pounds of hard-coal ashes are worth less than one cent. It contains less plant food than the same amount of common clay. Its value for most purposes springs from its physical properties. It is a good absorbent, and well adajited to use in earth closets; makes good roads and walks, and would make a good filling for hol- low wall-space to prevent the passage of heat. Two parts of sifted coal ashes and one of common salt, moistened with water, will make a good cement to close open cracks in stoves or furnaces. But as a source of plant food, hard- coal ashes are without value. For purposes of direct comparison I submit the following table of results of analysis : TABLE OF ANALYSES OF ASHES. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.._ Insolnble in hydrochloric acid Potash (KjO) Phosphoric acid (P2O 6) Salts of lime and magnesia Value per ton (2,000 lbs.) Hard- wood Ashes. Leached Ashes. Soft- wood Ashes. 50.00 Corn-cob Ashes. Tannery Ashes. Soft-coal Ashes. 93.00 89.00 70.00 45.00 18.00 7.00 11.00 50.00. 80.00 55.00 83.00 1 13.25 1.60 12.00 45.00 3.50 .20 6.00 6.80 4.00 4.50 1.30 .14 70.00 74.00 33.00 30.00 41.00 5.00 $20.00 $10.40 $16.80 $50.00 14.50 $0.40 Hard- coal Ashes. 4.50 .10 .05 3.50 $0.16 SOILS MOST BEN'EFITED BY WOOD ASHES. Discarding ashes of mineral coal as valueless for manure, I may say in gen- eral terms that the ashes of wood and of land plants of every kind are of value for manure on every kind of soil which has been reduced by cropping ; but the greatest benefit is shown uj)on sandy and porous soils. On these " light soils" crops of every kind, but especially root crops " and corn, will be benefited by a dressing of wood ashes. Fruit trees and fruit-bearing plants having a woody structure, will be benefited by wood ashes. Thirty to fifty bushels to the acre of fresh ashes will be a full dressing, and three or four times that amount of leached ashes may be api^lied with permanent benefit. R. C. KEDZIE, Agricultueal College, \ Prof, of Chemistry. June 1, 1886. ( BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 179 No. 16— BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. » REPLIES TO QUESTIONS ABOUT GRASSES. It may be generally known that the last Legislature passed an act whereby the writer should be one of six professors of the Agricultural College, each one of whom should prepare two bulletins a year. In the present case, no pro- vision was made for defraying any expenses for making experiments. With no assistant, the care of a botanic garden, an aboretum and the large increase of students who attend the college and study botany, little time has been found for original investigation. Most of the results of former experiments in this direction have been given in lectures at farniers' institutes and reports to the Board of Agriculture. This' explanation seems to be in order as a partial excuse for selecting the above subject for the present bulletin. The relation and uses of the Botanical Department of the Agricultural College to the people of the State have been explained in several former reports, and in the reports of the State Horticultural Society. At different times during the past twelve years, we have had large numbers of plats of grasses and' clovers. Lectures, re^^orts, and notes for the press, have called attention to these experiments. Add to this the great importance and difficulty of the subject, making it impossible for any one except a botanist to recognize many grasses, inquiries have been frequent. The Department could be of still gijater benefit to the farmers, if there were provisions made for using it. Here seeds of various sorts could be tested for purity, vitality, and freedom from weeds. For example, a plan might be fol- lowed i'^'iilar to one adopted by the members of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. They employ a consulting botanist, who, for a small fee, examines farm seeds, especially those of grasses and clovers, before they are purchased by members. The amount of work of the consulting botanist of England has rapidly increased, and the seeds sold in the market have vej-y materially improved in regard to the points above mentioned. PHLEUM PKATENSE, TIMOTHT. A Professor of Agriculture in another State, and others, want to know if Timothy blossoms twice. Ansiver. — On a certain day a few flowers open and close, not to open again. On each succeeding day, for six to ten days, depending on the weather, other flowers open and close. During the middle of this flowering period most of the flowers open. Fewer blossom on the first and on the last days than on any other day. " In Dakota, Timothy dries up, and produces a very light crop," says an in- •quirer. " What would you try ? " I. M. S., Otsego Co., asks the same question, and wants to know what to do. Replies appear in what follows. DACTTLIS GLOMERATA. ORCHAED GRASS. COCK'S FOOT. Every little while specimens arrive, and questions are asked. Answer. — This is a native of Europe, a nutritious, early grass, much prized 180 AGEICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. for pasture, and in many places for meadows. It flowers with early red clover^ is rather coarse, and speedily becomes ripe and woody after flowering. It grows in tufts, unless sown at the rate of about two bushels of seed in the chaff to the acre, or mixed Arith other grasses or clovers; it is a perennial, and not easily killed by feeding or. mowing. It is one of the most promising for trial in northern Michigan and in Dakota, as well as in many other places. It does not spread like quack grass, and is not hard to kill by cultivation. It thrives very well in shady places Orchard grass is especially suited to deep,, rich loam, but not to stiff, cold clay, or very thin soils. ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM. TALL OAT GRASS. (Avena Ekitior.) Various inquiries have been made. This comes from Europe, where it does not usually rank as high as some of the finer grasses. Tall oat grass is a very vigorous perennial, starting early, usually making a large growth for meadow or pasture. It is rather bitter, but stock eat it well if not allowed to get too far advanced before cutting. Like orchard grass, it should not stand one day after flowering, if good hay is any object. This is very suitable in many places west, north and south to mix with early red clover and orchard grass. Most people who have tried it in our State report favor- ably. This is inclined to grow in tufts, and does not spread like quack grass. It is Avell worth trying on the light soils of northern Michigan. FESTUCA ELATIOR. TALL FESCUE. MEADOW FESCUE. I. P. M., Penn., says this grass comes up luxuriantly, and thrives in the shade of trees. He would like to know whether to make it welcome, or begin an extermination. This comes from Europe, where it has long been highly esteemed for pasture and meadow. Like the two preceding, tall fescue grows in tufts, unless thickly sown. In quality it ranks high. The plants start early in spring, whether they come from seed or old stubble. This is liked in many places, and is especially worthy of trial in northern and southern Michigan. It is adapted to loam, but will thrive on any good soil. SAeeP'S fescue. {Festucaovina.) This is often inquired about, but hardly merits attention on account of its- small size and tufted habit. BUFFALO GRASS. There are many species of western grasses which are popularly and indis- criminately called by this name. They are all small and few, if any, stand Avell the tramping of close pasturing. Inquiry Avas made in reference to trying them in northern Michigan. Those named above are more promising for that country. ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS. MEADOAV FOXTAIL. At the first glance, Avhen in flower, this grass is often mistaken for Timotliy, but it blooms about four Aveeks earlier, the spikes are shorter, broader, and much softer, and the whole plant is smoother. In plats it attracts much attention. The plants from seed require a couple of years to get Avell established. The seed is light, and often poorly filled. It is a perennial from Europe, Avhere it is highly esteemed in mixtures for permanent pasture and meadow. Meadow BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 181 foxtail is not v^eW adapted to alternate husbandry, but is excellent for per- manent pastures in moist climates. It starts very early in spring, and is well ifTorth a trial in the richer parts of northern Michigan. SOKGHUM HALAPENSE. JOHXSON GRASS. This is a rather tall, coarse grass, introduced into the south, where the best judges are agreed that ^n rich laud nothing surpasses it for permanent meadow. The rootstocks are large and Juicy, and fill the ground like quack ^rass. At the north, it starts too late and makes too thin a growth to be of value ; moreover, the plants are more or less killed by the winter, unless well mulched with snow or something else. It does not seem possible that it can be of any use in Michigan. Inquiries have often been made, in reference to habits and uses. Seeds ripen at Lansing. CTKODOX DACTYLON. BERMUDA GRASS. This foreign grass seldom seeds in the United States, but spreads rapidly after the manner of June grass by stout rootstocks. It loves the sun and heat and is one of the very best grasses for pasture and hay in warm climates. It is propagated by planting pieces of the rootstocks, which soon fill up the inter- vening spaces. At the Agricultural College, the habits of this grass have been ■carefully studied for several years, where it has never failed to pass the winter, though sometimes partially killed. It spreads slowly, in some places holding its own or even gaining on June grass ; starts late in spring, and is killed back to the ground by the first frost. It does not seem to be worthy of attention in any part of Michigan. POA PRATENSIS. JUNE GRASS. KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS. BLUE GRASS. Although answers have been repeatedly given to inquiries about this native ^ass they keep coming in. This is, perhaps, our most common grass found in old pastures or by the wayside. On poor land, or in dry seasons, the flower stalks seldom exceed a height of ten inches, while on rich laud it not unfre- quently grows four feet high. The quality is excellent, as is well attested by the famous pastures of some parts of Kentucky and of other States. It is one of our best grasses for lawn and for pasture, and is too well known to need a further notice. It must not be mistaken for flat-stemmed j)oa, also called wire grass or blue grass. This latter is seldom purposely sown, as the growth is late, thin, and slow ; still the quality is unsurpassed. POA SEROTINA. FOWL ilEADOW GRASS. FALSE RED TOP. This native grass is \eTy common on bottom lands in connection with red top -which is rather more abundant and better known. Like the two preceding species of Foa, this one also is of excellent quality for hay or pasture. The panicle is long, loose, and flexible, the stems a little weak, and inclined to lodge. It is very palatable, even after going to seed. The flowers appear in July, about the time of the blossoms of red top. It is one of the best for marsh-land meadows, but is not so well adapted for pasture. It deserves more attention than it has received by the farmers of our State. Specimens, with, inquiries, have come from several distant States as well as from our own. AGROSTIS VULGARIS. RED TOP. HERD'S GRASS OF PENNSYLVANIA. This varies much in color and habit and seems to shade off into A. stolonife 182 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. or A. alba, known as creeping bent or fiorin. It is excellent for marsh lands, whether needed for pasture or for hay, and is very suitable for lawns sown alone or with June grass. A. CANINA. KHODE ISLAND BENT is smaller than the former, which it much resembles in many respects. The seeds of these are much mixed. The latter is a favorite for lawns. Inquiries about the species of Agrosfis are common. DEYEUXIA (CALAMAGEOSTIS) CANADENSIS. BLUE JOINT. This tall, native marsh grass is usually called blue' joint by people in Mich- igan and eastward, though half a dozen or more distinct sorts pass by this name as we go westward. This one flowers by the middle of July, when it will cut a heavy crop of very good hay. It is suitable to mix with red top and fowl meadow grasses for low lands, PHALAKIS ARUNDINACEA. REED CANARY GRASS. This is a native in wet places and somewhat resembles the preceding. The top is six inches long and quite narrow, the stems are firm and the leaves harsh, the whole making rather poor hay. It is the original of our striped or ribbon grass found in cultivation. MUHLENBERGIA GLOMERA.TA. Frequent inquiries are made in regard to this native grass, which is found on marshes, where it flowers in August. The stems are about two feet high, wiry, erect, leaves thin, top about one-half by three inches, and usually tinged with purple. In various sections of the United States farmers have given it different common names. Where it is found in abundance, the hay bears a high pr